国际地震电磁学术讨论会与震磁研究进展概述

在地震预测研究中，震磁研究是一项重要的研究课题。文章简要介绍了2000年9月19－22日在日本东京召开的“国际地震电磁学学术讨论会”，以及中、美、日、俄等国家的震磁研究进展，表明震磁前兆在地震预测研究中具有一定的实际效果与良好的研究前景。     

国际地震电磁学学术讨论会与震磁研究进展概述

在地震预测研究中,震磁研究是一项重要的研究课题.文章简要介绍了2000年9月19～22日在日本东京召开的"国际地震电磁学学术讨论会",以及中、美、日、俄等国家的震磁研究进展,表明震磁前兆在地震预测研究中具有一定的实际效果与良好的研究前景.     

全国地磁测量与地震预测研究

为研究震磁前兆与地震预测,在华北地区,川滇地区与郯庐断裂带及其附近地区布设了监测网,开展了常规地磁测量,取得了大量的准确可靠的资料,磁测资料的分析研究,获得了有意义的震磁前兆信息,并较好预测了诸如１９７５年Ｍ＝７．３辽宁海域地震等若干地震,今后应当加强地磁测量工作,以推进地震预测研究。     

震磁前兆信息量的初步研究

文中讨论了归一化、无量纲的参量Ｓ，它可以较好地描述震磁前兆信息量。分析研究了１９９３年１１月１８日宝坻Ｍ＝４．５的地震前后地磁变化所对应的信息量Ｓ，结果表明，Ｓ可以较好地反映震磁前兆现象。因此，以震磁前兆信息量进行地震预测研究是有意义的。     

华南地区地磁短周期转换函数在地震预报中的应用

地震地磁学或称震磁关系是在地震预报研究中逐渐形成的一门边缘学科,主要研究地震孕育、发生及震后调整过程中直接或间接引起的震磁前兆及其机理、地磁预报地震的方法、理论与技术途径。地震磁现象的观测与研究,迄今已有近百年的历史,随着有关地震前地磁场各种异常变化报道的增多,震磁关系的研究也在向纵深发展。震磁现象的观测是震磁关系研究的基础与前提,也是震磁研究最基础的工作。     

北京磁测预报地震效能分析

北京磁测预报地震是以压磁理论与感应磁效应为物理基础的,应用差值比较、图象演变、快谱幅比、统计参量等方法,分析地磁资料,研究震磁前兆信息,开展地震监测预报工作。以１９９２￣１９９７年期间书面的预报意见为依据,分析了地震预报效能,结果表明,北京磁测的地震监测预报有一定的实际效果与积极作用,今后应当加强震磁前兆的观测研究。     

震磁前兆观测研究的进展

本文简要地评述了唐山地震(1976,M=7.8)等地震的震磁前兆观测研究结果、地下核爆炸前后的地磁变化状况、密云水库的构造磁实验,以及震磁前兆与地震的统计关系,为今后的深入研究提供参考。     

G-856质子旋进磁力仪及其在野外震磁测量中的应用

G 8 5 6质子旋进磁力仪是一种高分辨率、高精度、微处理机控制的智能化磁力仪 .适合于震磁前兆观测与地震预测研究 .介绍了该仪器的主要性能及性能试验结果 .最佳的震磁观测应当是以质子磁力仪观测地磁总强度为主 ,配合地磁 3分量与地磁短周期变化的观测 .     

北京地区震磁观测研究

旨地探索研究地震预报而开展的北京地区地磁观测，在震磁前兆研究与地震预测试验方面都获得了可喜的进展，本文分析了１９９０－１９９５年北京及其西部地区的地磁观测资料，研究了地磁异常信息，预测了地震活动趋势，提出了今后应加强监测与研究的区域。     

探索地震前兆的地磁观测研究

1976年7月28日,河北唐山发生了强烈的唐山地震(M=7.8)。唐山地震前后积累了大量的地磁资料。分析结果表明,唐山地震之前存在地磁场长期、短期与短周期变化的异常。这意味着强烈地震可能伴随相当丰富的震磁信息,地磁方法在中期、短期地震预报中具有良好的应用前景。 为探索震磁前兆,我们做了几个构造磁实验。实验结果显示,地磁变化与密云水库水位变化的关系系数为-(0.28±0.22)nT/m;对于地下核试验,爆炸前后的地磁变化约为1—2nT,在爆炸时刻约为2—3nT。根据实验结果,震磁前兆信息是可以观测到的。 利用我国所观测到的震磁现象资料,综合分析了地磁前兆时间、异常幅度、震中距与地震震级之间的关系。这些关系有助于地磁方法预报地震的研究。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.