考虑重力侵蚀影响的分布式土壤侵蚀模型

黄土高原地区的土壤侵蚀具有水力侵蚀和重力侵蚀相伴发生的特点,在大多数针对黄土高原的侵蚀模型研究中未考虑重力侵蚀的影响,使得模型的模拟精度较差。针对黄土高原的侵蚀特点,采用量化影响重力侵蚀发生的主要因素,确定重力侵蚀发生的具体沟道栅格单元的方法,从而考虑了重力侵蚀对产输沙过程的影响。所建立的分布式土壤侵蚀模型以逐网格汇流的水文模型为基础,采用逐网格侵蚀输沙的模拟方式,能够模拟上方来水来沙对侵蚀输沙的影响。经小理河流域实测资料验证,模型具有一定的计算精度。     

‘劈’砂岩重力侵蚀定量计算的GPS、GIS方法初探

通过对'劈'砂岩的岩性及其特征的简单描述和分析,指出该类岩石的岩土侵蚀方式主要是以重力侵蚀方式为主,分析和介绍了国内外定量评价岩土侵蚀量的计算方法.在此基础上介绍了一种定量计算'劈'砂岩重力侵蚀量的新方法,即基于GPS精确测量的GIS方法,并对该新方法的可行性进行了探讨和实际验证.     

球坐标系密度界面反演方法及在华南大陆的应用

密度界面反演方法在油气勘探、推断区域构造、获取地壳结晶基底面、莫霍面起伏形态等方面具有重要意义。现有的密度界面反演方法大多基于笛卡尔坐标系统,当涉及到大区域乃至全球尺度的密度界面反演时,地球曲率的影响将不可忽视,需考虑基于球坐标系Tesseroid模型的密度界面反演方法。然而,受计算精度和效率制约,已有的基于Tesseroid模型的密度界面反演方法并不能很好地适用于地表重力观测数据的反演计算。笔者基于前人研究,给出了一种适用于地表观测数据的球坐标系密度界面反演方法。该方法首先将常规的球坐标系高斯—勒让德重力积分公式进行简化,提高了重力正演计算效率。随后,引入并改进了前人的自适应剖分方案,提高了重力正演计算精度。在此基础上,采用Cordell迭代优化算法,得到了适用于地表观测数据的球坐标系密度界面反演方法。通过模型数据试验,对本文球坐标系密度界面反演方法进行了验证。结果表明,笔者对高斯—勒让德积分公式加以改进和引入改进的自适应剖分方案后,很好地克服了计算精度和效率对地表观测重力计算的掣肘,并且,基于球坐标系的密度界面反演结果优于基于笛卡尔坐标系的密度界面反演结果。在华南大陆实际数据试验中...     

月球质量瘤成因及研究方法综述

月球重力探测一直是国际深空探测的重要目标之一。计算月球重力发现,月球表面存在重力异常区域——质量瘤。通过对质量瘤的特征、成因以及研究方法进行概述总结,认为质量瘤是月幔隆升、高密度物质聚集所致,后期的玄武岩充填可能会增加重力异常,但作用微弱。尽管可以利用月震波分析和月球内部三维密度分布反演新技术,但是基于重力数据和地形资料的研究方法更能高效地对月球的重力场及其特征进行详细研究,高精度的重力场模型可以揭示月球深部构造及层圈形态,进而探索早期月球起源、内部物质演化与运动过程等。该研究方法可为月球和其他类地行星的重力研究提供参考。     

瞬变电磁法中大电流小中心回线与大定源回线两种观测方式的对比

对瞬变电磁法"小线框大电流"观测方式进行了研究。对小线框中心点处激发场(一次场)强度随深度的变化进行了计算,并和大定源回线进行对比;计算了小线框的关断时间,并和大定源进行对比;以实际地层为例,设定模型,计算了理论勘探深度;最后对实验线的应用效果进行了分析。研究结果表明,小线框观测方式完全可以满足常规勘探要求,并在缩小浅层盲区范围和方便施工等理论及实际应用方面具有明显的优势。     

砒砂岩化学成分特征对重力侵蚀的影响

本文以内蒙南部砒砂岩的重力侵蚀为例,研究岩石化学成分与重力侵蚀发育的主要控制因素抗剪强度的之间关系。通过对砒砂岩样品的化学成分、矿物组成、力学性质等参数的测试和试验结果,利用化学蚀变指数(CIA)阐明了岩石的风化程度,分析了岩石中不稳定的化学成分在水的作用下,对岩石的化学风化作用和岩石强度的影响。并对砒砂岩的化学成分含量与其内聚力进行两两相关分析和多元相关分析。这些对砒砂岩区基岩的重力侵蚀机理研究具有一定的参考价值。     

辽宁中部平原区“三水”转化水文模型

基于饱和产流理论，针对辽宁中部平原“三水”转化规律，在实验研究资料分析基础上，建立了“三水”转化水文模型，模型将包气带土壤计算层分为上，下两层进行双层和损计算，对土壤张力水，应用指数型张力蓄水容量曲线计算总产水量，对土壤重力水，应用抛物线型重力水容量分布曲线进行地下水库调节，计算出地表径流量和地下径流量。     

基于起伏地层的曲面重力场快速高精度正演

Parker公式在起伏地层重力场正演方面以其简洁、快速等优点被广泛应用于地形改正以及界面反演等,但传统的Parker公式正演方法存在一定的缺陷,在起伏地层模型重力场的正演计算中,由于正演式中e的指数项数值稳定性较差,导致正演结果精度不高。在前人研究的基础上,对Parker公式进行了改进,通过增加上、下界面平均值的方法,提高正演的数值稳定性,改进后的正演精度得到大幅提升。在此基础上,提出了一种曲面观测算法,将观测面由传统的水平面推广到任意起伏面,实现了上下界面起伏地层在起伏观测面上的快速高精度重力正演计算和带地形的密度界面起伏模型的快速高精度重力正演模拟。为了保障数值精度,采用了Gauss-FFT算法,模型实验均取得很好效果。     

基于不同侵蚀模型的高速崩滑碎屑流动力过程模拟分析

为实现高速崩滑碎屑流沿程侵蚀动力过程的模拟分析,采用连续理论方法对NomashRiver碎屑流动力过程进行了数值模拟。其中,在连续理论模型中采用3种不同侵蚀速率模型,并采用HLLC近似Riemann解对有限体积数值离散控制体单元的界面通量进行了计算求解。致灾范围及运动时间的计算结果均与实际灾害情况吻合良好,验证了计算模拟的正确有效性,并对最终堆积深度、运动速度和侵蚀区域侵蚀深度进行了分析讨论。结果显示:采用McDougall侵蚀模型得到的最终堆积平均深度和最大深度与实测情况较为接近;每个时刻采用Medina侵蚀模型得到的最大速度值最大,其次是采用McDougall侵蚀模型的结果,最后是采用Pitman侵蚀模型的结果;采用McDougall侵蚀模型得到的侵蚀深度分布较为连续,其最大值8.1m与估测值8m比较接近,采用Medina侵蚀模型和Pitman侵蚀模型得到的侵蚀深度结果则较为分散,其最大值分别为10.9m和8.6m。     

中国地壳运动观测网络基准站重力场变化的海潮负荷信号改正问题

利用最新的全球海潮模型（Csr3．0，Fes95．2，Tpxo2和Csr4．0）和原有的Schwiderski海潮模型以及中国近海海潮数据和标准地球模型负荷格林函数，采用直接褶积积分方法研究了中国地壳运动观测网络25个基准站重力固体潮观测中的海潮负荷效应问题，计算了 8个主要潮汐波的负荷振幅和相位，构制了北京和上海等10个台站重力负荷随时间变化函数。     

三峡库区重力侵蚀特征及其对重要城镇地质环境影响评价

应用环境地质学与岩土工程学相结合的方法，提出三峡库区区域性地质环境因素是控制该区重力侵蚀发生发展的基本环境因素．建立由其决定的库区重力侵蚀基本模式、稳定性判据及工程地质稳定区段．在此基础上，探讨了重力侵蚀对三峡库区城镇地质环境影响的评价以及对城镇形成、发展、变迁、消失、规模、功能及格局的作用．这对促进库区城镇发展、山区开发和经济发展有重要意义     

Review and Prospect of the Study on Soil Wind Erosion Process

Soil wind erosion processes include mechanical process and dynamic changes of the factors affecting soil wind erosion, as well as the corresponding changes of wind erosion rate. The former is rich in experimental and theoretical researches that have clearly defined the process of particle starting, transporting and settling. The latter focuses on the dynamic changes of various wind erosion factors and the response of soil wind erosion rate to the change of the factors, of which systematic research of which is very limited. The difficulties in research of soil wind erosion process include: ①Dynamic parameterization of wind erosion factors; ②Observation and quantitative expression of the dynamic changes of wind erosion factors; ③Scaling problem of wind erosion process; ④Prediction ability of wind erosion models. At present, it is urgent to carry out the following work on soil wind erosion. The first is to establish standard wind erosion observation field in typical regions to obtain continuous and complete data of wind erosion in the field; the second is to study the saturation path of wind sand flow to solve scale problem; and the third is to construct a wind erosion model with solid theoretical foundation and fully consider both mechanical process of soil wind erosion and dynamic changes of the factors.     

Gravity erosion and lithology in Pisha sandstone in southern Inner Mongolia

Pisha sandstone is a soft rock found in the southern zone of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia. The presence of soft Pisha sandstone in the middle reaches of the Yellow River coincides with large areas of bedrock erosion in the river's basin, with the average total erosion modulus as high as 44 570 t/(km~2·a). Such high levels of erosion are one of the main sources of coarse mud and sands in the Yellow River. Erosion by gravitational forces such as snow glide and landslip are the main erosion types in Pisha sandstone region. The gravity erosion modulus can be as high as 25 615 t/(km~2·a), accounting for 30.6% of the total average erosion. Our paper investigates the characteristics of Pisha sandstone in relation to the development of gravity erosion mechanisms. We conducted field investigations in Pisha sandstone region for original state rock sampling. Test results from analyses of the rock properties indicate that the mineral composition, structure and microstructure characteristics of Pisha sandstone determine its varying capacity to resist weathering. Degrees of weathering in slightly different lithological layers of Pisha sandstone lead to different erosion rates. In this way, erosion forces combined with the varying lithological strata in the rock aggravate gravitational erosion in Pisha sandstone.     

Advances in Researches of the Effects of Grassland Vegetation on Soil Erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.     

Mechanisms and Models for Bentonite Erosion Used for Geologic Disposal of High Level Radioactive Waste: A Review

The performance of the bentonite buffer in nuclear waste repository concept relies to a great extent on the buffer surrounding the canister having sufficient dry density. Loss of buffer material caused by erosion remains as the most significant process reducing the density of the buffer. In the worst case, the process is assumed to last as long as the free volume between the pellets in the pellets filled regions is filled with groundwater. Erosion rate and mass erosion are calculated based on the erosion model, and the measures are presented to prevent the geological disaster due to bentonite erosion. The groundwaters may solubilise the smectite particles in the bentonite and carry them away as colloidal particles. A dynamic model is developed for sodium gel expansion in fractures where the gel soaks up groundwater as it expands. The model is based on a force balance between and on smectite particles, which move in the water. Attractive van der Waals forces, repulsive electric diffuse layer (DDL) forces, gravity and buoyancy forces and forces caused by the gradient of chemical potential of the particles act to move the particle in the water. The effect of the fracture width and the frictions between particles and water and surrouding rock is analysed based on erosion model. The DDL forces strongly depend on the type of clay minerals and the type of ion and concentration in the water surrounding the particles. In the designed safe use of nuclear waste disposal (tens of thousands of years to hundreds of thousands of years), the safety of nuclear waste disposal is affected by the hydrodynamic and chemical effects, and bentonite erosion. Due to the bentonite erosion, the buffer/backfill layers become loose, and their permeability increases, which causes the nuclear element diffusion and convection, and even the nuclear disaster. In this paper, the mechanisms, models, experiments and control measures of bentonite erosion were systematically summarized. The current deficiencies of bentonite erosion were pointed out, and new methods were put forward to carry out the research for bentonite erosion. The measures were presented to prevent the geological disaster due to bentonite erosion through changes. The project is not only academic innovation, but also has a large practical significance. The research results of this project can be widely applied to the design, construction and maintenance of the bentonite buffer in nuclear waste repository.     

生物喀斯特及其微形态研究

生物喀斯特是由生物作用和岩石的可溶性共同作用形成的特殊形态及其过程，本文在回顾和讨论了生物喀斯特的产生、定义、概念及其研究内容后，着重讨论了生物喀斯特微形态研究的概念、意义和研究方法、指出了生物喀斯特微形态研究是具有独特研究对象和方法以及重要理论实践意义的研究体系，提出了生物喀斯特微形态学的概念。     

A Model Study of the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum along the Main Channel of the Upper Chesapeake Bay

A three-dimensional, intratidal sediment transport model is developed for the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in the upper Chesapeake Bay. The model considers three particle size classes, including the fine class mostly in suspension in the water column, the medium class alternately suspended and deposited by tidal currents, and the coarse size suspended only during the times of relatively high energy events. Based on the results of a box model, depth-limited erosion with continuous deposition is employed for the medium and coarse classes by varying the critical shear stress for erosion as a function of eroded mass. For the fine class, mutually exclusive erosion and deposition is employed with a small constant value for the critical shear stresses for erosion and deposition to assure quick erosion of recently deposited fine particles but without allowing further erosion of consolidated bed sediments. The model is run to simulate the annual condition in 1996, and the model generally gives a reasonable reproduction of the observed characteristics of the ETM relative to the salt limit and tidal phase. The model results for 1996 are analyzed to study the characteristics of the ETM along the main channel of the upper bay in intertidal and intratidal time scales. Under a low flow condition, local erosion/deposition and bottom horizontal flux convergence are the main processes responsible for the formation of the ETM, with the settling flux confining the ETM to the bottom water. Under a high flow condition, a distinctive ETM is formed by strong convergence of the downstream flux of sediments eroded from the upstream of the null zone and the upstream flux of sediments settled at the downstream of the null zone. Intratidal variation of the ETM is mainly controlled by erosion and the tidal transport of eroded sediments for a low flow condition. Under the direct influence of a high flow event, the ETM is mainly formed by erosion during ebbing tidal current strengthened by large freshwater discharge and by convergence of ebbing freshwater discharge and flooding tidal current. During the rebounding stage of a high flow event, intratidal variations are mainly controlled by tidal asymmetry caused by the interaction between tidal currents, gravitational circulation, and stratification.     

Soil erosion processes in the loess plateau of Northwestern China

The soil erosion processes in the Loess Plateau may be divided into three types: namely, waterflow erosion; gravitational erosion; wind erosion. The waterflow erosion is most widely distributed and is the main erosion action in the Loess Plateau. The main factors dominating the occurrence and development of the soil erosion in the Loess Plateau are: 1. rainfall; 2. topography; 3. vegetation; 4. soil character. The energy of erosion action depends upon the rainfall and topography, but erodiblity depends upon the vegetation and soil properties. The degree of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau changes with variations of interaction of erosion and anti-erosion measures.     

贵州赤水南部地区丹霞地貌类型特征及成因演化分析

贵州赤水南部地区广泛分布着白垩系嘉定群巨厚红层,受构造活动、流水侵蚀、风化剥蚀和重力崩塌等内外力地质作用影响,形成了类型丰富的丹霞地貌景观。本文将丹霞地貌的类型特征与成因演化相结合,按主导动力对丹霞地貌进行分类,包括丹霞构造地貌、丹霞水蚀地貌、丹霞风化地貌和丹霞重力地貌等类型,并对典型的代表景观特征进行描述。重点分析了赤水南部地区丹霞地貌的成因演化过程,从地质学的角度揭示出丹霞地貌景观的成因演化机理,起到普及地球科学知识,开展地学研究的作用。