同位素地质新进展：技术、方法、理论与应用

近两年来，我国同位素地质在基础地质和实验方法研究等方面取得了很多成果，在国际交流和青年人才培养方面也有可喜进展。为了促进同行交流与展示最新研究成果，并计划将于两年后召开的第八届全国同位素地质年代学、同位素地球化学学术讨论会等事宜，中国地质学会同位素地质专业委员会提出建议，并经过中国地质学会批准     

稳定同位素地球化学研究新况

近年来稳定同位素地球化学进展显著。同位素测试方面的主要进展表现为：①离子探针质谱及激光制样系统的迅速发展和在同位素分析中广泛应用；②同位素测量仪器的自动化和电脑化；③分析方法和结果标准化；④新的同位素分析方法的开拓。同位素分馏机制方面最突出的进展是对与质量无关的同位素分馏的研究。已发现这种分馏在大气化学反应中和前太阳系阶段起重要作用。同时对热力学和动力学同位素分馏研究正进一步系统化。同位素应用方面，地球表面圈层研究受到更多注意。与资源与环境问题直接相关的研究更受到特别重视。对硼、硅、氯和锂等同位素新方法的地质应用也进展突出。     

同位素示踪技术在地质研究中的某些应用

文中介绍了同位素示踪技术的基本原理,回顾了利用氢氧同位素示踪成矿溶液来源,研究水岩反应所取得的重要成果和最新进展;提出水岩相互作用是一个连续的演化过程,可分三个阶段,不同阶段的交换温度、水／岩比及体系的平衡、封闭情况是不一样的。以太古宙条带状硅铁建造为例,介绍了硅同位素示踪技术的新进展,证明了太古宙条带状硅铁建造为海底喷气成因,条带状构造与海底热液的周期性喷发有关。文中还介绍了氦同位素在示踪幔源组份方面的最新进展,指出我国东部油气区天然气中的氦、氩、二氧化碳等有相当一部分来自地幔;根据太平洋中部多金属结核的氦同位素组成和分布特征,提出成矿物质主要来源于海底热液活动,结核的一个圈层可能代表了一次大的海底热液活动。     

山东蓬家夼金矿硫铅碳氧同位素地球化学

位于山东胶莱盆地东北缘的蓬家夼金矿，受基底元古宙荆山群变质杂岩中的低角度层间滑动断层控制，金矿化类型属蚀变构造碎裂－角砾岩型。同位素地球化学研究表明，蓬家夼金矿硫同位素组成与胶东其它典型金矿相似，以富集^34S为特征，矿石硫一般稍高于老地层和中生代花岗岩的δ^34S值，反映大气降水循环淋滤作用使硫同位素发生了一定程度的分馏。铅同位素组成范围变化大，表现为异常铅特征。蓬家夼金矿床碳酸盐矿物碳氧同位素组成不同于胶东金青顶、三山岛等金矿，介于岩浆碳酸岩与荆山群大理岩范围之间，说明蓬家氚金矿的碳质来源于沉积碳酸盐岩和深源热液的混合。矿床地球化学特征显示了成矿物质的多源性，这与该矿床形成时所处的构造边缘环境有关。     

北秦岭东段峡河岩群中斜长角闪岩Sm—Nd同位素年龄

北秦岭造山带东段的牌楼沟地区，峡河岩群中的斜长角闪岩测得全岩Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ同位素等时线年龄为１６０５±７６Ｍａ，钕同位素初台比值为εＮｄ＝＋５．３，表明峡河岩群变质岩系形成于中元古代。斜长角闪岩来源于亏损的地幔源区。     

粘土矿物稳定同位素地球化学研究现状

本文对有关粘土矿物稳定同位素地球化学目前主要的研究成果和研究过程中存在的障碍作了较为系统的总结分析,主要内容包括：提取单矿物时杂质的处理和分离方法、粘土矿物氢氧同位素组成和同位素分馏机制以及分馏系数方程等。重要的是,论述了进行上述各方面研究时还存在的问题,希望能为有关研究人员提供一定的研究思路,以提高我国在相近领域研究的学术水平。     

同位素地球化学发展趋势

本文回顾了近年来国际国内同位素地球化学发展的趋势,指出了国内同位素地球化学研究的新的生长点、研究思路和研究方向,展望了国内同位素地球化学发展前景。     

滇黔交界地区玄武岩铜矿同位素地球化学特征

对滇黔交界地区玄武岩铜矿进行了同位素地球化学示踪。铜矿石中沥青艿δ^13CPDB为-33.1‰～-30.9‰，炭质δ^13CPDB为-23.2‰～-20.2‰；方解石的δ^13CPDB一般为-13.5‰～-19.4‰，δ^13CPDB一般为19.0‰～23.5‰；石英流体包裹体水泐为-69‰～-89‰，δ^18O石英SMOW为15.7‰～17.4‰，与其平衡的流体的δ^18O水SMOW为2.2‰～3.9‰；各种矿物的铅同位素组成一般为^206Pb/^204 17.855～18.923，^207Pb/^204 Pb 15.503～15.694，^208Pb/^204Pb 38.293～39.036；辉铜矿δ^34SCDT为19.2‰和20.7‰。这些特征综合显示峨眉山玄武岩铜矿的成矿作用与盆地流体的对流循环及从玄武岩中萃取成矿物质有关，有机质对成矿流体的还原和对成矿物质的吸附作用可能是成矿的重要机制。     

吉黑东部花岗岩类的稳定同位素组成

吉黑东部花岗岩类分布广泛，形成历史漫长，岩石类型齐全。按成因类型划分，以I型为主，A型次之，S型很少，M型极少。其稳定同位素组成独特，大多数岩体锶初始值低，氧同位素正常或低，铅同位素以低^204Pb和高^206Pb/^204Pb、^207Pb/^204Pb、^208Pb/^204Pb为主，钕初始值高，说明其基底岩石成熟度低，地幔物质混入量较多。这些特点明显区别于华北和华南的花岗岩。     

水同位素技术示踪地下水活动

水同位素技术已成为研究地下水的重要手段，有助于从宏观和微观上阐明地下水活动机理。本文分别从环境同位素和人工放射性同位素示踪地下水活动，阐述水同位素技术在解决地下水资源问题所起的独特的作用。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861