下扬子地区若干上地幔橄榄岩的显微构造研究

本文对下扬子区内２个玄武岩产地（江苏六合瓜埠山、安徽当涂釜山）的幔源包体进行研究,结果表明本区上地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩具原生粒状结构、碎斑结构、板状镶嵌等粒结构及部分熔融结构四种类型。在光学岩组图上显示出从原生粒状结构→碎斑结构→板状镶嵌等粒结构,其橄榄石光性方位优选性逐渐增强。变形橄榄石滑移轴为［１００］,滑移面以｛０ｋ１｝为主,（０１０）次之。高温高压人工变形实验证实,这种滑移系形成于高温低应变速率条件下。橄榄石位错类型多样,（１００）、（００１）位错壁分布广泛,位错壁间距显示对数正态分布特征．估算的本区上地幔高温蠕交流动差异应力为（１０．９～１１．５ＭＰａ）。上地幔流变速率、流动应力、等效粘滞度与深度关系指示本区新生代大地构造性质为大陆拉张带或大陆裂谷带。     

The legacy of crystal-plastic deformation in olivine: high-diffusivity pathways during serpentinization

Crystal-plastic olivine deformation to produce subgrain boundaries composed of edge dislocations is an inevitable consequence of asthenospheric mantle flow. Although crystal-plastic deformation and serpentinization are spatio-temporally decoupled, we identified compositional readjustments expressed on the micrometric level as a striped Fe-enriched ( [`(X)]<sub>\textFe</sub> \bar{X}_{\text{Fe}}  = 0.24 ± 0.02 (zones); 0.12 ± 0.02 (bulk)) or Fe-depleted ( [`(X)]_\textFe \bar{X}_{\text{Fe}}  = 0.10 ± 0.01 (zones); 0.13 ± 0.01 (bulk)) zoning in partly serpentinized olivine grains from two upper mantle sections in Norway. Focused ion beam sample preparation combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and aberration-corrected scanning TEM, enabling atomic-level resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopic line profiling, reveals that every zone is immediately associated with a subgrain boundary. We infer that the zonings are a result of the environmental Fe²⁺Mg₋₁ exchange potential during antigorite serpentinization of olivine and the drive toward element exchange equilibrium. This is facilitated by enhanced solid-state diffusion along subgrain boundaries in a system, which otherwise re-equilibrates via dissolution-reprecipitation. Fe enrichment or depletion is controlled by the silica activity imposed on the system by the local olivine/orthopyroxene mass ratio, temperature and the effect of magnetite stability. The Fe-Mg exchange coefficients K_\textD^{\textAtg/\textOl} K_{\text{D}}^{{{\text{Atg}}/{\text{Ol}}}} between both types of zoning and antigorite display coalescence toward exchange equilibrium. With both types of zoning, Mn is enriched and Ni depleted compared with the unaffected bulk composition. Nanometer-sized, heterogeneously distributed antigorite precipitates along olivine subgrain boundaries suggest that water was able to ingress along them. Crystallographic orientation relationships gained via electron backscatter diffraction between olivine grain domains and different serpentine vein generations support the hypothesis that serpentinization was initiated along olivine subgrain boundaries.     

地幔交代作用的微区微量元素证据——云南双沟蛇绿岩的质子探针研究

用质子探针技术对双沟地幔交代熔融物的微区微量元素进行了测定。研究表明,地幔橄榄岩中的残留矿物橄榄石和斜方辉石仅含Ni和Zn,而Ga、Ge、Sr、Rb、Zr、Y、As、Pb等微量元素主要集中在地幔部分熔融所产生的矿物(尤其是尖晶石和绿泥石)中。微区范围内微量元素的分布表明,尖晶石二辉橄榄岩地幔不均一性的尺度可达微米级,通常解释为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩在开放系统下地幔交代作用的结果。     

上地幔的岩石组构和各向异性

着重介绍了上地幔各向异性及其成因,研究内容和方法,各向异性研究的地球动力学意义,并强调指出橄榄石和辉石在塑性固态流动过程中产生的晶格优选方位或组构是导致上地幔各向异性最主要原因。     

祁连山玉石沟橄榄岩显微构造特征及演化

橄榄岩作为上地幔的主要成分,影响着上地幔的流变学行为,其显微构造记录了岩石形成发展过程中所经受的构造事件.通过对祁连山玉石沟橄榄岩样品的镜下显微构造观察、岩石组构测定及TEM位错分析,探讨了与变形相关的温度、围压、含水性和应变速率等因素,总结该岩石的变形机制和变形历史,并推断其形成发展时大地构造环境.研究表明,玉石沟橄榄岩产自上地幔,其变形改造经历了上地幔演化和脆-韧性变形2个阶段.上地幔演化阶段橄榄石发育明显的A型原生组构,电子背散射衍射技术（EBSD）测定的橄榄石显微组构表明,该地区橄榄岩形成于高温（＞ 1200℃）、低应力（＜350 MPa）、低应变速率、低含水量的地幔浅部环境条件下;脆-韧性变形阶段叠加改造了原生A型组构,而发育明显的D型次生组构.橄榄石变形主控因素为动态恢复作用,普遍发育亚晶粒、消光带和扭折显微构造等相关组构,并与透射电镜下所观察到的位错排对应,同时还发育以微破裂为主的一套脆性变形组构,表现出两组共轭剪破裂和另一组张性破裂等现象,揭示出与韧性动态恢复现象一致的应力场方向指示.     

Microstructural and experimental constraints on the rheology of partially molten gabbro beneath oceanic spreading centers

Flow laws for high-temperature creep of olivine, plagioclase, and diabase are used to place constraints on the rheology of partially molten lower oceanic crust. This analysis is motivated by the observation of olivine lattice preferred orientations and subgrain microstructures in oceanic gabbros that lack evidence for dislocation creep in coexisting plagioclase and pyroxene. Extrapolation of experimental flow laws indicates that at temperatures above 1100°C and stresses less than 10 MPa, olivine may be the weakest phase in rocks with gabbroic composition. By accounting for variations in the melt fraction (0–10%) and grain size of partially molten plagioclase aggregates we can constrain the rheological conditions where olivine deforms by dislocation creep while plagioclase deforms by diffusion creep. Calculated effective viscosities range from 10¹⁵ to 10¹⁹ Pa s; based on observations of the geometry of the partially molten zone beneath the East Pacific Rise and the microstructural and experimental constraints we favor a value of ∼10¹⁸ Pa s. This value approaches estimates for the viscosity of the upper mantle beneath ridge axes, but is significantly higher than previously suggested for the partially molten lower crust. Such high viscosities are inconsistent with ridge evolution models that require large amounts of lower crustal flow to accommodate melt redistribution. However, the results are compatible with recent models that favor local magma replenishment from the mantle at closely spaced intervals along the spreading center axis in a 2D, ‘sheet-like’ fashion.     

Subgrain rotation and dynamic recrystallization of olivine, upper mantle diapirism, and extension of the basin-and-range province

On the basis of an abrupt change of olivine grain size at certain depths in the upper mantle beneath the Basin-and-Range province in the western U.S.A., Mercier (1980b) proposed that subgrain rotation (SGR) recrystallization had taken place above the grain size discontinuity, and grain boundary migration (GBM) recrystallization at depths greater than the discontinuity.The rotation of subgrains and the characteristics of dynamically recrystallized neoblasts of olivine were analyzed in a series of dunite samples deformed experimentally to compressive strains of about 15–60%. Whereas the rotation angle between adjacent subgrains increases with strain, the mean rotation angle did not exceed 2° even in the most heavily deformed samples. Rotation angles between kink bands, which formed at all experimental conditions, also increase with strain; at the highest strains rotations of up to 110° are not uncommon. At low strains the dominant rotation axis between kinks is [001] and less frequently [ovw]; at high strains [uvw] rotation axes are common. Neoblasts did form mainly on old grain boundaries and less frequently within old grains. Rotation axes between intragranular neoblasts and their hosts are of the type [uvw] and the rotation angles are always large, features which seem to be inconsistent with SGR recrystallization and suggest GBM recrystallization. Neoblasts may have formed in highly strained regions of old grains where slip occurs with [uvw] rotation axes.The olivine textures and fabrics of lherzolite nodules originating in the uppermost mantle above the grain size discontinuity are similar to those of nodules from the Dreiser Weiher, Germany (Mercier, 1980b). A study of Dreiser Weiher samples shows, however, that they have features difficult to reconcile with the SGR mechanism.It is proposed here that GBM recrystallization occurred throughout a rising upper mantle diapir beneath the Basin-and-Range extension zone. As the upward flow crossed the regional lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary at about 65 km depth, it diverged causing flow velocities to decrease abruptly and the strain rate dropped approximately by an order of magnitude. As a consequence the differential stress decreased by about a factor of two and the olivine grain size increased by a factor of two.     

深海橄榄岩研究进展

很久以来,深海橄榄岩一直被认为是洋中脊下地幔熔融残留体,但最近深海橄榄岩实际矿物组分研究和全岩化学成分重建的结果表明,深海橄榄岩是洋脊下地幔熔融残留体和过量橄榄石的混合物。深海橄榄岩的成因是洋脊下上隆地幔降压熔融作用和熔体上升通过地幔最上部的热边界层时发生冷却、结晶出橄榄石的联合作用的结果。地幔熔融程度越高,深海橄榄岩越亏损,则含有越多的过量橄榄石。为此,只要把深海橄榄岩中过量的橄榄石剔除后,其实际矿物组分就能有效地反映洋脊下地幔熔融作用和熔融萃取过程。     

藏南超基性岩的塑性流变

随着深部构造研究的不断深入,岩石流变作用日益受到人们重视,普遍认为塑性流变是地壳深部构造形成的主要机制。超基性岩的流变作用目前已成为研究上地幔流变、岩石圈板块动力学和热对流,甚至震源机制的重要内容。 本文拟通过对构成雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩套底部的藏南超基性岩的研究,重点划分塑性流变的结构类型,探讨不同结构类型中橄榄石的组构特征及实际存在的滑动系,用不同方法计算超基性岩形成和侵位过程中的流动应力值,并认为由于橄榄石塑性流变而获得的晶格方位排列是造成地震波速度不连续性的主因,岩石的塑性流动有可能是深部能量释放和诱发     

黑龙江鸡西盆地新生代玄武岩大地构造环境探讨

鸡西盆地新生代玄武岩的岩石学、岩石化学和地球化学研究表明,岩石中发育橄榄石包裹体,且造岩矿物中也多含橄榄石晶体;δEu=0.87~0.94（大于0.7）,具基性岩浆分异特征.微量元素Nb^*值为0.91（接近1）、K^*值为1.09,略大于1,表明岩浆与消减作用相关不大,且有非地壳物质加入.总体分析,岩浆来源于上地幔,上升过程中遭受了壳源物质的混染.鸡西地区新生代玄武岩岩浆来源于上地幔,是裂谷作用的产物,为大陆裂谷型玄武岩,其形成与敦密断裂在上新世的拉张活动有关.