Biodegradation of C-labeled low molecular organic acids using three biometer methods

Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) are produced in soil by various biological and chemical processes and can exhibit substantial metal complexing and dissolution capacity. The reactivity of these compounds in the soil environment is dependent on their non-complexed concentration in the soil solution. Adsorption of LMWOA has been shown to reduce their concentration in the soil solution; however, little is known about the reduction of LMWOA concentration due to microbial degradation. To examine the extent of microbial degradation in reducing LMWOA concentration in the soil solution, three-biometer methods were used: a soil biometer flask, an in-situ field biometer and a soil column biometer. Four soil horizons were used with each method. To each soil sample, 2.0×10⁻⁶ moles of organic acid containing 3.7×10⁴ Bq total activity was applied. The ¹⁴C-radiolabeled aliphatic and aromatic acids studied included oxalic, malonic, succinic, and phthalic acid. Evolved ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped in 0.5 mol l⁻¹ NaOH and measured using liquid scintillation counting. Labeled acids degraded rapidly within the first 5 days for the Ap1, Ap2, and BA horizons, with a generally slower rate of ¹⁴CO₂ evolution being observed for the Bt1 horizon. The % degradation of labeled acid was substantially greater for the soil biometer flask method, compared to the field and soil column biometer methods. The average % degradation for the soil biometer flask was 67% for all soil horizons and organic acids, compared to 14% for the field biometer and 13% for the soil column biometer. Results indicate that substantial microbial degradation of organic acids can occur within a relatively short time period and the biometer method selected can influence the % acid degraded. Based on primary results, the soil column biometer method better approximated microbial degradation under field conditions, as evaluated using the field biometer.     

反应性溶质在不同质地饱和土柱中运移的数值模拟

盐渍土壤中的物理化学作用对溶质运移具有重要影响.吸附和离子交换作用是土壤中常见的反应.利用室内土柱出流实验对这两种作用下的单组分和多组分溶质运移进行了探讨,用CXTFIT软件模拟了只考虑对流-弥散的常规溶质运移;用水文地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC进行了耦合吸附和离子交换反应的模拟.结果表明,土壤质地对单组分溶质的运移具有重要影响,而在多组分溶质运移中,组分之间的相互作用对溶质运移具有更为重要的影响,并且耦合物理化学作用的模拟精度更高.     

MICP技术联合多孔硅吸附材料对锌铅复合污染土固化/稳定化修复的试验研究

近年来,工业和科技的快速发展使得重金属污染土固化/稳定化的修复研究成为热点。运用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术联合吸附材料对锌铅复合重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化的修复,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,评价处理前后污染土的固化效果与重金属的稳定化效果,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段,揭示MICP技术处理锌铅重金属污染土的修复机制。研究结果表明,采用MICP技术对锌铅重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化之后,可以有效降低污染土中有害重金属的浸出性。当矿化时间为10d时,试样无侧限抗压强度为942.5k Pa;铅的浸出浓度为4.20mg/L,比未处理时降低了44.81%;锌的浸出浓度为4.31mg/L,比未处理时降低了46.19%,效果显著。在此基础上,添加10%的多孔硅吸附材料后,试样无侧限抗压强度可达到1 021 kPa,强度提高了8.3%;铅的浸出浓度为2.45mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了67.81%,与单纯MICP方法处理时相比,铅浸出浓度被二次降低了41.67%;锌的浸出浓度仅为2.93 mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了63.4%,与单纯...     

Behavior of REE Fractionation during Weathering of Dolomite Regolith Profile in Southwest China

<正>REE fractionation during the weathering of dolomite has been recognized for decades.A regolith profile on dolomite in southwest Yunnan of China was selected to investigate the behaviors of REE during weathering.The weathering of dolomite is divided into two stages:the pedogenesis stage and soil evolution stage,corresponding to the saprolites and soils respectively in the regolith profile. SiO_2,TiO_2,P_2O_5,Zr,Hf,Nb and Ta were immobile components during the weathering by and large, while Al_2O_3,K_2O and Fe_2O_3 were lost during the soil evolution stage in the physical form(clay minerals probably).REE were fractionated during the whole weathering of dolomite.The field weathering profile and the lab acid-leaching experiments on dolomite indicate that MREE were enriched clearly relative to other REE during the pedogenesis stage in a "capillary ascending-adsorption" mechanism, but they did not fractionate clearly in the soil evolution stage.REE were lost and accumulated in the weathering front of dolomite during the soil evolution stage in a "physical-chemical leaching" mechanism.     

Experiment simulation study on removal mechanism of BTEX in using river filtration system

River filtration system is a natural purification process to remove the pollutants in river water and make use of surface water. In this study, a series of experiments were set up with soil column test and static adsorption experiments to simulate the environmental behaviors of BTEX in the river filtration system. It was found that the environmental behaviors of BTEX in the river filtration system included adsorption and microbial degradation. Among the four components of BTEX used in the experiments, the removal rate of xylene was the highest, ethyl-benzene was second, toluene was third, and that of benzene was the lowest. The stability of the structure of benzene was the major contributor for the relatively lower degradation efficiency, and the low removal rate of toluene was due to the impact of adsorption on degradation. By comparison of the results of soil column test and static adsorption experiments, it was found that the soil–water partition coefficient K _d of each component of BTEX was higher, the degradation ratio was lower. Compared with the previous study, the results of this experiment showed that when the initial concentration of the each component of BTEX reached 80 mg/L, the mixed pollution of BTEX could be removed by the river filtration system efficiently, and the average removal rate could be over 65 %. As a natural purification, river filtration system could efficiently remove the BTEX mixed pollution in a quite high concentration and protect the ground water from being contaminated. However, its purification efficiency was limited in a certain time range and concentration. It was shown in the later stage of the leaching experiment that the exudation concentration of BTEX increased, at the same time both the concentrations of the two electron acceptors increased to about the initial concentration and kept stable state until the end of the experiment, which revealed that due to accumulation of the concentration of BTEX in the soil column, the microbial activity was inhibited and then the denitrification and sulfate reduction terminated. When the adsorption saturation was achieved and microbial activity was inhibited, BTEX contamination would penetrate through the unsaturated zone and threaten the security of the ground water.     

Use of solid phase characterisation and chemical modelling for assessing the behaviour of arsenic in contaminated soils

A soil, containing waste material from an industrially contaminated site, was found to be heavily contaminated with several heavy metals and As. A risk assessment for As leaching from this material has been carried out in several stages, collation and examination of historical records, solid-phase characterization and chemical modelling. The historical record indicates that the most probable source of As was arsenopyrite. However, the solid phase characterization of the soil, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive microanalysis (EDAX), did not yield any direct evidence for pyritic phases, although there was clear evidence of known pyrite-weathering products, such as jarosite. The relative stability of pyrite and arsenopyrite have been modelled for the range of acidity and redox potentials likely to be encountered on the site. For adsorption modelling, a surface complexation model was used to predict arsenate desorption as a function of pH. It was assumed that the principal reactive adsorbent for As was hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) and this assumption was supported by the results of direct and indirect measurements and by the mineral stability calculations. This approach was successful at predicting the increased mobility of As at increasingly alkaline conditions. The modelling predictions were supported by results from batch equilibration experiments. Thus, it was possible to link direct observations of mineralogy, mineral stability calculations and adsorption models in order to predict the mobility of As. The success of this approach was dependent on identifying the reactive phase in this particular soil and having the appropriate data required for the adsorption modelling.     

Release of arsenic and other trace elements from poultry litter: Insights from a field experiment on the Delmarva Peninsula,Delaware

A poultry litter application was conducted to examine field scale release and transport of trace elements from poultry litter into the subsurface. Field monitoring before and after litter application demonstrated increases in major ion, nutrient, and trace element concentrations in soil water after application, but concentrations of trace elements were all below regulatory standards. Using laboratory stepwise extractions of litter, calculated leaching rates of trace elements are fastest for As, followed by Cu and Zn. Comparison of the projected (from laboratory extractions) to actual (measured in the field) trace element concentrations in litter show that laboratory-derived rates generally over-predict leaching, but the long-term projections of Cu and Zn concentrations remaining in litter are within 20% of the field measurement. Arsenic leaching from litter was under-predicted by the laboratory leaching model by over 100%, suggesting that other processes (perhaps biological) occurring in the field allowed for additional As to be leached/removed. Mass balance coupled with conservative tracer calculations reveal that the vadose sediment was the main sink for the trace elements, with lesser uptake of Cu and Zn (not As) by orchard grass. Overall, results of this study showed that the fate and transport of trace elements from poultry litter are controlled by their leaching rate from litter, adsorption, uptake in vegetation and dilution. An additional process affecting As is biotransformation.     

江汉平原旱地和水田土壤镉的吸附与解吸特征及影响因素

为揭示旱地和水田土壤镉的吸附解吸特征,以江汉平原黄豆地、棉花地以及水稻田土壤为研究对象,开展土壤镉的吸附动力学实验、等温吸附?解吸实验以及有机质的影响实验.结果表明:江汉平原土壤对镉的吸附是一个较为复杂的吸附动力学过程且以化学吸附为主,研究区土壤镉的初始吸附速率总体上表现为水田土壤大于旱地土壤;旱地土壤对Cd2+具有较...     

德兴铜矿地区土壤的基本特征及其对重金属元素的吸附研究

本文首先分析了江西德兴铜矿区周围土壤的微量元素和矿物组成特征,结果显示该地区重金属元素富集,且表层土中重金属元素含量与粘土矿物相对含量变化具有较好的一致性。室内土柱淋滤实验结果表明,当总淋滤时间为451 h时,土壤对Pb²⁺的总吸附量为2 584.75 mg/kg,淋滤实验的前半期存在多种竞争吸附机制,后半期土壤对Pb²⁺的吸附基本达到动态平衡。淋滤后土壤矿物的相对质量分数发生了改变,粘土矿物有所减少。粘土矿物在不同土壤层对Pb²⁺的吸附能力也各异。     

溶解性有机质对冻融作用下污染土壤中重金属Pb的溶出释放规律

采用室内模拟实验方法研究了溶解性有机质（DOM）对冻融作用下污染土壤中重金属Pb的溶出规律。结果表明：冻融作用明显改变了土壤基本理化性质和重金属Pb的化学形态;与未冻融土壤相比,DOM明显促进了冻融土壤中Pb的溶出释放。DOM对污染土壤中Pb的溶出释放作用与土壤类型、土壤污染时间和污染程度有关：DOM对棕壤中Pb的溶出释放作用大于对黑土中Pb的溶出释放作用;而且随着土壤Pb污染时间越长和污染程度越重,DOM对土壤中Pb的溶出释放作用越大。DOM对土壤中Pb的溶出释放还与DOM质量浓度、性质和组成密切相关：DOM质量浓度的增加提高了污染土壤中Pb的溶出释放;DOM的低pH和小分子量亲水性组分利于土壤中Pb的溶出释放。     

Groundwater vulnerability to pesticides in Northwest Bangladesh

The transport and leaching potential hazards of various pesticides were studied in a shallow unconfined aquifer located in Northwest Bangladesh. Pesticide leaching potential was quantified using a one-dimensional advective–dispersive transport equation for a non-conservative chemical that follows first-order decay and linear adsorption in soils. Leaching potential index (LPI) was calculated for 69 sites in the study area to evaluate the relative vulnerability to pesticide leaching and to prioritize sites for model study and soil sampling. The numerical ranks of computed LPI were grouped by quantiles into very high, high, moderate, low and very low categories; and based on these rankings, the most vulnerable site was selected. The fate and transport of pesticides in this most vulnerable site was modeled using MT3D. The model results indicate that pesticides with high sorptivity and moderate to high persistence have low potential impact on groundwater. Top soils are found to be particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides. Results also revealed that decreasing the soil organic matter and increasing the half-life of the pesticides at deeper depths did not make any significant change. Finally, six soil samples were collected from the same site at depths of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 m for the analysis of pesticide residues. The soil–water was extracted from the samples following standard extraction technique and tested using gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for pesticide residues. Results showed no trace of pesticide residues in the soil–water; however, a few unknown peaks were detected indicating the use of some unknown brand of chemicals in the study area.     

淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性的影响

以湖北省鄂州市庙岭镇的红黏土为研究对象,以化学选择溶解法结合淋溶作用为处理手段,将原状土样中的游离氧化铁按梯度去除,获得连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)溶液淋溶时间与除铁率的关系,并分析了不同淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性及微观孔隙结构的影响。试验结果表明,DCB溶液淋溶时间与除铁率相关性较强,除铁率与时间呈先快速增长后逐渐稳定的关系。由于游离氧化铁在土颗粒间主要起胶结作用,故淋溶时间对红黏土的物理力学特性有较大影响。随着淋溶时间的增长,黏粒与胶粒含量逐渐增大,耐热性小幅提升,无侧限抗压强度显著减小,且无侧限抗压强度变化整体趋势为前期急剧降低至后期趋于平稳。核磁共振、差热分析和电镜扫描的结果表明,随着淋溶时间的增大,庙岭红黏土内部孔隙增大,自由水减少,结合水增多,微观形态上团粒结构遭到破坏,胶结物质明显减少,结构形式从紧凑的粒团堆叠结构逐渐转化为聚集体-松散颗粒状结构。     

淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性的影响

以湖北省鄂州市庙岭镇的红黏土为研究对象,以化学选择溶解法结合淋溶作用为处理手段,将原状土样中的游离氧化铁按梯度去除,获得连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)溶液淋溶时间与除铁率的关系,并分析了不同淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性及微观孔隙结构的影响。试验结果表明,DCB溶液淋溶时间与除铁率相关性较强,除铁率与时间呈先快速增长后逐渐稳定的关系。由于游离氧化铁在土颗粒间主要起胶结作用,故淋溶时间对红黏土的物理力学特性有较大影响。随着淋溶时间的增长,黏粒与胶粒含量逐渐增大,耐热性小幅提升,无侧限抗压强度显著减小,且无侧限抗压强度变化整体趋势为前期急剧降低至后期趋于平稳。核磁共振、差热分析和电镜扫描的结果表明,随着淋溶时间的增大,庙岭红黏土内部孔隙增大,自由水减少,结合水增多,微观形态上团粒结构遭到破坏,胶结物质明显减少,结构形式从紧凑的粒团堆叠结构逐渐转化为聚集体-松散颗粒状结构。     

包气带黏性土层对氮素污染地下水的防污性能试验研究

包气带土层是保护地下水的天然屏障,在阻控、拦截氮素污染源的过程中起到了重要作用。通过对北京市典型地区包气带土体进行定水位入渗的土柱淋溶试验,研究土体对于氮素的去除能力和包气带的截污容量。试验中采用了蒸馏水、再生水和河水3种不同的水源。试验结果显示,张家湾包气带土层对氮素污染地下水具有较强的截留和防护能力。对氮素的去除过程具有分段性特征,经历了较稳定和波动下降两个不同的阶段,其中稳定阶段是计算柱体去除能力的关键,提出了考虑滞后区间的时段去除率计算公式。水源对柱体的渗流速度及初期的吸附解析效应有明显影响。土体对氮素的去除作用受环境温度变化的影响,温度15 ℃左右时所达到的稳定阶段对氮素有极强的去除能力。     

An experimental study of heavy metal attenuation and mobility in sandy loam soils

Column flow-through experiments reacting wastewater solutions with sandy loam soil samples were performed to study heavy metal attenuation by two soils with different physical and chemical properties. Reacted soil columns were leached with synthetic acid rain to study the mobility of attenuated heavy metals under leaching conditions. This study demonstrates that cation exchange, surface adsorption, chelation with solid organic material, and precipitation were the important attenuation mechanisms for the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ph, and Zn). Adsorption on soil hydrous oxide surfaces was the primary attenuation mechanism for Cd and Zn in both soils, and for Cu in a soil with low organic matter content. Wastewater solution pH is also an important factor that influences the retention of heavy metals. Cadmium, Cu, Cr, and Zn became mobile after prolonged application of spiked wastewater solution, either through saturation of soil adsorption sites or due to decreasing pH. Only Cr, Pb, and Mo, which are attenuated primarily through precipitation, show significant net retention by soil. Acid rain water removed heavy metals left in the column residual pore solution and weakly sorbed heavy metals in the soils, and has the ability to mobilize some strongly attenuated heavy metals, especially when the soil organic matter content is high. The results have important applications in predicting heavy metal mobility in contaminated soil, the disposal of acid mine drainage, and assessing the risks of landfall leachate leakage.     

蔗渣生物质炭对喀斯特农田石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响

生物质炭对于土壤中不同形态氮库的含量影响已有较多研究,但对西南喀斯特区石灰性土壤氮素形态,尤其是控制氮素形态的转化过程研究较为缺乏。本研究设置土壤中添加1%(C1)和3%(C2)蔗渣生物质炭2个用量水平,并以不施用蔗渣生物质炭作为对照(CK),共3个处理,通过 15 NH 4 NO 3 和NH^15 4 NO 3 成对标记技术,结合MCMC氮素转化模型研究了不同用量的蔗渣生物质炭对石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响,为该地区蔗渣资源化利用和土壤氮保持提供理论支撑。结果表明,与CK相比,添加蔗渣生物质炭能够快速提高土壤pH和有机碳含量。添加生物质炭并没有显著改变土壤氮的矿化、铵态氮(NH^+ 4 )和硝态氮(NO^- 3 )的微生物同化和异养硝化速率,但NH^+ 4 吸附速率随生物质炭用量的增加而提高,以添加量最高的C2处理最大。添加生物质炭同样提高了土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率,但C1和C2处理的土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率并无显著性差异。与CK和C1处理相比,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭通过抑制自养硝化速率而显著降低了硝态氮净产生速率。这些结果表明,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭于石灰性土壤中可快速实现对NH^+ 4 吸附,降低自养硝化速率,减少NO^- 3 产生,从而降低了其损耗和淋失风险。     

Geochemical constraints on underground disposal of uranium mill tailings

A three phase investigation has been conducted on groundwater quality impacts of the underground disposal of tailings from acid-leach milling of uranium ores. These phases included field collection and analysis of samples obtained during backfilling of mill tailings in empty underground mine stopes, collection of soil samples from mill tailings piles and previously backfilled stopes, and evaluation of thermodynamic constraints on possible geochemical transformations. Contaminants of principal concern include As, Mo, Se, U, V and Ra-226.The investigation has shown that short-term degradation of groundwater due to backfill disposal of the sand fraction of uranium tailings is negligible. Long-term effects, defined as those occurring after mining operations cease and the mine fills with water, are predicted to also be very small. This is attributed to immobilization of pollutants through chemical reduction and precipitation, as well as adsorption onto aquifer materials. This conclusion is substantiated, in part, by observation of high concentrations of most of the contaminants on the silt and clay fraction of the soil samples collected, in contrast to the concentrations found on the sand fraction.     

雷州半岛玄武岩残积土的物质成分与结构特征

雷州半岛玄武岩残积土属于区域性特殊土,具有高液限、大孔隙比的较差的物理特性和高强度的较优的力学特性的异常组合,同时具有强收缩性、遇水湿化、易崩解的特殊性质。为探寻玄武岩残积土特殊的工程地质特性的机理,对其矿物成分、化学成分、结构形态、孔隙分布进行研究。结果表明,雷州半岛玄武岩残积土发育过程经历明显的富铝化、铁富集和盐淋失过程,黏土矿物以高岭石、三水铝石和伊利石为主,富含游离氧化铁、铝成分; 微观结构类型为凝块结构和絮凝结构,游离氧化铁作为胶结物质以包膜形式包裹颗粒形成团聚体,增强了土的结构强度; 孔隙以溶蚀孔隙以及团粒和絮凝体内微孔为主,微孔具有较大的比表面积和吸附能,吸水会产生较大的表面张力,引发软化、崩解现象。由于雷州半岛玄武岩残积土具有对水敏感,抗水性差特点,施工中应重点关注降雨引发的工程灾害。     

潮白河流域人工复合地层系统去除甲氧苄胺嘧啶的模拟研究

基于潮白河流域再生水的场地回灌,为提高抗生素甲氧苄氨嘧啶（TMP）的去除率,降低其进入地下水的风险,选用价格低廉对TMP有高效去除性能的黏土陶粒作为吸附剂,构建去除TMP的人工复合土柱。吸附实验研究结果显示黏土陶粒对TMP吸附容量达到151.824 μg/g,具有去除再生水中TMP能力;TMP在黏土陶粒解吸过程中存在解吸滞后性的现象。柱实验研究结果表明此人工复合土柱能够有效地去除再生水中TMP,去除率高于95%,其去除机制主要是吸附与生物降解协同作用。本研究建立的人工复合土层系统能有效地去除再生水中TMP,对实际场地回灌工程具有指导性作用。     

土壤中添加生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的迁移锁定作用研究

生物炭应用在土壤中具有CO₂减排、改善土壤性质等作用,研究表明生物炭土壤有助于农作物产量和质量的提高,同时对污染物有较好的吸附效果,能控制其迁移,但对于近年关注的土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)和生物炭的作用研究却很少。通过土柱淋滤实验,研究土壤中添加生物炭后对Cr(Ⅵ)的迁移影响,特别是对其进行模拟酸雨淋滤实验,进一步研究了生物炭土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的锁定效果。结果表明：仅施加1%的生物炭,就能够大幅度提高土壤系统固定Cr(Ⅵ)的能力,小粒径生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附固定能力更加明显,在一定条件下是大粒径的固定吸附量的3倍,在酸雨淋滤作用下也不易解吸,说明生物炭的添加能有效抑制Cr(Ⅵ)在土壤中的迁移,起到原位锁定的作用,这对农田土壤开发治理提供了重要手段和依据。