龙门山映秀-北川断裂带擂鼓探槽剖面古地震事件测年

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生MS8.0大地震,形成了200多km长的地震地表破裂带。破裂带的古地震研究对于认识龙门山断裂带的活动习性和大地震的发生规律具有重要的理论和现实意义。文中用光释光(OSL)测年中的校正感量简单多片再生法(SMAR),对映秀-北川地震地表破裂带擂鼓探槽样品进行了光释光测年,并对探槽中含有的炭屑进行了AMS14C测年。样品的光释光年龄和校正的AMS14C年龄吻合,该地区与汶川地震类似规模的上一次古地震事件发生在距今约(2.1±0.2)ka至(1.1±0.2)ka间     

海原断裂带刺儿沟剖面烘烤次生黄土的光释光测年及其地质意义

选择海原活动断裂带刺儿沟剖面2个烘烤次生黄土样品LEDL0588H和LEDL0365的细颗粒石英,采用改进后的单测片再生法(SAR)和简单多测片再生剂量法(SMAR)进行了一系列实验研究。2个样品细颗粒石英的光释光信号均以快速组分为主,其等效剂量(DE)的预热坪实验表明,在180～260℃的预热温度范围内均能获得基本一致的DE值。SAR法测量不同预热温度下的释光感量变化、剂量恢复实验和LN/TN比值的关系以及SMAR法测量中LN/TN比值与预热温度的关系的研究表明,文中所采用的流程能有效地校正测量过程中释光信号感量变化。2种方法均适用于采自不同层位的2个烘烤样品细颗粒石英的OSL测年,并获得了非常接近的OSL年龄。2个样品最后一次被烘烤的时间可能代表的是同一时期的人类活动     

海原活动断裂带的古地震与强震复发规律

海原断裂是中国西部的一条重要活动走滑断裂带, 1920年沿该带发生的8.5级强震形成了230 km长的地表破裂带和10 m的左旋走滑位移. 为了揭示这条重要发震断裂的强震活动规律, 沿断裂带的3个段落开挖了17个探槽, 揭示了大量的古地震事件, 并结合前人的研究结果, 利用古地震分析的逐次限定方法研究了海原断裂带的强震复发规律. 研究发现, 海原断裂带的3个段落具有分段差异的古地震活动历史; 古地震破裂有3种尺度, 即单段破裂、双段破裂和全段破裂. 另外, 整个海原断裂带的古地震丛集现象也十分明显, 第1丛集期在距今4600~6300 a期间, 第2丛集期发生在距今1000~2800 a期间. 海原断裂带的古地震活动习性对于认识大陆走滑断裂的破裂特征和强震复发规律具有十分重要的意义.     

地震相关快速沉积物释光测年研究

正古地震的年代确定是重建强震活动历史、预测未来地震趋势的重要依据,对于地震学研究具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。目前用于测定古地震事件年龄的方法和技术多达10余种,释光方法是其中常用的一种。释光测年方法经过20多年的发展,已形成了多种适用于几十年至十万年的沉积物年龄测定技术,通常可获得与独立年龄相吻合的结果。然而,这些技术在地震相关堆积物中的应     

2008年汶川地震相关堆积物的细颗粒石英光释光测年研究

现代强震相关堆积物的释光测年研究有助于理解古地震相关沉积物释光测年的地质意义,提高古地震测年的精度和准确度,更好地认识大地震发生的规律.文中选择了若干典型的2008年汶川大地震的相关堰塞湖堆积物、泄洪堆积物和喷砂堆积物,进行了细颗粒石英光释光测年研究.结果表明,这些地震相关沉积物中的细颗粒石英灵敏度较高,但释光信号并未...     

海原断裂带M6.7地震概率及其震级分布

海原断裂是中国西部的一条重要活动走滑断裂带，1920年沿该带发生的8.5级大震形成了长达230 km的地表破裂带和10 m的左旋走滑位移. 近10余年来，国内外学者对海原断裂开展了古地震研究，揭示出大量的古地震事件，为研究该断裂带上强震复发规律提供了重要的基础资料.本文利用这些古地震资料，采用泊松模型和布朗过程时间模型（Brownian passage time model），并考虑海原断裂带3个段落组合的不同尺度的破裂（单段破裂、双段破裂和全带破裂），经加权分析计算得到了海原断裂带未来百年强震（M6.7）复发的可能性及其震级分布. 计算结果表明，海原断裂带未来百年M6.7地震发生的可能性为0.035.      

红河县城地区古地震的初步研究

云南省红河县城位于北西走向的红河断裂带之中。近百年中,这里没有发生过强震。红河断裂的活动与强震的缺乏是我们研究这里古地震的基本出发点。县城附近的第四纪地层中,发现了一些古地震遗迹。城西安帮村剖面上显示出两个古地震事件,每个事件的断层面均为高倾角,倾向滑距分别为32和28厘米。这两个事件相隔仅一百余年。这一资料揭示红河断裂在第四纪中有过强烈的地震活动历史。本文的分析方法对研究其它地区的古地震应是有用的。     

干盐池拉分盆地盆内新生断层大地震记录与海原断裂带级联破裂地震事件

沿大型走滑断裂带经常发生导致多个断层段同时破裂的级联破裂地震事件。海原断裂带在1920年海原M 8地震时3个段同时发生破裂,干盐池拉分盆地即为其西段和中段的分段边界。沿该盆地内新生断层的古地震研究揭示了晚更新世末期以来的至少7次古地震事件证据,最新1次事件为1920年海原地震,1920年海原地震之前的1次事件可能与1092年历史地震对应。对比分析表明,这些事件可能均为超过8级的大地震,其复发呈现地震丛集与单个事件相间排列的规律,当前可能处于最近的1个地震丛集期内。该古地震序列与整个海原断裂带的大地震活动历史的对比表明,干盐池拉分盆地内新生断层在级联破裂地震事件发生时并非总是同时破裂,该断层是否参与破裂可能与该次级联破裂事件的震级大小有关。讨论整个走滑断裂带大地震活动历史时应避免仅依据具有一定规模的拉分盆地内部断层的破裂记录。     

郯城—庐江断裂带地震活动的地质分析

本文概述郯城-庐江断裂带地震活动的地质构造背景和第四纪晚期断层新活动与地震的关系。指出沿带地震活动性具有明显的分段性,这与各段位于不同性质的大地构造单元和第四纪晚期断裂活动的差异性有较好的相关性。活断层粘滑运动的遗迹,是鉴别古地震及其重复发生的一种地质标志。同一活动构造带,强震有原地重演的可能。晚更新世以来发生过断层的粘滑运动,而二千多年来又无强震的“地震休眠段”,其危险性将比历史地震区(段)更紧迫。必须考查板内活断裂带强震重复活动的地质-地貌标志和年代学的研究     

祁连山强震构造带分段及其地震危险性评估

祁连山强震构造带由祁连山北缘断裂和海原断裂组成。断裂带主要表现为压扭性左旋滑动，最大滑动速率达９ｍｍ／ａ。沿带有一系列的古地震事件，且有多次历史地震发生。海原８．６级地震就发生在该带上。根据该带的断裂活动习性，按照一定的原则和依据划分成３个一级断层段和１７个二级断层段。建立了古地震、历史大震图像识别和地震重现间隔二元分析的数学模型。在此基础之上对该带作了地震危险性别定，划分出３个Ａ类危险段和４个Ｂ类危险段     

RESIDUAL POST-IR IRSL SIGNALS OF POTASSIUM FELDSPAR FROM MODERN SAG POND DEPOSITS OF CENTRAL ALTYN TAGH FAULT: IMPLICATION FOR DATING YOUNG PALEOSEISMIC EVENTS

The Altyn Tagh Fault(ATF)is one of the most prominent active strike-slip faults in the India-Eurasia collision. Fresh features of surface ruptures, which are attributed to seismic events taking place in the last millennium, are identified at several sites along the Che'erchen River to Qingshui River section on the central part of ATF. Accurate chronology of these earthquake events would help understand the spatial-temporal relationship of the recent earthquakes. However, great difficulties are encountered. The central ATF is located in the arid area, and the vegetation cover is so limited that rare organic materials appropriate for radiocarbon dating can be found in the sediments. Luminescence dating technique may serve as an alternative to directly determine the burial ages of the earthquake related sediments. The optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)signal of quartz, which has been widely employed for luminescence dating, displays unwanted charateristics for accurate dating. Firstly, the quartz OSL signal is not sensitive to irradiation, which leads to low signal-to-noise ratio or even no measurable quartz OSL signal. Secondly, the targeted samples of the last millennium are very young, and the radiation dose received during the burial is expected to be less than 3~4Gy, which futher deteriorates the signal-to-noise ratio of the quartz OSL signal. Therefore, quartz OSL signal is not appropriate for dating the sediments relevant to the recent earthquakes on ATF.
The infrared stimulated luminescence(IRSL)signal of potassium feldspar is an alternative, and it is in usual an order of maginitude more sensitive to raidation than the quartz OSL signal. The enhanced signal-to-noise ratio makes it applicable to young samples. The post-IR IRSL signal has been successfully applied to date the sediments beyond the Holocene, however, the relatively slow bleaching of the post-IR IRSL signal poses challenges on applying it to young sediments, especially for the sediments deposited during the last millennium. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using post-IR IRSL signal from potassium feldspar to date the earthquake events of the last millennium by employing modern sag pond deposits with different sorting and expected equivalent dose(D_e)of 0Gy. Choosing an appropriate measurement procedure and identifying the well bleached pottassium feldspar grains are essential for post-IR IRSL dating of young sediments. The non-fading characteristic of the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ signal measured at 170℃ following a prior IR stimulation at 110℃ was verified by employing the D_e plateau test with respect to the signal integration interval and IR stimulation temperature together. Reducing the amount of potassium feldspar grains mounted on an aliquot would help reveal the among grains variation of bleaching level of post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ signal before depostion and identify the most sufficiently bleached grains. Therefore, the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ D_e values of 2mm aliquots were measured for three samples with different sedimentary textures. The median of D_e distribution of well sorted and stratified sag pond deposits is consistent with the minimum D_e value inferred from the minimum age model(MAM-3) and finite mixture model(FMM), while for the poorly sorted deposits, the median is significantly overestimated compared with the minimum D_e values from the MAM-3 and the FMM. The minimum D_e values of 0.6~0.8Gy of all three samples are consistent with the unbleachable residual dose previously reported for post-IR IRSL signals measured at similar temperature for well bleached samples. It implies that by combined use of small aliquot and statistical age models, the well-bleached potassium feldspar grains could be identified. Such an intrinsic unbleachable component needs to be properly corrected when earthquake events of last millennium are to be dated in this area. Otherwise, the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ age would be overestimated by 200~300a.
The post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ procedure investigated in this study is not only applicable for dating the paleoearthquake events along the Altyn Tagh Fault, but also with great potential to be applied to other tectonically active area. With consideration of the potential variability in post-IR IRSL signal characteristics of potassium feldspar grains from different origins, the signal stability needs to be routinely inspected. The modern analog sample would also be informative for justifying the measurement procedure and analytical method employed.     

海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究

对海原断裂高湾子地点进行大比例尺地质地貌填图和三维探槽开挖，揭示出７次古地震事件，除１９２０年地震外，它们的年龄分别为距今（１０００４±３１９６），（６６８９±１６９），（６１２０±５０５），（４２０８±５７７），（２７６３±３７２）和（１００５±４６５）ａ；重复间隔分别为（３３１５±３２００），（５６１±５３２），（１９２０±７６６），（１４２５±６８６），（１５７８±５９５）和（９８０±４６５）ａ。事件Ⅲ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ，Ⅵ，Ⅶ的水平位移量分别为（５．６±２．３），（１．５±１．１），（１．５±１．１），（２±１）和（７±０．５）ｍ。显示出重复间隔时间的分段性和特征行为的分级性。两次类似１９２０年强度的地震间隔期间，有３次位移量为１～２ｍ的地震发生     

历史大地震断层滑动模型的建立及其对同震数值计算的影响——以1920年宁夏海原MS8.5大地震为例

大地震的发生会引起区域位移场和应力场发生变化,进而改变区域内及临近断层的应力状态和地震活动性.目前,研究学者可据已有的断层滑动模型来计算分析大地震同震应力变化,同时采用库仑应力触发理论来进一步分析震后余震分布和断层危险性.然而,历史上曾经发生过不少大地震,例如,1920年的海原M_S8.5大地震,是全球范围内少见的特大地震之一.局限于无确切的地震台站地震波等资料,前人在研究历史地震的影响时往往给出一些简单的断层滑动模型,将断层面上错动量视为均匀分布.为更准确地了解历史地震对后续地震的影响,基于前人研究和一般地震滑动形态分布规律及地震反射剖面等资料,以海原M_S8.5大地震为例,探讨了如何建立海原大地震断层滑动模型,并分别搭建了简单断层滑动模型和复杂断层滑动模型的全球同震横向不均匀并行椭球型地球模型.通过对海原M_S8.5地震的同震位移场和应力场的计算,发现采用复杂断层滑动模型比简单断层滑动模型地表位错分布更切合实际.同时,进一步计算和分析了此次大地震对青藏高原东北缘近100年历史地震和周围断层的应力触发作用,得出断层滑动模型对同震计算结果的影响集中在发震断层附近而对远场影响较小.     

海原走滑断裂带及其尾端挤压构造

研究了青藏高原东北部地区海原活动断裂带的几何学、运动学和动力学特征、左旋位移总量及全新世滑动速率,对海原走滑断裂带东南端发育的尾端挤压区的构造特征及地壳缩短量进行了研究,分析了走滑断裂带的走滑量与端部挤压区地壳缩短量之间的转换平衡关系     

鲜水河断裂带地震活动特征及强震发生随时间增长概率

作者等仔细分析了鲜水河断裂带从１７２５年到现在的地震资料，并利用乌莫洛夫Ｔ─Ｓ、Ｍ为参数的作图法及强震发生随时间增长概率，绘制了地震活动图件及地震发生概率曲线以及Ｍ─Ｔ图和鲜水河断裂应变释放曲线。根据这些资料可以清楚地看出鲜水河断裂带自１７２５年到现在可分为两个大的活动周期，其中６．０级以上地震有由康定依次向甘孜迁移的特点。在每一个大的地震活动周期中，地震基本上两次重复由康定向甘孜迁移的过程，而且较强地震多发生在第二次迁移过程中，１９８２年甘孜地震标志着断裂带在第二幕地震活动高潮中，中强震已经完成了最后一次由断裂带东南端向西北端迁移的过程。同时考虑到断裂带应变释放曲线的特征，估计鲜水河断裂带目前已进入新的平静阶段。前两个大的活动周期之间，平静了近一个世纪。按历史上地震定向迁移规律，估计在新的活动期地震仍将从康定方向开始，逐步向甘孜发展。     

深地震反射剖面揭示的海原断裂带深部几何形态与地壳形变

由于活动的青藏高原不断的隆升和推挤作用,在西南向东北的推挤作用和周缘块体的阻挡以及东北缘内部块体挤压形变的作用下,形成了多个走向不同的青藏高原东北缘构造体系.新生代构造变形和地震活动强烈,区内分布多条大型深断裂带.海原断裂是青藏高原东北缘发育的弧形活动断裂带中规模最大、活动最为强烈的一条左旋走滑型断裂带,是重要的大地构造区边界,也是控制现今强震活动的活断层.本文利用2009年完成的高分辨率深地震反射剖面的北段资料,对其进行初步构造解释,揭示出海原断裂带的深部几何形态和其两侧地壳上地幔细结构.结果显示海原断裂并不是简单的陡立或者较缓,其几何形态随着深度变化.在海原断裂之下的Moho并未错断的反射特征显示海原断裂并不是直接错断莫霍面的超壳断裂.海原断裂带及两侧岩石圈结构和构造样式的研究为探讨青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形机制提供地震学依据.     

龙陵-澜沧新生断裂带地震破裂分段与地震预测研究

龙陵 -澜沧新生断裂带的地震活动具频度高、强度大、周期短等特征 ,并以双震或震群型为主。断裂带由多条次级新生断层组成 ,呈斜列或共轭式展布 ,根据结构、规模、地震活动差异等因素把断裂带划分为 4个一级段、13个二级段 ,其中有 4个二级段又可划分出 8个三级段。历史上发生过大震、强震并有地震断层伴生的断层段为地震破裂单元 ;断裂带上晚第四纪有活动并有古地震事件 ,但无历史地震记载的地段为断层闭锁单元 ;次级断层之间的阶区或连接点为障碍体单元。从地震破裂特征分析 ,断裂带由破裂、闭锁、障碍体单元组成 ,根据地震、古地震、活断层、断层阶区的活动规律 ,断裂带可划分出 9个破裂单元、8个闭锁单元、10个障碍体单元。三者之间呈迁移、触发和转换能量的关系。根据这些关系和地震构造标志 ,对断裂带上未来可能发生大震、强震、中强震的地区分别作了预测。预测的危险区有 9个 ,其中大震区 1个 (永康 -永德地区 ) ,强震区 3个 (马站、石灰窑、酒房-勐混 ) ,中强震区 5个 (下顺江、里仁、大岗山、南明 -澜沧、勐遮     

THE NEW ACTIVITY OF TAN-LU FAULT ZONE IN SEGMENT OF DAHONGSHAN SINCE LATE QUATERNARY

The relationship between the latest activity of active fault and seismic events is of the utmost importance. The Tan-lu fault zone in eastern China is a major fault zone, of which the active characteristics of the segments in Jiangsu, Shandong and Anhui has been the focus of research. This study takes the Dahongshan segment of the Tanlu Fault in Sihong County as the main research area. We carried out a detailed geological survey and excavated two trenches across the steep slope on the southwest side of the Dahongshan. Each trench shows fault clearly. Combining the comparative analysis of previous work, we identified and cataloged the late Quaternary deformation events and prehistoric earthquake relics, and analyzed the activity stages and behavior of this segment. Fault gonge observed in the trench profiles shows that multiple earthquake events occurred in the fault. The faulting dislocated the Neogene sandstone, black gravel layer and gray clay layer. Brown clay layer is not broken. According to the relations of dislocated stratums, corresponding ¹⁴C and OSL samples were collected and dated. The result indicates that the Dahongshan segment of the Tanlu Fault has experienced strong earthquakes since the late Quaternary. Thrust fault, normal fault and strike-slip fault are found in the trenches. The microscopic analysis of slices from fault shows that there are many stick-creep events taking place in the area during the late Quaternary. Comprehensive analysis shows that there have been many paleoearthquakes in this region since the late Quaternary, the recent active time is the late Pleistocene, and the most recent earthquake event occurred in(12~2.5ka BP). The neotectonic activity is relatively weak in the Anhui segment(south of the Huaihe River)of Tanlu fault zone. There are difficulties in the study of late Quaternary activity. For example, uneven distribution of the Quaternary, complex geological structure, larger man-made transformation of surface and so on. The progressive research may be able to promote the study on the activity of the Anhui segment of Tanlu fault zone.     

Dating alluvial deposits with optically stimulated luminescence, AMS C and cosmogenic techniques, western Transverse Ranges, California, USA

In an effort to better understand chronology of alluvial episodes in Cuyama Valley in the western Transverse Ranges of California, USA, we employed optically stimulated luminescence, radiocarbon and cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure dating methods. Twenty-one optical dates ranging from 0.01 to 27 ka were obtained from exposures of late-Holocene axial-fluvial deposits, Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial-fan deposits, and axial-fluvial sands interbedded within a late Pleistocene alluvial fan. These were cross-checked with 37 AMS radiocarbon dates from charcoal and wood from within a and five ¹⁰Be surface exposure dates from boulders on alluvial-fan surfaces. The OSL results show generally good stratigraphic consistency, logical comparison with the radiocarbon and cosmogenic data, and appear to be the best method for accurate dating within deposits of this nature because suitable material is fairly easy to find in these environments. The radiocarbon data contained numerous “detrital ages”, but well-bedded lenses of apparently in situ or minimally transported charcoal provide reliable age estimates for the associated alluvium. Radiocarbon dating of detrital charcoal in the older alluvial fan deposits was problematic. Our cosmogenic surface-exposure dating was consistent stratigraphically and with our other data, but we were unable to determine its accuracy due to the limited number of samples and the possibility of inherited radionuclides and post-depositional erosion. In light of our results, we suggest that OSL dating using the latest analytical techniques combined with rigorous methods for estimation of paleodase is reliable and of increasing utility in otherwise difficult-to-date coarse alluvial environments in the southwestern United States and elsewhere.