ON THE HIGHWAY NATURAL REGIONALIZATION OF CHINA

ABSTRACT The Highway Regionalization of China, which has been approved and tentatively adopted by the Ministry of Communication, is the first of its kind in China in the area of applied complex natural regionalization. It aims to bring out the regional differentiation of the natural conditions relevant to highway construction, and to provide engineering parameters and basic information on natural conditions of each region. It is worked out according to the theory of geographical zonation. Both "dominant factor" and "multiple factors" are used in selecting the criteria for iden-tifying regions.     

ON THE HIGHWAY NATURAL REGIONALIZATION OF CHINA

ABSTRACT The Highway Regionalization of China, which has been approved and tentatively adopted by the Ministry of Communication, is the first of its kind in China in the area of applied complex natural regionalization. It aims to bring out the regional differentiation of the natural conditions relevant to highway construction, and to provide engineering parameters and basic information on natural conditions of each region. It is worked out according to the theory of geographical zonation. Both "dominant factor" and "multiple factors" are used in selecting the criteria for iden-tifying regions.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路的流沙灾害与治理

Reputed as a wonderful achievement of the world’s highway construction history,the Taklimakan Desert highway is nor facing serious sand drift encroachment problems due to its 447-km-long passage of sand sea consisting of crescent dunes,barchan chains,compound transverse dune ridges and complex megadunes.To solve some technical problems in the protection of the highway from sang drift encroachment,desert experts have been conducting the theoretical and applied studies on sand movement laws;causes,severities and time-space differentiation of sand drift damages;and control ways including mechanical,chemical and biological measures.In this paper the authors give an overall summry on the research contents and recent progress in the control of sand drift damages in China and hold that the theoretical researc results and practices in the prevention of sand drift encroachment on the cross-desert highway represnt a breakthrough and has an cpoch-making significance.Since the construction of protective forest along the cross-desert highway requires large amount of ground water,what will be its environmental consequence and whether it can effectively halt sand drift encroachment on the highway forever are the questions to be studied urgently.     

Historical climate changes in southern Xinjiang

1 Introduction Southern Xinjiang has experienced tremendous changes in climate and eco-environment during historic times, for example, the rise and decline of oases and ancient towns, shrinkages and enlargement of lakes and changes in river system, etc. (Figure 1). All these can be attributable to the natural changes of climate and environment superimposed by human impacts. So, it is interesting and significant to reveal the inter-relation between natural climate changes and human抯 impact …     

Spatial quality： analysis of China＇s eco-environmental 1990-2010

Over the past two decades in China, stress on the environment has increased continuously. This paper will assess the change in environmental quality over time, and its spatial variation using data from the statistical yearbooks of 31 provincial administrative regions in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. These books provide a general assessment of the environment at the provincial level, and the three major economic regions from western to eastern China. By using the geographic information system （GIS） and SPSS, we analyzed the changing trend of China＇s eco-environment and calculated the changing trajectory in the gravity center of the eco-environmental quality. We conclude the following. （1） From 1990 to 2010, the rate of deterioration of the environment went down. We argue that the cause of this trend was neither the result as ＂the deterioration trend was under control＂ noticed by the government departments concerned, nor ＂the deterioration rate of the environment was increasingly intensified＂ suggested by many researchers. （2） Since 1990, the general environment has been worsening in China, but it was improved in some regions; however, the ecological deficit is still expanding and will last for a long time. （3） From western to eastern China, the deterioration rate of environmental quality was slowed down. The reasons include a good natural environment, a developed regional economy, and technology and finance in eastern China. （4） After extensive economic development in China, there are imbalances of population, economy, society, and the environment in the 31 provincial regions. The governments at all levels should play an important role in research and protecting the environment. In addition, it is imperative to implement positive measures such as controlling population, improving the environment, and promoting smart development to balance the socio-ecological system.     

Effect of human settlements on urban thermal environment and factor analysis based on multi-source data: A case study of Changsha city

In view of the lack of comprehensive evaluation and analysis from the combination of natural and human multi-dimensional factors, the urban surface temperature patterns of Changsha in 2000, 2009 and 2016 are retrieved based on multi-source spatial data(Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite image data, POI spatial big data, digital elevation model, etc.), and 12 natural and human factors closely related to urban thermal environment are quickly obtained. The standard deviation ellipse and spatial principal component analysis(PCA) methods are used to analyze the effect of urban human residential thermal environment and its influencing factors. The results showed that the heat island area increased by 547 km~2 and the maximum surface temperature difference reached 10.1℃ during the period 2000–2016. The spatial distribution of urban heat island was mainly concentrated in urban built-up areas, such as industrial and commercial agglomerations and densely populated urban centers. The spatial distribution pattern of heat island is gradually decreasing from the urban center to the suburbs. There were multiple high-temperature centers, such as Wuyi square business circle, Xingsha economic and technological development zone in Changsha County, Wangcheng industrial zone, Yuelu industrial agglomeration, and Tianxin industrial zone. From 2000 to 2016, the main axis of spatial development of heat island remained in the northeast-southwest direction. The center of gravity of heat island shifted 2.7 km to the southwest with the deflection angle of 54.9° in 2000–2009. The center of gravity of heat island shifted to the northeast by 4.8 km with the deflection angle of 60.9° in 2009–2016. On the whole, the change of spatial pattern of thermal environment in Changsha was related to the change of urban construction intensity. Through the PCA method, it was concluded that landscape pattern, urban construction intensity and topographic landforms were the main factors affecting the spatial pattern of urban thermal environment of Changsha. The promotion effect of human factors on the formation of heat island effect was obviously greater than that of natural factors.The temperature would rise by 0.293℃ under the synthetic effect of human and natural factors. Due to the complexity of factors influencing the urban thermal environment of human settlements, the utilization of multi-source data could help to reveal the spatial pattern and evolution law of urban thermal environment, deepen the understanding of the causes of urban heat island effect, and clarify the correlation between human and natural factors, so as to provide scientific supports for the improvement of the quality of urban human settlements.     

Research on the suitability of population distribution at the provincial scale in China

The relationship between population distribution and resources, environment and social-economic development has a significant influence on the human development. This paper set up a set of index system and model methods for the assessment of the coordination between population and resources, environment and social-economic development, and it quantitatively evaluated this coordination at the provincial scale in 2000 and 2010 respectively Based on this set of index system, the suitability degree and the spatial-temporal pattern of population distribution at the provincial scale were carefully characterized. The restriction of population distribution at the provincial scale was graded and classified, and the coordinated development strategy of population, resources, environment and social economy was finally put forward. The results showed that： （1） The environmental suitability of population distribu- tion at the provincial scale was generally high in China, which tended to be stable from 2000 to 2010. （2） The restriction of water and land resources at the provincial scale was generally strong in China, but it tended to be weak from 2000 to 2010. （3） The coordination degree between the social-economic development and population distribution at the provincial scale was mostly at a middle level, which was in the positive upward path from 2000 to 2010. （4） The suitability of population distribution at the provincial scale was mostly at a middle level, all of which was rising from 2000 to 2010. （5） The coordination degree between population dis- tribution and resources, environment and social-economic development at the provincial scale was divided into four grades, including basic coordination, relative coordination, awaited coordination and urgent-needed coordination. （6） The basic ways to promote the coordinated development of population, resources and environment in different regions in China can be summarized as： implementing the strategy of population agglomeration and evacuation, guiding the orderly flow of population, optimizing the spatial distribution of popu- lation and drawing up the spatial planning of population development.     

第四纪环境研究新理论

On the basis of extensive survey to the Quatemary paleosols, soils and weathering layers in the vast northern China and the Loess Plateau, we found some unusually special phenomena of chemical components such as unsuccessive illuvium, twin illuviums, unusually thick illuvium and multi-illuviums etc. According to the analysis on the content of CaCO3 and the data of penetrating experiment, a new theory of illuvial depth or removal depth of CaCO3 in weathering and leaching belt was constructed, which indicates that the time of CaCO3 removing to the illuvial depth is very short,and the effect of time factor on illuvial depth can be ignored. The theory can be taken as a credible foundation for studying many geological and geographical problems in weathering and leaching belt.When the illuvial depth of CaCO3 iS bigger than the thickness of developing belt of soil or paleosol, it can be determined that the paleosol has turned into weathering crust. When the illuvial depth of CaCO3 is bigger than the thickness of paleosol, paleosol is leaching moderately acid soil. When two, three layers or unusually thick CaCO3 illuviums exist in the same weathering section or at the bottom of the same paleosol, there were two or more periods forming paleosol and corresponding climatic stages at that time. On the basis of the equation of relationship between mean annual rainfall (y) and illuvial depth of CaCO3 (x) (y = 305.5x 168.5) determined in the paper, mean annual precipitation during the development of paleosol can be calculated.     

土地利用变化对水城盆地岩溶水水质的影响

The influence of land use and land cover on ecological environment is a focus of global change research. The paper chooses an industrial city-Shuicheng in Guizhou Province-as a study area because the karst water quality around the city is deteriorating with land use and land cover change.The natural susceptibility of karst water system is an important factor leading to karst water pollution.But land use and land cover change is also a main factor according to the chemical analysis of karst water quality and land use change. So it is a good way to protect karst water through rational planning and managing of land use and land cover.     

GIS作为新一代地理学语言的特征(英文)

Language plays a vital role in the communication, sharing and transmission of information among human beings. Geographical languages are essential for understanding, investigating, representing and propagating geo-spatial information. Geographical languages have developed and evolved gradually with improvements in science, technology and cognitive levels. Concerning the theoretical progress from geographical information ontology, epistemology and linguistic theory, this paper firstly puts forward the concept of a GIS language and discusses its basic characteristics according to changes in the structures, functions and characteristics of geographical languages. This GIS language can be regarded as a system of synthetic digital symbols. It is a comprehensive representation of geographical objects, phenomena and their spatial distributions and dynamic processes. This representation helps us generate a universal perception of geographical space using geographical scenarios or symbols with geometry, statuses, processes, spatio-temporal relationships, semantics and attributes. Furthermore, this paper states that the GIS language represents a new generation of geographical language due to its intrinsic characteristics, structures, functions and systematic content. Based on the aforementioned theoretical foundation, this paper illustrates the pivotal status and contributions of the GIS language from the perspective of geographical researchers. The language of GIS is a new geographical language designed for the current era, with features including spatio-temporal multi-dimension representation, interactive visualization, virtual geographical scenarios, multi-sensor perception and expedient broadcasting via the web. The GIS language is the highest-level geographical language developed to date, integrating semantic definitions, feature extraction, geographical dynamic representation and spatio-temporal factors and unifying the computation of geographical phenomena and objects. The GIS language possesses five important characteristics: abstraction, systematicness, strictness, precision and hierarchy. In summary, the GIS language provides a new means forpeople to recognize, understand and simulate entire geo-environments. Therefore, exploration of the GIS language’s functions in contemporary geographical developments is becoming increasingly important. Similarly, construction of the conceptual model and scientific systems of the GIS language will promote the development of the disciplines of geography and geographical information sciences. Therefore, this paper investigates the prospects of the GIS language from the perspectives of digital technology, geographical norms, geographical modeling and the disciplinary development of geography.     

Review and prospect about China natural regionalization for highway

In the 1950s, research on natural regionalization for highway was set out in China. This paper reviews its history and introduces the relative research in other countries. Based on the comparative analysis of the different research angles among different countries, suggestions about the future work are offered. The relations between physiographical indexes and the indexes directly related with highway engineering are suggested to be studied and the basic data for highway be tested and collected all over the country. These works will be of help to the guidance of regionalization for highway engineering. And the impact of highway on the geographical environment should also be considered in highway natural regionalization.     

新疆公路自然区划探讨

新疆自然条件复杂,地貌类型多样,水、热地带性差异明显,公路建设遇到的问题较多。在广泛收集资料和野外调查基础上,利用GIS技术进行公路自然区划。通过区域自然环境和公路分布特点,与公路一、二级自然区划问题分析,提出异同性、地方性和实用性等区划原则,采用自上而下细分、自下而上合并和GIS制图的方法,进行公路三级区域划分,结果是将新疆公路自然区域划分为20区及7个副区。各区公路建设的自然条件不同。鉴于自然条件复杂性及公路建设问题多样性,建议利用三级区划结果进一步划分公路建设工程的自然条件类型,使区划成果应用价值得到进一步提高。     

长江上游泥石流危险度区划的原则与指标

长江上游泥石流危险度区划属类型区划．其遵循的是相对一致性，定性指标与定量指标相结合，主导因素，以及综合分析四个原则，区划的指标有：１．自然指标，即统计单元内泥石流发生发展的环境条件──地貌、地质、气温和降水各自的综合评价值；２．经济指标，即统计单元内区域经济发展程度──单位面积上的社会生产总值，人均收入值，工业产值与社会生产总值之比值，以及交通发展程度系数．对环境条件和经济条件分别作了因素分析和相关分析，以进行泥石流危险度区划．     

中国区划工作的回顾与展望

在回顾国内外区划工作基础上,总结了我国区划工作各个发展阶段的特点,简单概述了我国区划工作中的方法论,讨论了区划工作中存在的若干问题。20世纪后半叶起,我国的区划研究进入系统研究和全面发展期。这期间我国区划工作的主要特点可归纳为:(1)众多区划方案的提出都有其深刻的历史背景,既是科学的总结,又与我国当时经济发展的水平和需求相关;(2)区划工作多是静态的,不能及时反映变化了的自然和人文要素;(3)现有区划工作未能将自然区划和经济区划很好地结合起来;(4)区划工作大多集中在陆地系统,对海洋系统的关注不够;(5)在区划方案的认定上,没有制度化的保障。为此,有必要在我国开展综合区划研究,并就编制我国综合区划方案中存在的一些关键科学问题进行探讨。     

基于SOFM神经网络模型的土地类型分区尝试——以青藏高原东部样带为例

基于土地类型自下而上的自然区划能够确立更加清晰的自然区划界线,是自然区划研究取得突破的关键。以青藏高原东部山区为研究区,采用神经网络模型与GIS技术,开展基于土地类型自下而上的区划研究。通过计算得到研究区地形综合指数、温暖指数、湿润指数、地被指数和水文指数5个自然指数指标,并将这些指标作为变量输入层,输入到建立的Self-Organizing Feature Maps神经网络模型中,对土地类型单元自下而上合并,生成青藏高原东部山区自然区划图,实现以土地类型单元为控制本底的定量化分区。结果表明:①可以将土地类型单元聚合成高原高寒稀疏植被区、高原高寒草甸草原区、高原高寒灌丛草甸区、高山深谷灌丛草甸区和高山深谷针叶林区5个自然带区域。②分区结果与中国生态地理区域划分的自然界线比较接近,相似性较高,分区结果较理想。     

Study on the technology for highway construction and engineering practices in permafrost regions

In order to systemically summarize and integrate technology of highway construction in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,we studied disciplines and mechanisms of formation and development of problems and challenges in highway engineer-ing in high-altitude permafrost regions based on construction experiences for 50 years and on 30 years of research regarding the Qinghai-Tibet and Xikang highways.Embankments,pavements,bridges,and countermeasures for ecosystem protection in per-mafrost regions were the main study objects.We combined extensive analysis of key problems of engineering stability with inter-action between permafrost and highways,theoretical models,indoor tests,and field tests to reveal the interaction between em-bankments,pavements,bridge piles,and permafrost.In this paper,we propose a series of engineering measures for highway sta-bility,design parameters,key indexes for pavement durability in low temperature,relationships between re-freezing time of bridge-pile foundation and strength development as well as ecosystem recovery in high-latitude cold regions;these eventually form a construction technology package for permafrost regions.     

基于格网的甘肃省生态经济分区研究

在讨论以往生态经济分区研究方法与理论的基础上,提出了新的研究思路--基于网格的生态经济分区。利用GIS格网技术和相关统计软件,从甘肃省生态与经济两大系统耦合发展的历程分析入手,选取2010年甘肃省的26个生态经济指标,以6 km×6 km的规则格网,将整个甘肃省分为12 243个研究单元。经过分析比较,甘肃省被分为4个生态经济区即西北干旱区(Ⅰ)、陇中冷温带半湿润区(Ⅱ)、甘南高寒带湿润区(Ⅲ)、陇南暖温带湿润区(Ⅳ)和21个生态经济亚区。结合DEM,进一步对研究区进行分区,以期为促进形成甘肃省可持续发展格局提供科学依据。研究表明,格网技术提高了分区的精度和速度,是进行生态经济分区的有效方式之一。     

中国半湿润/半干旱类型及区域划分指标的研究

半湿润与半干旱地区之间的差异是客观存在的,但长期以来由于各种区划所采用的原则、方法和指标不同, 对它们之间的划分存在着较多的分歧和争议。本文对我国从综合自然地理学角度进行半湿润与半干旱区划分的指标进行了对比分析, 指出了其中存在的不足,并提出了在指标的选取上应着重考虑的几个方面。试图为中国生态地理区域系统的建立提供有益的参考。     

对自然地理区划方法的认识与思考

在研习和继承前人区划研究工作与成果的基础上, 着重于自然地理区划方法论及其体系的探讨。首先, 深入阐述了自然地理区划的内涵, 认为: 自然地理区划既是区域划分的结 果, 也是区域划分的方法与过程, 同时还是认识地理特征和发现地理规律的一种科学方法。 第二, 假设性认为自然地理区划是客观存在的, 针对不同的区划目的和采用不同的区划原则 所形成了不同类型的自然地理区划, 如部门区划与综合区划、区域区划与类型区划等, 则构 成了对区划对象的多角度认识, 并且这些区划间存在内在联系, 具有一定的一致性和可转换性。第三, 在分析总结各种自然地理区划方案研究的基础上, 提出了包括区划本体、区划原 则、区划等级系统、区划模型和区划信息系统的自然地理区划范式, 其中自然地理区划原则、等级系统和区划模型构成了区划方法的核心, 并且通过区划模型, 实现区划原则、指标体系 和单位等级系统的综合。最后, 论文对自然地理区划信息系统研究所涉及的主要科学问题和 主要功能作了简要的说明和讨论, 并指出: 在地理空间单元理论的指导下, 可以实现在统一 的科学框架下的各种自然地理区划的集成, 并为开展综合区划研究提供可用的技术方法。     

自然地域系统研究的回顾与展望

本文在回顾国内外自然地域系统研究的基础上 ,分析了自然地域系统研究不同历史阶段的特点 ,自然地域系统研究中存在的若干问题与争论 ,如对于地带性学说的不同理解、自然地域划分原则、生态地理区域划分的性质、划分指标体系的选择、中国自然地域系统若干重要界线的划分、考虑人类活动的影响以及关于山地的划分与归属等。指出了自然地域系统研究在理论方法、研究和考虑人类活动可能产生的影响及其反馈以及研究手段等方面的发展趋势。