南沙地块OBS2019-2测线数据处理与震相识别

为揭示南海南部陆缘的地壳结构,研究其张裂-破裂机制,开展共轭陆缘对比,我们在南沙地块礼乐西海槽附近的洋陆转换带上完成了OBS2019-2测线的探测工作。相较于北部陆缘,南部陆缘已有的海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer,OBS)测线较少,对深部地壳结构的研究也较少,因此OBS2019-2测线就尤为重要。文章重点阐述了OBS2019-2测线的数据处理工作,包括UKOOA文件制作、数据格式转换、位置校正、单个台站综合地震记录剖面的生成等,然后在剖面图中对各类深部震相(Pg、PcP、PmP、Pn)进行识别追踪,并建立初步的模型;使用Rayinvr软件进行走时试算工作,验证了震相识别的准确性。处理结果显示OBS2019-2测线的深部震相清晰,最远震相可以连续追踪到120km以外,数据整体质量良好,能为后续速度建模和构造解释等工作提供坚实基础。     

Characteristics of Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Offshore Southwestern Taiwan from a Combined MCS/OBS Data Analysis

In this study, we present the results of the combined analyses of ocean bottom seismometer and multi-channel seismic reflection data collection offshore southwestern Taiwan, with respect to the presence of gas hydrates and free gas within the accretionary wedge sediments. Estimates of the compressional velocities along EW9509-33 seismic reflection profile are obtained by a series of pre-stack depth migrations in a layer stripping streamlined Deregowski loop. Strong BSR is imaged over most of the reflection profile while low velocity zones are imaged below BSR at several locations. Amplitude versus angle analysis that are performed within the pre-stack depth migration processes reveal strong negative P-impedance near the bottom of the hydrate stability zone, commonly underlain by sharp positive P impedance layers associated with negative pseudo-Poisson attribute areas, indicating the presence of free gas below the BSR. Ray tracing of the acoustic arrivals with a model derived from the migration velocities generally fits the vertical and hydrophone records of the four ocean-bottom seismographs (OBS). In order to estimate the Poisson’s ratios in the shallow sediments at the vicinity of the OBSs, we analyze the mode-converted arrivals in the wide-angle horizontal component. P-S mode converted reflections are dominant, while upward P-S transmissions are observed at large offsets. We observe significant compressional velocity and Poisson’s ratio pull-down in the sediment below the BSR likely to bear free gas. When compared to Poisson’s ratio predicted by mechanical models, the values proposed for the OBSs yield rough estimates of gas hydrate saturation in the range of 0–10% in the layers above the BSR and of free gas saturation in the range of 0–2% just below the BSR.     

海底地震仪在天然气水合物勘探中的应用综述

海底地震仪(OBS)直接布设在海底,在地球动力学研究、油气勘探以及地震学研究等众多领域中应用广泛。随着采集技术的提高,海底地震仪也越来越广泛地应用到水合物的勘探中。文中从OBS数据采集、数据处理以及速度反演三个方面对OBS在水合物勘探中的应用现状进行综述,重点在于综述目前的应用现状和OBS使用的难点。数据采集方面主要综述了在OBS水合物勘探中几种常见的观测系统;OBS数据处理方面主要综述OBS数据预处理和OBS数据镜像成像;OBS速度反演方面主要综述常用的反演方法及其优缺点;最后,在以下几个方面对OBS在水合物勘探中的应用进行了展望:(1)优化观测系统的设计;(2)发展更先进的波场分离算法;(3)基于全波形反演以及基于面波的速度反演。     

Deformation Patterns of an Accretionary Wedge in the Transition Zone from Subduction to Collision Offshore Southwestern Taiwan

Swath bathymetry data and seismic reflection profiles have been used to investigate details of the deformation pattern in the area offshore southwestern Taiwan where the Luzon subduction complex encroaches on the passive Chinese continental margin. Distinctive fold-and-thrust structures of the convergent zone and horst-and-graben structures of the passive margin are separated by a deformation front that extends NNW-ward from the eastern edge of the Manila Trench to the foot of the continental slope. This deformation front gradually turns into a NNE–SSW trending direction across the continental slope and the Kaoping Shelf, and connects to the frontal thrusts of the mountain belt on land Taiwan. However, the complex Penghu submarine canyon system blurs the exact location of the deformation front and nature of many morphotectonic features offshore SW Taiwan. We suggest that the deformation front offshore SW Taiwan does not appear as a simple structural line, but is characterized by a series of N–S trending folds and thrusts that terminate sequentially in an en-echelon pattern across the passive Chinese continental slope. A number of NE–SW trending lineaments cut across the fold-and-thrust structures of the frontal accretionary wedge and exhibit prominent dextral displacement indicative of the lateral expulsion of SW Taiwan. One of the prominent lineaments, named the Yung-An lineament, forms the southeastern boundary of the upper part of the Penghu submarine canyon, and has conspicuous influence over the drainage pattern of the canyon     

Oblique subduction of the Gagua Ridge beneath the Ryukyu accretionary wedge system: Insights from marine observations and sandbox experiments

The Gagua Ridge, carried by the Philippine Sea Plate, is subducting obliquely beneath the southernmost Ryukyu Margin. Bathymetric swath-mapping, performed during the ACT survey (Active Collision in Taiwan), indicates that, due to the high obliquity of plate convergence, slip partitioning occurs within the Ryukyu accretionary wedge. A transcurrent fault, trending N95° E, is observed at the rear of the accretionary wedge. Evidence of right lateral motion along this shear zone, called the Yaeyama Fault, suggests that it accommodates part of the lateral component of the oblique convergence. The subduction of the ridge disturbs this tectonic setting and significantly deforms the Ryukyu Margin. The ridge strongly indents the front of the accretionary wedge and uplifts part of the forearc basin. In the frontal part of the margin, directly in the axis of the ridge, localized transpressive and transtensional structures can be observed superimposed on the uplifted accretionary complex. As shown by sandbox experiments, these N330° E to N30° E trending fractures result from the increasing compressional stress induced by the subduction of the ridge. Analog experiments have also shown that the reentrant associated with oblique ridge subduction exhibits a specific shape that can be correlated with the relative plate motion azimuth.These data, together with the study of the margin deformation, the uplift of the forearc basin and geodetic data, show that the subduction of the Gagua Ridge beneath the accretionary wedge occurs along an azimuth which is about 20° less oblique than the convergence between the PSP and the Ryukyu Arc. Taking into account the opening of the Okinawa backarc basin and partitioning at the rear of the accretionary wedge, convergence between the ridge and the overriding accretionary wedge appears to be close to N345° E and thus, occurs at a rate close to 9 cm yr^–1. As a result, we estimate that a motion of 3.7 cm yr^–1±0.7 cm should be absorbed along the transcurrent fault. Based on these assumptions, the plate tectonic reconstruction reveals that the subducted segment of the Gagua Ridge, associated with the observable margin deformations, could have started subducting less than 1 m.y. ago.     

冲绳海槽地壳结构与性质研究进展和新认识

冲绳海槽是张裂于东亚大陆边缘的弧后盆地,对其地壳结构性质的研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文在总结冲绳海槽重力场、广角反射/折射地震探测、海底磁异常条带以及火山岩和岩浆作用这4个方面研究成果的基础上,对海槽的地壳结构、地壳性质和所处的构造演化阶段进行了探讨。认为冲绳海槽绝大部分地区地壳厚度大于正常洋壳,应属减薄的陆壳,由裂陷作用形成;但海槽中段和南段中央地堑地壳速度结构与洋壳类似,发育条带状磁异常,且已有大量幔源物质参与了地壳的组成,具备初始扩张作用的特征。对于海槽内是否存在洋壳,仍需进一步调查和研究。     

台湾海峡OBS地震记录中二次Ps震相的特征及应用

在海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer,OBS)广角地震记录剖面上,经常可以见到震相清晰且连续的多次波信号,多次波和初至波是由相同的震源信号产生的,也是地壳真实结构的反映。但是在通常的OBS数据处理过程中,经常将多次波作为无效信号剔除掉,对其属性及应用的研究比较少。文章通过对台湾海峡南部OBS探测测线HXN01数据的处理,对多个台站记录到的二次震相进行了识别与拾取,并以OBS0106台站为例,对识别出的二次Ps震相进行了系统的研究分析,发现二次Ps震相的波形特征和质点运动轨迹与初至震相相似,但波形最大振幅值明显大于初至震相。通过Rayinvr射线追踪方法模拟,确定了二次Ps震相的主要反射层,并发现加入二次震相后,台站下方浅部沉积层射线覆盖密度有显著提升,射线覆盖的区域也明显增加,为沉积层精细结构的反演提供了更为丰富的数据基础。另外,对理论模型的地壳结构进行加入二次Ps震相前后的反演测试,结果显示加入二次Ps震相数据后,沉积层的界面深度误差得到明显的改善。     

Velocity Statistics Inferred from the TOPEX/Poseidon-Jason-1 Tandem Mission Data

Using a parallel-track approach to estimate geostrophic surface velocities, an estimate of the statistics of ocean geostrophic surface currents and momentum stresses is provided on a 10 km along-track resolution from the first 49 repeat cycles (16 months) of the Jason-TOPEX/Poseidon tandem altimetric sea surface height (SSH) data. Results are compared with estimates obtained in a traditional way from along-track SSH data at crossover points and with in situ, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements obtained on board the VOS Oleander along a nominal path connecting Bermuda with the U.S. mainland. Agreements with the Oleander data are reasonable when simultaneous (in space and time) sampling is available. However, amplitudes of parallel-track geostrophic velocity variances are about 25% lower as compared to Oleander measurements which represent geostrophic and ageostrophic flow components. Estimates of velocity variances show clear signs of an anisotropic eddy field in the vicinity of all major current systems. At the same time estimates of Reynolds stresses and eddy momentum fluxes show a convergence of eddy momentum in all those regions, suggesting a forcing of the mean flow by the eddy field there.     

Velocity Statistics Inferred from the TOPEX/Poseidon-Jason-1 Tandem Mission Data

Using a parallel-track approach to estimate geostrophic surface velocities, an estimate of the statistics of ocean geostrophic surface currents and momentum stresses is provided on a 10 km along-track resolution from the first 49 repeat cycles (16 months) of the Jason-TOPEX/Poseidon tandem altimetric sea surface height (SSH) data. Results are compared with estimates obtained in a traditional way from along-track SSH data at crossover points and with in situ, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements obtained on board the VOS Oleander along a nominal path connecting Bermuda with the U.S. mainland. Agreements with the Oleander data are reasonable when simultaneous (in space and time) sampling is available. However, amplitudes of parallel-track geostrophic velocity variances are about 25% lower as compared to Oleander measurements which represent geostrophic and ageostrophic flow components. Estimates of velocity variances show clear signs of an anisotropic eddy field in the vicinity of all major current systems. At the same time estimates of Reynolds stresses and eddy momentum fluxes show a convergence of eddy momentum in all those regions, suggesting a forcing of the mean flow by the eddy field there.     

基于Argo浮标资料的西北太平洋模态水的空间结构及年际变化

基于国际Argo资料中心提供的从2004年1月至2007年10月的浮标剖面资料,对西北太平洋模态水的时空变化特征进行分析.结合WOA01(the World Ocean Atlas 2001)资料,选定模态水主要形成区(30°～35°N,140°～155°E)作为研究区域,利用3月份的平均资料,给出西北太平洋模态水的空间结构为:北边界位于34.5°N附近,南边界可达30°N以南,东边界位于151.5°E,西边界可达140°E以西,深度为350 m以浅.通过对模态水核心区的逐月资料分析,揭示了其温度、盐度等的季节变化,并提出一种判别模态水范围的盐度判别法.结合海平面高度异常变化,初步分析了涡旋对模态水的影响,发现涡旋只能暂时改变核心区模态水的温盐结构,之后该区域模态水将基本恢复到正常状态.根据模态水2004-2007年的水文数据特点,发现在过去4 a中模态水性质基本稳定,变化很小.     

Quantification of the Total Suspended Matter Concentration around the Sea Breaking Zone from In Situ Measurements and Terra/Aster Data

Remote sensing techniques can be used to quantify the total suspended matter concentration (TSM). The main objective of this study is the quantification of the TSM concentration around the sea breaking zone for a particular area of the Portuguese coast, near Aveiro city. The methodology used was based on in situ measurements and on multispectral satellite image from TERRA/ASTER. In situ experimental techniques were used to determine a relationship between the TSM concentration and the seawater reflectance. Empirical relationships were established between TSM concentration and the equivalent reflectance values for TERRA/ASTER at visible and near infrared bands computed from the experimental data. The reflectance values had a very high correlation with the TSM concentration in the wavelength between 500 and 900 nm. The ASTER image was calibrated, atmospherically and geometric corrected. Equations of linear, polynomial, logarithmic, power and exponential models were applied. The best results were found with the linear and polynomial models, with a determination factor higher than 0.95. However, the differences in the TSM concentration calculated for the three bands indicate that we should not use the information of a single band to obtain the TSM concentration.     

Quantification of the Total Suspended Matter Concentration around the Sea Breaking Zone from In Situ Measurements and Terra/Aster Data

Remote sensing techniques can be used to quantify the total suspended matter concentration (TSM). The main objective of this study is the quantification of the TSM concentration around the sea breaking zone for a particular area of the Portuguese coast, near Aveiro city. The methodology used was based on in situ measurements and on multispectral satellite image from TERRA/ASTER. In situ experimental techniques were used to determine a relationship between the TSM concentration and the seawater reflectance. Empirical relationships were established between TSM concentration and the equivalent reflectance values for TERRA/ASTER at visible and near infrared bands computed from the experimental data. The reflectance values had a very high correlation with the TSM concentration in the wavelength between 500 and 900 nm. The ASTER image was calibrated, atmospherically and geometric corrected. Equations of linear, polynomial, logarithmic, power and exponential models were applied. The best results were found with the linear and polynomial models, with a determination factor higher than 0.95. However, the differences in the TSM concentration calculated for the three bands indicate that we should not use the information of a single band to obtain the TSM concentration.     

Population structure of the thornback ray (Raja clavata L.) in British waters

Prior to the 1950s, thornback ray (Raja clavata L.) was common and widely distributed in the seas of Northwest Europe. Since then, it has decreased in abundance and geographic range due to over-fishing. The sustainability of ray populations is of concern to fisheries management because their slow growth rate, late maturity and low fecundity make them susceptible to exploitation as victims of by-catch. We investigated the population genetic structure of thornback rays from 14 locations in the southern North Sea, English Channel and Irish Sea. Adults comprised < 4% of the total sampling despite heavy sampling effort over 47 hauls; thus our results apply mainly to sexually immature individuals. Using five microsatellite loci, weak but significant population differentiation was detected with a global F_ST = 0.013 (P < 0.001). Pairwise F_st was significant for 75 out of 171 comparisons. Although earlier tagging studies suggest restricted foraging distances from home areas, the absence of genetic differentiation between some distant populations suggests that a substantial fraction of individuals migrate over wide areas. Autumn/winter locations appear to have a lower level of differentiation than spring/summer, which could be due to seasonal migration. Management and conservation of thornback ray populations will be challenging as population structure appears to be dynamic in space and time.     

Density functional study of AunCu (n=1-7) clusters

The possible stable geometrical configurations and the relative stabilities of the lowest-lying isomers of copper-doped gold clusters, Au_nCu (n=1-7), are investigated using the density functional theory. Several low-lying isomers are determined. The results indicate that the ground-state Au_nCu clusters have planar structures for n = 1-7. The stability trend of the Au_nCu clusters (n=1-7), shows that odd-numbered Au_nCu clusters are more stable than the neighbouring even-numbered ones, thereby indicating the Au₅Cu clusters are magic cluster with high chemical stability.     

Porous Structure of Tailings of Marine Manganese Nodules and Crusts as Deduced from the Adsorption of Nitrogen

Tailings of marine manganese nodules and crusts have many useful properties. One property in particular which could be of great significance is their high gas adsorption capacity. This capacity has a direct relationship with the pore structure of the tailings. The present investigation deals with the size, volume, surface area, and distribution of pores in the tailings via nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. The results show that the pore diameter of these tailings varies between 1.203 and 243.6 nm. The most frequent diameter of pores is 2 to 50 nm. These are classified as mesopores. The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda adsorption pore diameter is 1.203 to 14.078 nm. The small pores give the largest contribution to pore surface area. The large pores give the biggest contribution to pore volume. The pores could be derived from several sources. These include: (a) the amorphous fraction of the tailings which has been calcined, (b) the accumulative clearances between nanometer grains or crystals, and (c) the original porosity of the marine minerals.     

Statistical Evaluation of the Jason-1 Operational Sensor Data Record Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

The Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission represents a first step towards operational oceanography from satellite altimeter missions. An operational data product, the Operational Sensor Data Record (OSDR), provides measurements from the on-board altimeter and radiometer within 3–5 h of real time. This data product is a wind and wave product that is aimed towards near-real–time meteorological applications. A higher accuracy and more detailed data product, the Interim Geophysical Data Record (IGDR), that is better suited to detailed scientific studies of ocean topography, is available no sooner than 2–3 days from real time. The measurements reported on the OSDR primarily differ from those on the IGDR in that the OSDR reports measurements derived from on-board processing of the altimeter waveforms, while ground retracking of the waveforms is performed for the IGDR. The altimeter-derived measurements on the OSDR are validated through a statistical evaluation of the differences between data on the OSDR and IGDR. In doing so, the impact of ground retracking of the altimeter waveforms is also illustrated.     

Distribution,Population Structure, ­Population Biomass and Morphological Characteristics of the Tunicate Pyura stoloniferain the Bay of Antofagasta,Chile

Abstract. The present study analyzes the distribution, population structure, population biomass and morphological characteristics of the intertidal tunicate Pyura stolonifera (Heller, 1878) in the Bay of Antofagasta, Chile, where the species shows a reduced geographical range extending around 60 – 70 km. Three sites along its distribution were studied. At the central site the tunicate presents the widest intertidal belts, reaching nearly 11 m (the mid‐intertidal‐Pyura‐zone shows the higher percent cover). Population dry biomass here averaged up to 20.45 kg·m^–2, representing one of the highest intertidal specific biomasses reported in the literature. Lower values occur towards the borders of its distribution. Population densities were over 1800 indiv.·m^–2 at mid‐intertidal‐Pyura‐belts. Crowding and competition potentially affect morphological characteristics and the energy/tissue allocation along the intertidal and geographical gradient of P. stolonifera.     

日本仙菜来源内生真菌Aspergillus versicolorEN-298化学成分研究

从采自烟台养马岛的日本仙菜(Ceramium japonicum)中分离得到的一株内生真菌Aspergillus versicolor EN-298,对其次级代谢产物进行了系统研究,利用反相柱层析、正相柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20以及制备薄层层析(p TLC)等分离手段获得10个单体化合物。通过一维、二维核磁共振技术(1D、2D NMR)等鉴定了所有化合物的结构。并对分离得到的化合物进行了抑菌活性测试,其中化合物10对迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)表现出一定的抑制作用。     

锦州25—1南油气田主电站的选型设计

主电站作为海洋石油开采平台最重要的核心组成,为整个平台提供动力来源,是保证平台能够正常运转的心脏器官。从机组类型、特点,以及相应的工作原理等几个方面对海洋石油开采平台上的主电站作了简要的描述;依据相关基础数据,结合锦州25—1南油气田的特点,对油气田进行了电负荷分析,得出油气田设计所需要的典型电负荷量以及相关的数据;通过对机组容量、负荷率、备用率、机组占用平台面积、机组重量等几个参数的比对,从往复式发动机电站机组和燃气透平机电站机组中优选出了主电站机组方案。通过对锦州25—1南油气田主电站方案优选的详细阐述,为海洋石油开采平台主电站的选型设计提供参考和借鉴。     

Cloning of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) genes from the hermaphrodite fish Rivulus marmoratus and the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes

To use two small fish Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) and the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes (Belloniformes) as testing models in molecular ecotoxicology, we have cloned the cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene after screening of both genomic DNA libraries, and sequenced 11,863 and 7,243 bp including all the exons and introns with promoter regions, respectively. The Rivulus and the medaka CYP1A gene consisted of seven exons (including non-coding exons) with high homology to mammals. In the promoter region, Rivulus CYP1A gene has seven xenobiotic response elements (XREs) and two metal response elements (MREs), while the Japanese medaka CYP1A gene has six XREs and four MREs. Interestingly, medaka CYP1A gene has a number of MREs at the promoter, which may affect its response on metal exposure. We describe here the gene structure of both fish CYP1A genes.