Comprehensive evaluation of ice disaster risk of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach in the upper Yellow River

The Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach, in the upper Yellow River, is one of the most serious reaches suffering from ice flood disaster in China. Firstly, according to its characteristics of ice condition evolution and ice disaster, the concept of ice disaster risk of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was defined, the risk factors of ice disaster were discussed, and the theory and method of “risk identification–risk estimation–risk assessment–risk management” for the ice disaster risk analysis of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was proposed. Then, the comprehensive evaluation model of ice disaster risk was established using the projection pursuit, fuzzy clustering and accelerating genetic algorithm method. Finally, the ice disaster risk grade was formulated, and the ice disaster risk of 1991–2010 for the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was evaluated in this paper. The results show that the application results were consistent with the practical characteristics of water regime, meteorological and ice condition, revealing the rationality of the risk evaluation model. This study aims at enriching and developing the theory and method for the ice disaster risk analysis and providing scientific decision basis for the ice-prevention preparedness of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach, in the upper Yellow River.

     

Comprehensive evaluation of ice disaster risk of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach in the upper Yellow River

The Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach, in the upper Yellow River, is one of the most serious reaches suffering from ice flood disaster in China. Firstly, according to its characteristics of ice condition evolution and ice disaster, the concept of ice disaster risk of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was defined, the risk factors of ice disaster were discussed, and the theory and method of “risk identification–risk estimation–risk assessment–risk management” for the ice disaster risk analysis of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was proposed. Then, the comprehensive evaluation model of ice disaster risk was established using the projection pursuit, fuzzy clustering and accelerating genetic algorithm method. Finally, the ice disaster risk grade was formulated, and the ice disaster risk of 1991–2010 for the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach was evaluated in this paper. The results show that the application results were consistent with the practical characteristics of water regime, meteorological and ice condition, revealing the rationality of the risk evaluation model. This study aims at enriching and developing the theory and method for the ice disaster risk analysis and providing scientific decision basis for the ice-prevention preparedness of Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach, in the upper Yellow River.     

兰州市区泥石流趋势分析的系统熵模型

本文依据泥石流灾害体形态确定的地貌发育程度构建了泥石流灾害的评价模型,并将熵理论综合应用于泥石流评价模型,应用该模型对兰州地区山谷泥石流趋势进行了分析,并指出了评价模型的不足.     

黄河下游河道断流灾害初探

针对黄河下游河道断流所造成的经济、环境、生态等重大损失和危害,认为断流不仅仅是一种水资源匮乏或流域系统内水资源分配不均的简单现象,而是一种严重的灾害,防治断流灾害是治理黄河的一项重要内容。着重分析了黄河下游河道断流的灾害特点及基本规律,评述了黄河下游河道断流的研究现状,提出了今后应进一步研究的问题。     

基于星载雷达特征参数的黄河冰厚反演及冰储量估算

冰厚是冰凌成因分析及预报的重要基础信息,可为防凌减灾提供重要依据。以黄河内蒙古段包头至头道拐水文站为例,利用Sentinel-1雷达影像结合Sentinel-2光学影像对研究区河冰厚度进行估算,首先对Sentinel-2光学影像进行处理,提取凌汛期前黄河主河道边界;然后对Sentinel-1雷达影像进行处理,提取2个强度信息和4个极化分解参数,分析6个雷达特征参数与河冰厚度的相关性;选择相关性最高的参数,采用统计回归方法建立冰厚反演线性回归模型,模型的调整R²为0.657,验证RMSE为9.82 cm,MRE为13.46%,MAE为8.26 cm;对凌汛期黄河冰厚进行反演,分析冰厚时空变化特征,并估算冰储量,同时讨论了河冰的散射机制。研究证明了主动微波遥感数据在黄河冰厚反演中的可行性,可为黄河内蒙古段防凌减灾提供科学参考。     

封河预报数学模型研究

分析了河冰水力学、封河机理及影响封河的因素，并根据封河机理和影响封河的因素，建立了封河预报数学模型，以黄河内蒙古河段为例，率定封河预报数学模型的函数形式进行检验，证明预报模型精度高且使用方便。     

基于联系期望的库岸泥石流危险性评价以乌东德库区为例

库岸泥石流危险性评价, 受具有随机性、非线性与未确知性特点的诸多因素的影响与控制, 是一个极其复杂的难题。以金沙江下游乌东德库区为例, 据其特有的地质环境条件, 选取爆发历史、地质条件、地形条件、诱发因素共4类10种泥石流影响因子, 并建立分级标准将库岸泥石流危险性分为4个等级:极度危险、高度危险、中度危险、轻度危险。应用集对分析理论分析利用区间数表示的泥石流影响因子, 建立了基于联系期望概念的库岸泥石流危险性评价新模型, 可统一分析泥石流危险性评价指标的区间形式及演化态势。实例分析结果表明, 该方法评判结果可靠, 且能简化区间数关系的分析过程。     

Characterizing the spatial distribution of typical natural disaster vulnerability in China from 2010 to 2017

Natural disaster vulnerability can intuitively reflect the susceptibility of an area to environmental changes. Better understanding the spatial distribution of natural disaster vulnerability is a critical process for taking effective adaptation and management. Although significant achievements have been made in disaster vulnerability, few studies are known about natural disaster vulnerability at the national scale, especially from the typical natural disaster events in China. In this study, with normalizing selected indicators and calculating vulnerability index, we analyzed the spatial distribution of natural disasters vulnerability during 2010–2017 using the geospatial techniques. The results showed that natural disaster vulnerability has certain spatial differences, but different natural disaster can occur in the same area during the study period. Drought disaster can occur in all regions of China, especially in Inner Mongolia. Flood disaster is mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River Basin. The wind and storm disaster is chiefly in the northern regions in China. The freezing disaster is widely distributed in China. Furthermore, the regions with low vulnerability were primarily distributed in the eastern coastal region, indicating that the rapid development of economy and technology can resist or mitigate natural disaster to a certain extent. This study offers a solution to study natural disasters and provides scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation actions.

     

基于最大熵原理和属性区间识别理论的洪水灾害风险分析

针对复杂洪水灾害系统中随机、模糊、灰色等各种不确定性,结合洪水灾害风险管理广义熵智能分析的理论框架,以最大熵原理和属性区间识别理论为基础,建立了基于最大熵原理的洪水灾害风险属性区间识别模型(AIRM-POME),利用梯形模糊数和层次分析法相结合的方法确定评价指标权重,采用均化系数综合AIRM-POME计算得到的属性测度区间,由置信度准则和特征值公式对各评价单元进行危险、易损等级的评定和排序,并根据联合国对自然灾害风险的定义及其定量表达式给出风险等级。将模型应用到荆江分洪区洪水灾害风险分析中,实例研究表明,模型合理可靠,深层次地刻画了各种不确定性,是一种风险分析新方法,可推广应用到其他自然灾害的风险分析中。     

天然河道冰塞演变发展的数值模拟

应用河流动力学和热力学等原理,建立了冰塞形成及演变发展的冰水耦合的综合动态数学模型,并利用黄河河曲段原型实测资料进行了验证,同时对冰塞体厚度和水位的演变规律进行了研究分析。计算结果表明:提出的数值模型能较好地模拟河道封冻过程中冰塞体的发展演变过程。     

海勃湾水库用于黄河内蒙古河段防凌作用的研究

黄河内蒙古河段冰期一般在冬季封河期和春季开河期０容易出现严重凌情,造成灾害。故良好的封河形势和开河形势是避免凌灾发生的重要条件,自１９６８年刘家峡水库运用以来,黄河内下河段凌情已大有缓解。但是,由于有峡水库距黄河内下河段较远。对河道凌情变化反应不够灵敏。因此,一些年份仍有较为严重的凌灾发生。在分析黄河内蒙古河段封、开河形势特点的基础上,深入研究了海勃湾水库用于该段春季防凌调度的作用和能力,为黄河内     

持续大流量过程对黄河内蒙古河段河道塑形能力的分析与思考

2018年伏秋汛期黄河流域上游持续来水,为保证2108-2019年度黄河流域凌汛期安全,黄河流域重点水库进行了大流量持续下泄。以2018年9月的实际数据为基准,通过对重点水库实际日均出入库调度情况,内蒙古河段的重点水文站实际日均流量过程和三个年份汛期大断面套绘成果对比分析研究,可以得出水库大流量持续下泄对内蒙古河段河道塑形能力起到了关键性作用,有效的提高了主槽过流能力,河段最小平滩流量得到一定的恢复,对下一步研究黄河流域河道过流能力提供了有利的数据支撑和参考价值。     

The comprehensive risk evaluation on rainstorm and flood disaster losses in China mainland from 2004 to 2009: based on the triangular gray correlation theory

In this paper, we introduce the gray correlation method of risk evaluation in meteorological disaster losses based on historical disaster data in China (mainland) and apply the improved gray relational analysis model (the triangular gray relational model) to the risk evaluation of rainstorm and flood disaster losses. In addition, we divide the risk grade standards of rainstorm and flood disaster losses according to 186 rainstorm and flood disaster data of four optimization indexes (disaster area, suffered population, collapsed houses, and direct economic losses), evaluate the extent of dynamic rainstorm and flood disaster losses in 31 provinces of China (Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan exclusive) comprehensively, and draw China’s zoning map of rainstorm and flood disaster from 2004 to 2009. The method provides reasonable and effective references for national disaster preventions which can be used in other researches focused on risk evaluation of meteorological disaster losses.     

黄河水沙变化趋势及成因分析

自2000年以来,黄河中上游河道非汛期出现变清趋势,黄河呈现"枯水枯沙"的新水沙特征。本文依据黄河干、支流24个主要水文控制站1950-2016年实测水沙资料,采用数理统计法和趋势分析法,分析了60多年来黄河干、支流水沙变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明:(1) 1950-2016年黄河干、支流各站年均径流量、年均输沙量和年均含沙量随时间总体呈减小趋势,其中2000-2016年(Ⅲ时段)各站年均输沙量和年均含沙量降幅最大。(2) 1950-2016年黄河中游流域干、支流各站年均中数粒径随时间呈减小趋势,黄河水沙状况枯丰期差异显著,但随时间呈减弱趋势。(3)黄河水沙变化是自然因素和人类活动综合作用的结果,近年来黄河中游河道变清是泥沙锐减造成的,其中水保措施、水库工程、河道采砂及流域调水调沙引水引沙是主因,且人类活动影响的比重逐渐增大。     

基于遥感影像分析1989—2019年黄河内蒙古段河冰时空变化

获取河冰时空分布信息对黄河流域防凌减灾工作及沿岸地区可持续发展具有重要意义。收集黄河内蒙古段1989—2019年冬季河冰遥感影像数据;提出了归一化未封冻水体指数（NDUWI）用以剥离被归一化雪指数（NDSI）误分为河冰的水体像元,确定了该指数划分河冰、水体像元的阈值,并利用NDUWI结合NDSI的方法提取河冰信息进而分析河冰时空分布及变化特征,探讨了海勃湾水库调度及河床演变对河冰分布的影响。结果表明：黄河内蒙古段河冰主要分布在研究区中游（巴彦高勒—三湖河口）。1989年以来,研究区内河冰经历“平稳期”（1989—1997年）、“扩张期”（1998—2000年）、“萎缩期”（2001—2019年）3个阶段,其中2000年出现河冰面积峰值,并于2019年减小至最小。各子段中,海勃湾至巴彦高勒（R1段）2015年前河冰分布稳定,2015年起受海勃湾水库建成影响,河冰面积大幅萎缩;巴彦高勒至头道拐（R2~R4段）河冰面积变化特征大体与全段变化相同。空间上,2015年后R1段以纵向萎缩为主,巴彦高勒至三湖河口（R2段）左岸河冰萎缩,右岸河冰堆积仍有偎堤风险;三湖河口至包头（R3）段全段河冰漫滩现象严重,2016年起得以缓解;包头至头道拐（R4）段以局部漫滩为主,2016年开始以主槽封冻为主。上游海勃湾水库建成后的常规运用可有效减小下游黄河内蒙古段的河冰漫滩现象。研究成果可为黄河内蒙古段水库防凌调度及堤防安全隐患排查提供参考。     

青海尖扎盆地寺门村滑坡发育特征及成因分析

滑坡形成演化及复活一直是滑坡防灾减灾领域研究的热点问题。本文在对黄河上游尖扎盆地地质环境背景分析和滑坡体野外调查、遥感解译、实验测试的基础上,分析研究了盆地内寺门村滑坡的变形过程、滑带土和堆积体特征,还原了滑坡的演化过程,厘定了滑坡复活因素,提出了黄河上游滑坡堆积体开发利用对策建议,认为（1）该滑坡是2005年之前发生的老滑坡因河流侧蚀和2018年春季人工灌溉引发的复活性滑坡;（2）滑坡体综合治理应与土地整治相结合且应选择合适的灌溉方式。研究结果对于青藏高原东北缘黄河上游地区的滑坡防灾减灾及滑坡体开发利用具有重要意义。     

黄河干流水量调配分解协调组合模型的构造研究

针对黄河干流水量调度工程的特点和管理现状,提出了黄河干流工程非汛期水量调度和河段配水模型构造的原则、目标和大系统分解协调方法,构建了包含上游子系统水库调度模型、三小子系统水库调度模型、河段配水模型和多方案优选模型在内的组合模型。组合模型的特点是开发效率高、灵活性和适用性强、数据流程清楚。提出了组合模型的求解方法。初步应用验证了组合模型的正确性和实用性。     

黄河干流重点河段水质变化趋势分析及水质管理对策探讨

以黄河干流重点河段水质变化趋势为例，采用季节性肯德尔检验方法，定量描述了河流水质变化趋势，分别分析了黄河干流兰州、潼关、花园口站的水质浓度变化趋势、污染物输送率变化趋势和流量校正污染物浓度变化趋势，并且探讨了水质管理的对策。     

黄河内蒙古河段河道冲淤演变与凌情响应机制

黄河上游内蒙古冲积性河道凌汛问题突出,研究河道冲淤演变与凌情响应机制可为该河段防凌减灾提供技术支持。根据内蒙古河段凌情、河道冲淤演变资料,分析凌情变化表征指标及与之密切相关的河道冲淤演变特征指标,研究河道冲淤演变特征指标与凌情变化表征指标的响应关系。结果表明:河道冲淤演变的特征指标平滩流量与凌情表征指标冰下过流能力、槽蓄水增量关系密切,冰下过流能力为平滩流量的1/5左右,随着平滩流量减小而减小,而槽蓄水增量随着平滩流量的减小而增大,有利内蒙古河段防凌的平滩流量宜不小于2 000 m3/s,槽蓄水增量宜不超过14亿m3。本研究成果可为内蒙古河段冰凌灾害防治提供参考。     

Risk evaluation of China’s natural disaster systems: an approach based on triangular fuzzy numbers and stochastic simulation

To deal effectively with the evaluation problem of natural disaster risk system affected by many uncertain factors, a multivariate connection number expression is presented. This expression is based on the index samples and evaluation grade criterions of natural disaster risk system and is capable of describing the hierarchy property and fuzziness of membership relationship between index samples and evaluation grade criterions. In this proposed method, the fuzzy evaluation grade criterion problem is resolved by combining triangular fuzzy numbers with multivariate connection number theory, and triangular fuzzy numbers are used to express the discrepancy degree coefficients of connection number and evaluation index weights. Accordingly, a connection number-based evaluation method for the natural disaster system of China (named CN-TFN for short) is established using triangular fuzzy numbers and stochastic simulation. The application results show that the spatial distribution of natural disaster risk grades of China has the trend of aggrandizement from west to east of China. The economically developed and densely populated coastal areas are very likely to have a high level of natural disaster risk grade or above; thus, these areas are the key regions of the natural disaster risk management of China. The results also show that the CN-TFN is able to reflect practical conditions of the evaluation problem of natural disaster system and to provide more reliability information as compared to the existing evaluation methods. This is as a result of its comprehensive usage of various information of subjective and objective uncertainties in the evaluation process of natural disaster risk system and its expression by confidence intervals. Due to the simplicity and generalization, the CN-TFM is applicable to comprehensive risk grade evaluation of various natural disaster systems.