甘东南地下流体异常与甘肃岷县6.6级地震关系探讨

近年来南北地震带强震频发,位于南北地震带北段的甘东南地区被认为可能是未来发生强震的区域之一。2013年7月22日岷县6.6级地震发生在这一区域,本文对岷县地震前后甘东南地区地下流体资料进行了分析,认为岷县地震前距震中300 km内的一些地下流体资料出现了明显的中期异常、短临异常和同震响应。本文从中期异常、短临异常、同震响应等几个方面对甘东南地区的水氡、水温、水位、流量资料进行分析和探讨。利用从属函数方法定量提取出的中期异常效果较为理想,震前7-32个月各测点资料开始出现异常;震前几个月地下流体资料出现了上升速率加快、趋势性上升、下降及与正常形态不一致等短临异常。     

岷县-漳县MS6.6地震前后甘肃前兆异常及响应特征

分析总结了2013年7月22日甘肃岷县—漳县MS6.6地震前后甘肃前兆台网观测资料变化情况,发现该地震前有7个台站、4种观测手段、14个测项出现了明显的异常,既有长期、中长期异常,也有短期和短临异常,说明对资料的分析既要看短期变化,还要看中期和长期变化。出现异常测点的震中距多数在200 km范围之内。另外部分水位、流量和水温测点的资料记录到不同程度的同震效应;形变观测多数测点记录到比较明显的同震响应,记录同震响应的测点与震中位置、方向、距离无明显关系。     

甘东南地区水氡浓度的临界慢化现象研究

本文将临界慢化理论应用于甘东南地区水氡浓度观测资料的处理中,以2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震、2013年7月22日甘肃岷县—漳县M_S6.6地震为例,计算表征临界慢化现象的自相关系数和方差。计算结果表明,甘东南地区多个台站的水氡浓度观测资料在两次地震前均存在较明显的临界慢化现象。并从空间分布、持续时间、变化形态方面分析了异常点水氡浓度变化的临界慢化特征,结合水氡异常的水动力学机制和异常点所在构造,认为2次地震前的临界慢化现象与地震的发生有一定关系。     

甘肃岷县漳县M_S6.6地震通渭台地电阻率变化分析

介绍了通渭地电阻率台观测系统及年变情况,分析了近几年通渭台地电阻率观测资料,认为通渭地电阻率能够反映地球内部异常信息。在岷县漳县M_S6.6地震前通渭地电阻率观测资料出现了破年变异常变化,并且不同测道地电阻率在临震前呈现出不同的变化特征,是夹杂着干扰的地震前兆异常。     

汶川地震前后典型前兆异常特征分析

详细分析“九五”和“十五”各种前兆数字化和模拟资料,汶川8．0级地震前甘东南地区多个台项如视电阻率、水氡、应变等手段都表现出了异常变化,经震前落实,认为大部分异常变化归因于祁连山地震带的异常反映。针对典型的天水和武都台电阻率的震前、震后资料的变化特征,探讨甘东南地区应力场在汶川地震前后的演化特征。     

2013年岷县漳县M_S6.6地震前/后地电观测引起的思考

介绍了在2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震前/后地电学科所做的震情研判和预测预报工作,评价了震中附近甘东南及邻区台站出现的地电阻率观测数据异常。认为:(1)在地震短临阶段和紧接震后提出的两个地震预测意见大致符合本次地震主震、余震发生的实际情况;(2)在数据异常中包括了与本次地震有关的前兆异常信息和由于台站观测环境变化引起的干扰数据异常,震前震后的震情预测意见有一定程度的有科学意义和启示,也存在明显的不确定性。最后强调了加大力度保护地电观测环境的重要性。     

2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震前地震b值异常特征研究

本文利用1990年以来的甘肃测震台网资料,计算获得2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震前邻区地震ｂ值和Δｂ值的空间图像。结果表明,该6.6级地震发生在甘东南地区显著低ｂ值异常区域的边缘,且震前邻区地震Δｂ值异常显著。从岷县漳县6.6级地震与低ｂ值空间分布关系来看,该地震的发生并未降低该区域的强震危险性。     

用概率密度分布研究岷县—漳县6.6级地震流体资料异常

正随着地下流体观测技术的不断提高,高采样率的观测资料中蕴含着丰富的与地下构造活动有关的信息,如何从高频观测资料中提取有效的地震前兆异常,成为地震地下流体学科分析人员最为关注的科学问题之一。本文利用概率密度分布方法,分析了2013年甘肃岷县—漳县6.6级地震邻近区域400 km范围内17个流体台共计30个测项的数字化水位和水温分钟值数据,计算结果显示,在岷县—漳县地震前,共有10组水位和水温数据出现了异常变化,即概率密度     

天水地电阻率典型前兆异常研究

<正>天水地电阻率观测在汶川MS8.0、芦山MS7.0和岷县漳县MS6.6地震前出现了明显的前兆异常。结合这几次强震对天水地电阻率异常进行了研究,探讨地震与地电阻率异常的对应关系。地电阻率变化对介质应变状态有灵敏响应,因此,地电阻率观测数据不需用复杂的数学方法处理,仅通过直观的形态变化就可发现异常变化。下面分别讨论3次强震前天水地电阻率异常变化。(1)汶川MS8.0地震:天水地电阻率布极方式呈三角形,EW道供电极距900 m,测量极距300 m;     

共和7.0级地震前地下流体前兆的动态演化特征

使用４０个地下流体观测点的资料,对１９９０年４月２６日青海省共和ＭＳ７．０地震的前兆动态特征进行了系统研究．结果表明：（１）地震带内观测点的水氡趋势异常及水化、水位群体异常及频次异常与断层平均形变速率呈同步变化．地下流体群体异常频次的累加值曲线在地震前表现为指数加速变化图形．（２）震源外围２４０ｋｍ范围内的水氡中短期趋势上升异常,表现为由震源逐渐向外围扩散的特点．在短临阶段各测点水氡的异常变化基本同步．（３）流体短临前兆出现明显的起伏加剧和层次现象,突出的表现是流量、断层气日变化在临震阶段出现３次加剧,且异常幅度一次高于一次     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.