第三节 海水总碱度及其示性特征

海水总碱度是指中和1升海水中的质子接受体所需强酸的毫克当量数。一对海水总碱度贡献最大的弱酸阴离子是HCO3^-，其次是CO3^2-和H2BO3^-。在大多数情况下，各种有机酸根及活性无机磷酸盐对海水总碱度的影响是微不足道的。海水总碱度通常在2．3-2．4meq／l的水平上。它与海水氯度的比值称作比碱度。总碱度和比碱度都是相对保守的水化学指标，它们的示性特征在海洋学研究中是非常有用的。     

南海东北部表层海水中^226Ra的分布

报道１９９４航次南海东北部的＾２２６Ｒａ，利用Ｍｎ－纤维富集海水的Ｒａ同位素，采用Ｍｎ－纤维直接射气法测量＾２２６Ｒａ的比活率，＾２２８Ｒａ的比活度采用＾２２８Ａｃ的β计数法测量。研究海区＾２２６Ｒａ的放射性比活度范围为０．６２－１．１７Ｂｑ．ｍ＾－３，＾２２８Ｒａ／Ｒａ）Ａ．Ｒ．介于２．７８－４．５９。＾２２６Ｒａ的表层比活度分布大致表现为该海区东北部较高，中南部也有一较大值，表明陆源物质对两个     

南海东北部表层沉积中钙质超微化石的分布

对南海东北部海区 (12～ 2 2°N、116～ 12 2°E) 15 5个表层样品进行了超微化石分析。结果显示 ,各站位样品超微化石总丰度相差悬殊 ,最多可达 1198枚 ,最少则样品中未发现超微化石。在总共 15 5个样品中 ,总丰度大于30 0枚的为 49个 ,占 31.6 % ,30 0～ 1枚之间的为 5 9个 ,占 38.1% ,未发现超微化石的样品有 47个 ,占 30 .3%。同时 ,超微化石在平面分布上可分成 7个区。超微化石组合主要由 15属 2 2种组成 ,在大多数样品中都是以Florisphaera profunda占绝对优势 ,这与南海其它地区超微化石组合面貌有明显差别。还讨论了影响超微化石分布的可能因素 ,包括水深、陆源物质稀释、碳酸盐溶解作用、海水透明度及营养跃层深度等等 ,并据超微化石的分布推测研究区北部碳酸盐补偿深度在 34 0 0 m左右 ,而南部可能在 35 0 0 m以上 ,同时推测该区海水营养跃层可能普遍偏深。     

青岛近海冬末春初海水碳酸盐体系的特征

通过在青岛近岸海域采集海水样品,测定了海水pH、总碱度(TA)、溶解无机碳(DIC)以及溶解钙离子,并根据这些参数计算了海水中的碳酸氢根、碳酸根等分量以及海水二氧化碳分压(pCO_2)、碳酸钙饱和度等参数。各站点海水pH范围为8.09~8.18,平均8.13;TA范围为2309~2345(mol/kg,平均2325(mol/kg;DIC范围为2158~2200(mol/kg,平均2180(mol/kg;海水中溶解钙离子的浓度为0.3700~0.3732g/kg,平均0.3716g/kg。求得海水pCO_2范围为371~476(atm,平均415(atm;方解石和文石的饱和度范围分别为2.31~2.84和1.45~1.78,平均值分别为2.57和1.61。通过与温度、盐度进行比较,发现冬末春初青岛近岸海域海水总碱度、溶解无机碳和溶解钙离子具有较为均匀的特征,是冬季混合导致的结果。海水pH有一定的变化性,与营养盐和叶绿素a的关系显示,观测区西部已开始增强的生物生产使海水pH升高,pH是该季节影响海水pCO_2、碳酸钙饱和度等参数的主要因素。该季节青岛近海总体上表现为大气CO_2的弱源,但西部海区是大气CO_2的弱汇。     

南海东北部表层沉答中微体化石与碳酸盐溶跃面和补偿深度

通过对南海东北部(12°～22°N,116°～122°E)表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、钙质超微化石、硅质与钙质生物丰度和比值的定量分析以及碳酸盐含量的测定,发现碳酸盐含量、浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石丰度以及钙质生物比值随水深的增大迅速减小,而底栖有孔虫占有孔虫全群的比值和硅质生物比值以及底栖有孔虫胶结质壳类的百分含量却随水深的增大迅速增加.研究表明,调查区内微体化石丰度和比值以及碳酸钙含量的高低,与碳酸盐溶跃面(lysocline)和碳酸盐补偿深度密切相关,碳酸盐溶跃面和碳酸盐补偿深度南、北还存在一定差异,碳酸盐溶跃面南部较北部深,南部在2600m上下,北部则在2200m上下;碳酸盐补偿深度也是南部的较深,南部为3 600 m上下,而北部在3 400 m上下。     

南海东北部表层沉积中微体化石与碳酸盐溶跃面和补偿深度

通过对南海东北部(12°～22°N,116°～122°E)表层沉积中的浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、钙质超微化石、硅质与钙质生物丰度和比值的定量分析以及碳酸盐含量的测定,发现碳酸盐含量、浮游有孔虫、钙质超微化石丰度以及钙质生物比值随水深的增大迅速减小,而底栖有孔虫占有孔虫全群的比值和硅质生物比值以及底栖有孔虫胶结质壳类的百分含量却随水深的增大迅速增加.研究表明,调查区内微体化石丰度和比值以及碳酸钙含量的高低,与碳酸盐溶跃面(lysocline)和碳酸盐补偿深度密切相关,碳酸盐溶跃面和碳酸盐补偿深度南、北还存在一定差异,碳酸盐溶跃面南部较北部深,南部在2 600 m上下,北部则在2 200 m上下;碳酸盐补偿深度也是南部的较深,南部为3 600 m上下,而北部在3 400 m上下.     

表层海水在酸化

英国《新科学家》报道，随着大气二氧化碳排放量的不断增加，越来越多的二氧化碳与海水发生反应，产生大量重碳酸盐和氢离子，导致表层海水的酸度增加。在上一个冰川时代，地球海洋的pH值为8．3，自工业革命以来，随着大量的二氧化碳     

南海半封闭边缘海碳酸盐台地兴衰史

南海发育了广泛的碳酸盐台地,具有分布面积广和时空变化大的特点。南海碳酸盐台地的生命演化史总体上经历了萌生期、扩展期、繁盛期、淹没期和残留期等演化阶段。根据近年来国内外关于南海地质地球物理研究进展,发现南海碳酸盐台地是伴随着华南陆缘张裂、陆海巨变而萌生,台地基底往往发育在两个共轭陆缘伸展地块的伸展断块构造高地。随着大陆岩石圈进一步伸展、减薄和地幔剥露等过程,台地经历了晚渐新世末至早中新世初的萌生,到中中新世的勃发。此外,张裂和扩张期的岩浆构造也成为台地发育的重要控制因素,比如构造沉降提供了台地生长的可容纳空间,构造掀斜作用、断裂作用和前陆盆地前沿挤压褶皱的迁移控制了台地各单元厚度、沉积相和地震反射终止特征在横向上的变化,构造控制的相对海平面控制了不同级序生物礁碳酸盐台地的沉积旋回,而晚中新世构造作用导致半封闭边缘海的形成和大量碳酸盐台地淹没。最后,10.5Ma半封闭边缘海的形成,造成南海海盆古海洋环境的巨大变化,限制了台地的广泛发育,仅残留了数量少、面积小的现代孤立碳酸盐台地。     

南海第三纪Terumbu碳酸盐的测井和地震特征

Ｅｓｓｏ勘探开发公司的纳土纳Ｄ－Ａｌｐｈａ区块位于南海纳土纳岛东北约１２５英里（２００ｋｍ）处,此区块包含一称为Ｌ构造的巨大中新世台地碳酸盐复合体。Ｌ构造的Ｔｅｒｕｍｂｕ组位于一更大得多的碳酸盐陆架前缘的孤立的位置上,与伯利兹（洪都拉斯首都）近海坝状礁复合体前缘发育的碳酸盐环礁相似。根据地震反射特征可将陆架上和Ｌ构造中的Ｔｅｒｕｍｂｕ碳酸盐分为上、下两部份。根据电测井和地震特征将Ｌ构造的碳酸盐分为     

Crustal structure and inferred rifting processes in the northeast South China Sea

TAIGER project deep-penetration seismic reflection profiles acquired in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) provide a detailed view of the crustal structure of a very wide rifted continental margin. These profiles document a failed rift zone proximal to the shelf, a zone of thicker crust 150 km from the shelf, and gradually thinning crust toward the COB, spanning a total distance of 250–300 km. Such an expanse of extended continental crust is not unique but it is uncommon for continental margins. We use the high-quality images from this data set to identify the styles of upper and lower crustal structure and how they have thinned in response to extension and, in turn, what rheological variations are predicted that allow for protracted crustal extension. Upper crustal thinning is greatest at the failed rift (β_uc ≈ 7.5) but is limited farther seaward (β_uc ≈ 1–2). We interpret that the lower crust has discordantly thinned from an original 15–17 km to possibly less than 2–3 km thick beneath the central thick crust zone and more distal areas. This extreme lower crustal thinning indicates that it acted as a weak layer allowing decoupling between the upper crust and the mantle lithosphere. The observed upper crustal thickness variations and implied rheology (lower crustal flow) are consistent with large-scale boudinage of continental crust during protracted extension.     

2009-2010年冬季南海东北部中尺度过程观测

根据南海北部陆架陆坡海域2009-2010年冬季航次的CTD调查资料,发现西北太平洋水在上层通过吕宋海峡入侵南海,其对南海东北部上层水体温盐性质的影响自东向西呈减弱趋势,影响范围可达114°E附近。入侵过程中受东北部海域反 气旋式涡旋(观测期间,其中心位于20.75°N,118°E附近) 的影响,海水的垂向和水平结构发生了很大变化,特别是涡旋中心区域,上层暖水深厚,混合层和盐度极大值层显著深于周边海域。该暖涡在地转流场、航载ADCP观测海流及卫星高度计资料中均得到了证实。暖涡的存在还显著影响了海水化学要素的空间分布,暖涡引起的海水辐聚将上层溶解氧含量较高的水体向下输运,使次表层的暖涡中心呈现高溶解氧的分布特征。     

A Review on the Currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal Circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Intrusion

Researches on the currents in the South China Sea (SCS) and the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas are reviewed. Overall seasonal circulation in the SCS is cyclonic in winter and anticyclonic in summer with a few stable eddies. The seasonal circulation is mostly driven by monsoon winds, and is related to water exchange between the SCS and the East China Sea through the Taiwan Strait, and between the SCS and the Kuroshio through the Luzon Strait. Seasonal characteristics of the South China Sea Warm Current in the northern SCS and the Kuroshio intrusion to the SCS are summarized in terms of the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas.     

秋季东海和南黄海表层海水CO_2体系各参数分布及海-气界面通量

根据2007年11月在东海和南黄海海域表层海水测得的TCO2和TA数据,计算了表层海水pCO2,结合现场环境对表层海水CO2体系各参数的分布进行了讨论,探讨了pCO2与海水温度及叶绿素的相关性,利用Wanninkhof(1992)提出的通量模式并采用加权平均法估算了整个调查海域的海-气CO2的净通量。结果表明:观测海域表层海水CO2系统各参量的分布呈明显的不均匀性,在水团的混合处往往是各参量的高值或低值中心。由相关性分析可知,pCO2的分布主要受海水温度的影响,生物活动的影响较弱。受秋季较大风速的影响,调查海域表现为强的CO2源,秋季可向大气释放CO2约为556×104tC。     

南海南部造山运动及其与古南海俯冲的成因联系

古南海的展布范围以及俯冲消亡过程等一直是地质学家们争论的焦点问题。这不仅与南海扩张诱因密切相关,而且对南海地球动力学研究有重大的指导意义。在研究前人文献的基础上,对南海南部造山运动以及古南海俯冲过程之间的关系进行详细的论述。结果表明,南海南部构造活动主要分为两期：第一期运动从早白垩纪到晚白垩纪,古太平洋的洋壳俯冲到婆罗洲岛下方,俯冲带位于现今卢帕尔线一带,引起了曾母-南沙地块不断向西南婆罗洲靠近,并于晚白垩纪引发了碰撞造山运动。由于婆罗洲自身是由众多地块拼合而成,所以在始新世期间发生了多期碰撞之后的地块变形重组事件。最终在晚始新世（37 Ma）完成最后一期变形（沙捞越运动）。第二阶段是晚始新世（35 Ma）到中中新世（15.5 Ma）,位于西巴拉姆线以东至菲律宾卡加延一带的古南海从西巴拉姆线以东,向婆罗洲岛下方俯冲,随后扩散到沙巴以及巴拉望岛以南的地区,直至菲律宾的民都洛岛一带停止俯冲。由此产生的拖曳力是南海扩张的主要诱因。与古太平洋板块俯冲产生的效果相似,古南海的俯冲使得婆罗洲岛与南沙地块不断靠近。在中中新世（15.5 Ma）,引起南沙地块与婆罗洲岛在沙巴地区的碰撞（沙巴造山）以及巴拉望北部陆壳与菲律宾岛弧的碰撞而停止。由此带来的不整合面在南海南部普遍可见,甚至到达了巴拉望岛一带。而现今南沙海槽与巴拉望海槽并非是俯冲带的前渊,前者是对沙巴新近纪增生楔重力驱动变形的响应,后者是巴拉望岛北侧伸展背景下产生的半地堑盆地,在后期增生楔的作用下发生强烈沉降所形成。真正的俯冲带则分别位于南沙海槽东南部以及巴拉望海槽东南部。据现有证据推测,最少在10 Ma之前古南海就在菲律宾民都洛一带停止俯冲,从而完成了整个古南海的封闭。     

Distributions of nutrients in the East China Sea and the South China Sea connection

Surface maps of nitrate, phosphate and silicate of the East China Sea (ECS) have been constructed and are described. Reports on exchanges of material between the ECS and the South China Sea (SCS) through the Taiwan Strait are reviewed. Recent advances seem to have reversed the earlier view that the SCS exports nutrients to the ECS through the Taiwan Strait. This is because the northward flow of seawater in the summer carries little nutrient. On the other hand, the waters flowing southward along the coast of China in winter carry orders of magnitude higher nutrient concentrations. The outflow of subsurface waters from the SCS, however, is the major source of new nutrients to the ECS continental shelves because these subsurface waters flow out of the Luzon Strait, join the northwardly flowing Kuroshio and enter the Okinawa trough. Around 10% of the nutrients exported from the SCS through the Luzon Strait upwell onto the ECS shelf. These inputs are larger than the aggregate of all the rivers that empty into the ECS, contributing 49% of the externally sourced nitrogen, 71% of the phosphorous, and 54% of the silica for the ECS.     

夏季越南东北外海暖水的时空变化特征及其机理研究

Due to orographic blockage, a weak wind wake occurs in summer off northeast Vietnam in the South China Sea. Under the wind wake, warm water is observed from both high-resolution satellite data and hydrographic observations. The wake of warm water forms in June, continues to mature in July and August, starts to decay in September, and disappears in October. The warm water wake also shows robust diurnal variation – it intensifies during the day and weakens in the night. Warm water wakes can be generated through wind-induced mixing and thermal(latent heat flux) processes. In this paper, a mixed layer model is used to evaluate the relative importance of the two processes on seasonal and diurnal timescales, respectively. The results demonstrate that thermal processes make a greater contribution to the wake than wind-induced mixing processes on a seasonal timescale, while the warm water wake is dominated by wind-induced mixing processes on a diurnal timescale.     

南海中部海区次表层NO2^——N的最大值

本文根据1983年9月至1985年1月南海中部海区综合调查所获得的NO_2~--N及有关参数的观测资料,分析了该海区NO_2~--N的分布变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,调查海区NO_2~--N含量的变化范围在0～0.54μmol/L之间,其中小于0.05μmol/L的测定值约占测定总数的82.1%,而大于0.05μmol/L测定值基本上出现在50～150m层。文中还对该海区次表层NO_2~--N最大值形成的机理作了初步探讨,指出密度跃层的终年存在、铵的氧化和浮游植物的代谢过程是调查海区次表层NO_2~--N最大值形成的主要因素。     

南海南部上层的湍流混合特征

A turbulent microstructure experiment was undertaken at a low latitude of 10°N in the South China Sea in late August 2012. The characteristics of the eddy diffusivity above 650 m were analyzed, which is one order of magnitude larger than that in the open ocean at that low latitude. Enhanced eddy diffusivities by strong shears and sharp changes in topography were observed. The strongest eddy diffusivity occurred in the mixed layer, and it reached O(10–2 m2/s). Strong stratification in the thermocline inhibited the penetration of surface eddy diffusivities through the thermocline, where the mixing was weakest. Below the thermocline, where the background eddy diffusivity was approximately O(10–6 m2/s), the eddy diffusivity increased with depth, and its largest value was O(10–3 m2/s).     

Spring mesoscale high in the western South China Sea

A recurring spring mesoscale eddy in the western South China Sea (SCS) is studied using remote sensing data and historical in situ observations. The feature first appears east of the central Vietnam coast in February as a high sea-level anomaly, grows rapidly to a well-developed anticyclonic eddy by March, matures in April, and decays in May. Besides the warm-core feature, it also has an inherent low-salinity property, so it is named "spring mesoscale high (SMH)". Though with clear interannual variation in terms of intensity and spatial coverage, the SMH always emerges in the region between 110 E and 114 E and between 12 N and 16 N. The formation of SMH is ascribed to the combined effects of wind forcing and releasing of potential energy set up by winter monsoon. In particular, the wind-stress curl plays an important role in its development, maintenance, and dissipation.