冀中南一次强对流暴雨的数值模拟

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和常规资料对2009年5月发生在河北中南部的强对流暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟。低空700 hPa流场的中尺度扰动和涡度场的加强说明：发生在河北中南部的短时强对流暴雨与东北回流密切相关 ,低空东北风的辐合,使地转平衡遭到破坏,从而引发水平辐合和辐散及铅直运动,在地转适应过程中,700 hPa中尺度环流偶在河北中南部形成并加强,对应的正负涡度对也出现并增大,使辐合上升运动增强,强对流暴雨出现在辐合场和辐散场之间区域。高空急流中心右前侧辐合导致气流下沉,向南的一支引起低空北风加大。加强的东北回流与低空较强偏南气流在河北南部相遇,耦合上升。可见,垂直环流的形成及东北回流的加强是此次强对流暴雨产生的重要原因。     

一次东北冷涡暴雨数值模拟及动力诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和卫星云图产品,对2009年6月18-19日黑龙江省西南部地区的一次东北冷涡暴雨过程进行诊断分析,并利用WRF中尺度模式对暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分析产生暴雨的天气尺度和中尺度特征。结果表明：此次暴雨是由东北冷涡前部的暖湿切变造成的,鄂霍次克海阻塞高压阻挡使冷涡移动缓慢,使冷涡系统影响时间长,降水量增大。暖湿空气在切变处强烈辐合上升,为暴雨产生提供了动力条件;低空偏南急流为暴雨提供充沛的水汽条件,同时低层增温增湿使大气层结不稳定。低层强辐合区与高层强辐散区重叠,易产生强烈的上升运动,有利于深对流的发展和中尺度系统的生成及维持。暴雨是由暖锋云带中多个对流云团的发展移动造成的,地面中尺度切变线为暴雨云团的发展和维持提供了有利条件。数值模拟结果显示此次暴雨是由两次中尺度切变线先后在同一区域的发展和移动造成的;切变线上存在与暴雨关系密切的中尺度垂直环流。     

辽东半岛一次大暴雨的中尺度模拟及物理结构分析

2005年7月25日辽东半岛南部及海峡地区发生了大暴雨天气。利用中尺度模式MM5的双向二重嵌套网格对其进行模拟, 表明该模式对这次暴雨过程有较好的模拟能力。模拟的地面气压场及流场基本与客观分析场一致。模拟结果较好地再现了辽东半岛大暴雨的大尺度和中尺度天气系统的发展和演变, 揭示了造成此次暴雨的中尺度系统结构为高空强辐散, 低空强辐合及对应的强上升运动和气旋性涡柱是造成此次暴雨的动力机制, 低空西南气流对这次暴雨的产生和发展起着重要的作用。     

2012年春季河南一次区域暴雨的诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°间隔6 h再分析资料,采用天气学诊断分析方法,对2012年4月23-24日河南省一次春季暴雨的形成机制进行分析,结果表明:高纬冷空气沿贝加尔湖低涡后部偏北气流南下,在河套西部形成深厚低槽,低槽携带冷空气东移,在河南境内与强盛的西南急流汇合,是本次暴雨过程的天气背景。冷空气的侵入有利于西南涡的加强,而南支槽前的正涡度平流促使西南低涡沿切变线向东北方向移出,使得切变线南侧西南低空急流加强,为暴雨的发生提供了有利的动力与水汽条件。短时强降水发生前,低层能量场出现明显辐合,当低层能量场转为辐散时,能量释放,有利于短时强降水的出现。高层辐散、低空辐合的动力条件配置,使得大范围垂直上升运动加强,特别是高层散度场的下伸,利于降水释放潜热,增加大气的不稳定,进而利于强降水的发生。850 h Pa垂直螺旋度中心大值区域能很好地反映切变线、急流等与低涡相联系的天气系统,其中心强度的迅速变化能较好地指示降水的落区和强度。     

梅汛期江淮切变线暴雨与非暴雨演变过程的合成对比分析研究

利用气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料对梅汛期江淮切变线暴雨类个例与切变线非暴雨类个例演变过程进行了合成对比分析。结果表明,形成暴雨切变线的演变历程中,存在南北风加强,切变线发展,且西南风急流引起的风速辐合加强了低空辐合。同时江苏处于高空急流入口区的右侧,高低空急流相耦合,形成了高空辐散、低空辐合的动力机制,降水过程中动力结构配置的演变特征十分鲜明。切变线南侧热力不稳定条件较好,水汽输送丰富,水汽辐合强烈,这些都有利于暴雨中尺度系统的发生、发展。因为动力、热力条件强度的不同对应不同强度的降水,区域性大暴雨的动力系统比一般暴雨更深厚,不稳定条件更强,水汽输送也更充沛。而切变线非暴雨类中,高低空风场的配置不利于降水的增强。南北风增强不明显,切变线不能得到发展,同时其南侧西南风急流没有建立,风速辐合较弱。高空急流核远离江苏,江苏上空的辐散场很弱,高空辐散、低空辐合的动力机制未能建立,动力结构的配置演变特征不明显。切变线南侧的热力不稳定度也不如暴雨类强,水汽的辐合较弱,不利于中尺度系统的发生、发展。     

WRF模式对舟曲“0808”特大泥石流暴雨的数值模拟分析

利用NCEP 每6h 1次的1°×1°格点资料和中尺度模式WRF（V3.2）,对2010年舟曲“0808”特大泥石流暴雨天气进行了数值模拟,运用模式输出资料对此次天气过程发生发展的机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明：舟曲强暴雨发生在高原短波槽、低涡切变线和副热带高压等共同作用的有利天气形势下,三重嵌套的WRF模式对此次暴雨具有良好的模拟能力。低层强辐合,中层无辐散和高层强辐散的配置,以及强烈的上升运动是此次暴雨发生的主要动力条件。从低层向上延伸的等θse线高能舌和水平风的垂直切变为暴雨的发生输送了大量的不稳定能量。中低层水汽的辐合上升为暴雨的发生创造了有利的水汽条件。     

2014年6月21—22日江西省暴雨天气过程模拟及地形影响试验

采用WRF中尺度模式,对2014年6月21—22日发生在江西省的一次连续暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,对模式输出的物理量进行了诊断分析,并开展了江西省东北部复杂地形的敏感性试验。结果表明:1)此次暴雨天气过程是建立在低空切变线和低空急流等系统基础上的一次降水。低空急流向暴雨区输送水汽和不稳定能量,低空切变线上中尺度系统活跃,造成强烈的上升运动,θse的垂直分布结构有利于中低层气旋的发展,不稳定能量的释放是暴雨发生和维持的机制之一。2)地形对这次暴雨的强度有很大影响。武夷山脉阻挡了切变线的南压。当武夷山脉存在时,山脉北侧在西南风环境中为迎风坡(以辐合为主),山脉以南在西南风环境中为背风坡(以辐散为主)。移除武夷山脉后,其北侧和东北侧辐合减弱,南侧辐散减弱。武夷山主峰附近(117.6°E)的经向环流也表明,山脉移除后,主峰北侧(浙赣铁路沿线附近)的上升运动减弱,最终致使该地区降水减弱。     

云贵高原东段初夏辐合线锋生型暴雨研究

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、探空资料和红外TBB卫星资料对2012年5月11 12日一场典型的初夏暴雨展开分析。结果表明,此次暴雨过程属于贵州典型的辐合线锋生型暴雨类型,地面中尺度辐合线和850 h Pa切变线耦合是对流发展的主要原因,中尺度对流系统在云图上表现为一MCS对流云团自西向东移动。整个暴雨过程中,贵州大部具有高温高湿的层结不稳定特征,低层维持正涡度辐合,高层维持负涡度辐散。锋生函数揭示此类型暴雨天气过程存在明显的锋生现象,水平辐散项F2是引起地面锋生主要的动力因子,而水平辐散项F2和水平变形项F3对850 h Pa锋生有明显的正贡献。用气块理论及其运动学方法来分析对流的触发机制,发现对流的触发与自由对流高度LFC、天气尺度环境场水平辐合的强度、垂直方向辐合高度、辐合持续时间有关。     

“08.7”襄樊罕见特大暴雨的中尺度观测特征与物理机制分析

利用Micaps常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和GOES卫星资料,从环流背景、水汽条件、动力条件、不稳定机制等方面,重点对2008年7月22日襄樊罕见特大暴雨的中尺度观测特征与物理机制进行分析.结果表明:此次特大暴雨是在副热带高压、高空槽、西南低涡、切变线和地面倒槽的共同作用下发生的:切变线上对流云团在暴雨区合并、加强是造成襄樊罕见特大暴雨天气的直接原因,强降水发生在TBB低值中心;沿低空急流建立的从南海到华中地区的水汽通道,为暴雨发生发展直接输送暖湿空气;低层强烈的水汽输送和水汽辐合使暴雨区大气湿层迅速增厚,为暴雨发生发展提供了有利的水汽条件;低层辐合、高层辐散和整层正涡度的配置以及强的垂直上升运动,为暴雨发生提供了动力条件;能量锋锋生、湿度锋锋生对中尺度对流系统发生发展具有触发作用.     

2005年6月华南持续性暴雨爆发和维持机制分析

利用常规气象资料及T213分析场资料,对2005年6月18日~23日华南大范围持续性暴雨过程的高低空形势、能量及动力条件进行诊断分析。发现:这次过程低空急流维持了低空对流不稳定形势,高空急流维持了高空辐散、低空辐合的有利形势,高空西南急流与高空西北急流一样,能造成暴雨区高空有利的辐散形势,形成高层辐散、底层辐合,触发强烈的上升运动,高低空耦合是此次强降雨爆发的重要机制,强降雨落区位于低空西南风急流出口区的左侧和200hPa西北风急流的出口区西南侧,即低空急流的左侧与切变线的前沿;暴雨区域高湿能条件的维持,保证了强降雨过程的能量供给,是强降雨持续的重要条件。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.