Environmental Health Injustice: Exposure to Air Toxics and Children's Respiratory Hospital Admissions in El Paso,Texas

Although much environmental justice research tacitly assumes that unequal environmental exposures produce geographic disparities in adverse health outcomes, very few empirical environmental justice studies have tested that assumption. This article does so by using estimates of exposure to air toxics disaggregated by emission source (point and mobile) to predict children's hospitalization rates for both asthma and respiratory infections in El Paso, Texas. Air toxics emissions from most source categories were found to be significant predictors of children's respiratory infection hospitalization rates, but not asthma hospitalization rates, at the census tract level. Findings suggest that sociospatial disparities in respiratory infection rates might be linked to environmental inequalities.     

Exploitation,Utilization Status,and Development Prospects of Water Resources in Ningbo City

Water resources insufficiency is one of the bottlenecks that restrict sustainable socio-economic development in Ningbo city. Good handling of the relationship between water resources utilization and development is of great significance for the realization of continuous economic growth and sustainable socio-economic development. This study systematically evaluated water resources utilization with respect to water supply and demand. Water resources development and utilization prospects and regional differences were then assessed at multiple scales, at both county/district and city level in Ningbo city, using the water resources carrying index. Results showed that: (1) The volume of water resources supply and consumption gradually rose each year, with surface water as the primary source and groundwater as the secondary source. Regarding consumption, industrial water consumption was the primary element, and domestic and environmental water consumption were the secondary elements. Even though the use of water resources for irrigation, secondary and, tertiary industry were becoming more efficient, comprehensive per capita water consumption was gradually increasing. (2) The water resources carrying index for Ningbo city fluctuated in the range of 4.51-23.35 during 2001-2015; the degree of water resource utilization and potential exploitation evaluation of water resources were not stable. The average value of the water resources carrying index was 11.68; the degree of utilization of water resources was very high, and the introduction of water from external water bodies was necessary, to the extent external source were available. (3) Future water resources exploitation will be quite difficult in Ningbo city, especially in Cixi county, Ningbo municipal district and Yuyao county. So the introduction of external water as a supplemental source will be required.     

武汉市城市化进程中水环境分析与对策研究

城市化使城市规模扩大，城市人口增加，虽然给城市的发展带来许多好处，但同时也带来许多难题和困扰，这就是普遍存在的城市问题。武汉市水资源总量丰富，水质较好，水域面积大，水资源优势明显，但随着城市化的发展也产生了一些严重的问题，如河湖水体局部严重污染、城市污水处理率较低、湖泊开发利用不合理，地下水超量开采。为保证武汉市的可持续发展能力，必须建立与武汉市城市化进程相适应的水资源利用战略，提高水资源利用效率，加大污水处理设施建设力度，建立合理的城市水价体系。     

基于城镇用地和最小时间成本的城市影响区划分及其人口分析

以宁蒙沿黄地带为案例,基于城镇用地和最小交通时间成本划分城市影响区,分区统计影响区人口,将其与城市行政区非农人口的增速差进行统计分析。结果表明：基于城镇用地和最小交通时间成本的城市影响区划分边界更接近于行政区界;考虑城镇用地后大城市影响区扩展,考虑最小交通时间成本后小城市影响区相对扩展;以东胜区-伊旗为中心的地区非农人口增速始终显著高于潜在服务人口增速,这类城市应增强对周边县的扩散作用;以大武口-惠农区为中心的地区非农人口增速始终显著低于潜在服务人口增速,这类城市应加速产业与非农人口集聚。     

新型太阳池的研究

盐梯度太阳池是运用最广泛的太阳能收集系统之一 ,但是在运行过程中存在许多不足 ,人们相继开展了新型太阳池的研究 ,针对这些新型太阳池进行了概述 ,并比较了它们的优缺点     

黄河源区鄂陵湖现代湖盆形态研究

鄂陵湖是黄河源区最大的淡水湖。通过基于GPS-RTK的技术定位以及测深仪的水下地形测量,结合相关历史资料和遥感数据分析,应用湖沼学理论,对鄂陵湖的湖盆形态进行定量化研究。结果发现鄂陵湖最大水深33.2 m,平均水深15.55 m,湖长37.49 km,湖面最大宽度32.3 km;平均宽度16.76 km,岸线长226.3 km,湖面面积628.47 km²,湖泊容积97.76×10⁸m³,湖盆形态为接近抛物线体形式的构造断陷湖,而不具备第四纪冰川侵蚀湖盆的地貌特征。研究结果可以对黄河源区的生态环境变化和黄河源区的水量管理提供基础信息。     

额济纳绿洲主要植物的水势与环境因子的关系

通过对额济纳绿洲几种植物的水势分析,结果表明,水势从小到大排序为:红砂 < 柽柳、苏枸杞、苦豆子 < 胡杨、梭梭、骆驼蓬 < 花花柴 < 沙拐枣。胡杨和柽柳水势日变化在5月和7月大体呈"V"型;9月份日变化大体呈直线型。不同植物对环境条件反应不同,乔木、灌木的水势与深层土壤中含水量密切相关,而草本对较浅层的土壤含水量相关。阔叶植物对大气中的水分相关性更强。植物水势与大气温度相关性最差。     

洞庭湖流域降水同位素与ENSO关系研究

基于洞庭湖流域内长沙市2010年1月至2012年12月降水事件、GNIP(Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation)长沙站1988~1992年月降水同位素资料及ENSO（厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜和南方涛动）的2个常用指标（南方涛动指数SOI和Nino3区海面温度SST）,分析了流域降水同位素与ENSO关系。结果表明：洞庭湖流域降水中δ¹⁸O与降水量、气温在日、月尺度上均呈负相关且只有月度上与降水量的负相关不显著。洞庭湖流域降水中δ¹⁸O与ENSO的SST指标则呈显著正相关。ENSO对洞庭湖流域降水同位素的影响机制可能如下：春季,La Nina年源自西太平洋的东南风强盛,其转向为西南风的区域达到印度洋,而El Nino年,东南风转向为西南风的发生区域位于印度洋以东,前者有利于挟带印度洋远源水汽向中国东部区域输送,进而造成降水同位素的贫化;夏季,La Nina年印度洋水汽输送在中国南海转为经向继而向北延伸,而El Nino年,源自印度洋的水汽沿纬向穿过南海,在东海转向往北延伸,后者有利于挟带西太平洋的近源水汽输送到中国东部季风区,进而引起降水同位素的富集。     

复杂地形任意天气情形下太阳直接辐射量模拟

以太阳辐射传输参数化模型为基础,结合MODIS影像两次白天的云产品和水汽产品及DEM,构建了复杂地形任意天气情形下每日太阳直接辐射量模型。选取代表不同气候类型与地形起伏状况的3个典型站点（拉萨、北京、额济纳旗）,以2007年每日实测值对模拟结果进行了验证,其相关系数分别为0.77、0.77和0.85。研究表明:有云天气下,云是影响地表太阳直接辐射数量和空间分布的主要因子;模型对时间步长不敏感。引起误差的原因主要是MODIS云产品的时空分辨率较低以及云的3D效应导致模拟的困难,对地形起伏较大地区,小比例尺的DEM也会导致较大的误差,同时实测值与模拟值的空间尺度不匹配也引起了一定误差。     

The impact of water transfers from the lower Yangtze River on water security in Shanghai

Shanghai is a megacity that increasingly relies on water drawn from the Yangtze River estuary. During periods of low flow, water in the estuary can become too saline for use in city water supplies. River flow is measured at the Datong gauging station 680 km upstream from the river mouth. Several existing and planned river water extractions are located below Datong, including the Eastern Route of the South-North Water Diversion Project (ERP). The effect of these extractions on discharge into the estuary and the associated salinity levels may be significant, even though the extractions are not reflected in the discharge at Datong. We estimate the effects of these downstream extractions on water discharge into the estuary (rather than at Datong), particularly the critical discharge level below which salinity compromises water security in Shanghai. Our results show that the ERP will cause the discharge into the estuary to fall below critical levels between December and February in dry years and January to February in normal years. Future water transfer projects along the lower Yangtze River will further compound the problem. Maintaining Shanghai's water security is therefore a significant challenge for China's water resource management institutions.     

海河流域太阳辐射变化及其原因分析

太阳辐射是控制气候形成的基本能量,分析太阳辐射的变化有助于深入理解气候变化的原因.本文利用海河流域及其周边46个气象站气象资料以及TOMS(the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)卫星反演逐日气溶胶指数资料,分析了海河流域太阳辐射的时空变化规律,并对太阳辐射变化的原因进行了初步分析.研究结果表明,1957-2008年海河流域太阳总辐射呈明显下降趋势,其中太阳直接辐射下降趋势明显,散射辐射呈增加趋势;从空间分布上看,流域南部和冀东沿海的人口高密度区相比流域北部的燕山和太行山人口低密度区太阳总辐射减小趋势更为明显.对太阳辐射下降原因的研究表明,人类活动造成气溶胶的显著增加可能是引起太阳辐射下降的重要原因.     

沙漠绿洲不同下垫面夏季能量收支对比分析

利用"绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验"2005年在甘肃金塔不同下垫面的观测资料,对绿洲、戈壁和沙漠不同下垫面夏季辐射和地表能量收支及闭合特征进行了全面的时空对比分析,结果表明:(1)不同下垫面太阳向下短波辐射没有明显差距,地面短波向上辐射差别较大,大气长波向下辐射变化较小,地表长波辐射差异显著.另外,地表吸收辐射戈壁沙漠日变化较绿洲显著.(2)沙漠与戈壁各通量特征相似,而与绿洲上的有很大差异.(3)能量通量测量存在明显的不确定性:影响能量通量不闭合的原因,主要是超声和土壤热通量的测量误差.     

The influence of ENSO and PDO on tropical Andean glaciers and their impact on the hydrology of the Amazon Basin

Recent decades, particularly since the late 1970s, have witnessed a rapid retreat of glaciers in the tropical Andes. We compiled the changes in glacier surfaces along the eastern cordilleras of the tropical Andes of Peru and Bolivia since the early 1980s from the literature. Water levels from two Brazilian river basins in the Amazon basin (one (Madeira River) glacially fed by meltwater from the Andes and the other (Envira River) non‐glacially fed), were analysed for a 30‐year period between 1985?2014. Furthermore, precipitation data near these two basins were also analysed in order to understand the differential contributions of glacier melting and rainfall. Variations in the water levels from the glacially fed Madeira River showed that some years were associated with higher water levels even when the precipitation remained low during the corresponding season (May‐October). This observation was common when El Niño events occurred during the positive phase of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Water levels in glacier‐fed Madeira River were slightly higher during the periods where El Niño and warm PDO co‐occurred. On the other hand, water levels in the Envira River were precipitation dependent; water levels were higher when the rainfall was high.     

基于“水—能—碳”关联的城市水系统碳排放研究

揭示城市水系统与碳排放的内在关系机理,对于推动城市水能节约和水系统低碳运行具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文分析了城市水系统“水—能—碳”关联机理,并构建了城市水系统碳排放的核算体系,采用2008—2017年的统计数据和调查问卷等资料,对郑州市水系统碳排放进行了核算和实证分析,探讨了其“水—能—碳”关联特征,并分析了不同情景下水系统的碳减排潜力。结果显示：① 郑州市水系统碳排放涉及取水、给水、用水、排水及污水处理等不同环节。其中,用水系统是郑州市水系统碳排放的主要来源,这表明由城市扩展和人口增长导致的用水需求增加是碳排放增长的主要因素;② 郑州市水系统不同环节的碳排放构成及其强度具有较大差异。其中,用水和取水系统能耗和碳排放强度增长态势明显,而给水与排水及污水处理系统则相对稳定。取水和用水系统的能耗增加,特别是由城市远距离供水和污水回用引起的碳排放增长应引起关注;③ 郑州市水系统不同环节“水—能—碳”关联特征的差异主要受城市水消耗量的变化、水处理方式和工艺、居民用水行为习惯和节水意识、自然条件及气候变化等因素的影响;④ 未来应重点从城市工业和生活节水、水处理工艺改进、水系统能效提升等方面入手,降低水系统能源消耗和碳排放。     

‘Drought-proofing’ Regional Australia and the Rhetoric Surrounding Tillegra Dam,NSW

Water conservation, distribution and management are highly contested in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. During the height of the Millennium drought calls from local politicians and community leaders alike suggested that there was a need to ‘drought-proof’ not only the Hunter region but also the Australian continent from recurring climatic events. In response to this, Hunter Water Corporation framed its long-term sustainable water policies around the proposed development of ‘Tillegra Dam’ as a means to ensure future water security for the region. Local residents, centred around the ‘No Tillegra Dam Group’, opposed the dam, pointing to its harmful effects and more sustainable demand-side options. Scientific studies also indicated that future droughts were unlikely to place stress on current water levels, thereby making the dam unnecessary. Hunter Water, however, co-opted the notion of ‘drought-proofing’ to argue for the continuation of large-scale infrastructure projects rather than pursue less costly, more sustainable options. As a result, arguments and discourses over the dam's construction became increasingly complex, involving environmental, economic and ethical issues that ultimately favoured local community perspectives. This paper examines how the different stakeholder arguments were framed and considers the important role that communities can play in altering decision making.     

SWAT模型及其应用研究进展

SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）模型是近几年发展迅速、影响较大的水文模型,主要用于模拟预测各种管理措施及气候变化对水资源供给的影响,评价流域非点源污染等。本文通过对SWAT模型的发展历史及该模型在水文、气候变化、非点源污染和输入参数对模拟结果的影响等几个主要方面的研究,总结了模型的优势,以及在使用该模型时需要注意的主要问题。SWAT 模型在国内的应用主要侧重于水文及非点源污染研究,研究多是以模型作为手段,改进工作不多,建议今后根据研究区域的需要,对模型作相应的改进,以更好地服务于研究项目。     

Global prioritisation of renewable nitrogen for biodiversity conservation and food security

The continuing use of petrochemicals in mineral nitrogen (N) production may be affected by supply or cost issues and climate agreements. Without mineral N, a larger area of cropland is required to produce the same amount of food, impacting biodiversity. Alternative N sources include solar and wind to power the Haber-Bosch process, and the organic options such as green manures, marine algae and aquatic azolla. Solar power was the most land-efficient renewable source of N, with using a tenth as much land as wind energy, and at least 100th as much land as organic sources of N. In this paper, we developed a decision tree to locate these different sources of N at a global scale, or the first time taking into account their spatial footprint and the impact on terrestrial biodiversity while avoiding impact on albedo and cropland, based on global resource and impact datasets. This produced relatively few areas suitable for solar power in the western Americas, central southern Africa, eastern Asia and southern Australia, with areas most suited to wind at more extreme latitudes. Only about 2% of existing solar power stations are in very suitable locations. In regions such as coastal north Africa and central Asia where solar power is less accessible due to lack of farm income, green manures could be used, however, due to their very large spatial footprint only a small area of low productivity and low biodiversity was suitable for this option. Europe in particular faces challenges because it has access to a relatively small area which is suitable for solar or wind power. If we are to make informed decisions about the sourcing of alternative N supplies in the future, and our energy supply more generally, a decision-making mechanism is needed to take global considerations into account in regional land-use planning.     

玉溪市太阳能光伏电站发展前景分析

玉溪市太阳能光伏电站发展具备地理位置、气候特点、太阳辐射、用电需求等优势,不利的方面主要有地形和成本因素,但随着玉溪对能源的需求量日益增加,太阳能开发利用不仅是电力供应的新途径,而且是实现环境、经济、社会统一发展的清洁能源。建设光伏电站,科学选址非常重要。玉溪市共筛选到符合条件的场址13个,场址均为荒山、荒地、石漠化地或低产坡地,整体坡向为"北高南低",周围无高山阻挡,地势开阔,地下无矿产资源,无军事敏感设施,交通条件和电网接入条件较便利。预计项目建设总面积897.3 hm2(13 190亩),装机容量343 MW,总投资约76.35亿元,年发电量6.174×108 kW.h,年收益可达81 651.15万元。     

新丰江水库供水特征及供水安全分析——以2003―2012年供河源市饮用水为例

收集广东省环保局发布的2003―2012年水库蓄水量、水质指数和供河源市的饮用水供水量,并根据逐月数据计算了逐年、月均和干湿季3指标。结果表明,新丰江水库供河源市的饮用水逐月供水量总体呈波动上升趋势,2012年年供水量是2003年的3.3倍之多;各月水质均无任何超标项目,多年平均1月水质最差,年均水质指数总的趋势是下降,水质有所好转。与干季相比,湿季水质更优,供水量更多。统计分析显示,干湿季间供水量差异极显著,水质指数差异显著,而水库蓄水量差异不显著。逐月供水量与水库蓄水量呈极显著正线性关系,与水质指数呈极显著负线性关系。而干湿季和年供水量分别与水库水质指数间的负线性关系均达到显著水平,与同期水库蓄水多寡没有显著关系。总体上近10年来新丰江水库的供水需求和供水能力在不断增加,而水库蓄水量却比较紧缺（10 a间58%的月份水库蓄水量处于紧缺或比较紧缺状态）;虽然水质很好,但流域内存在多个污染隐患（如养殖、采矿、生活污水、林业结构不合理等）。因此水库供需矛盾比较突出,供水安全存在水量和水质的双重隐患。水库供水调度中需要充分考虑供水需求规律,并采取有效措施监控流域污染,才能切实保障水库供水安全。     

服务全球生物多样性和食物安全的可再生氮利用优先选择（英文）

The continuing use of petrochemicals in mineral nitrogen(N) production may be affected by supply or cost issues and climate agreements.Without mineral N,a larger area of cropland is required to produce the same amount of food,impacting biodiversity.Alternative N sources include solar and wind to power the Haber-Bosch process,and the organic options such as green manures,marine algae and aquatic azolla.Solar power was the most land-efficient renewable source of N,with using a tenth as much land as wind energy,and at least 100 th as much land as organic sources of N.In this paper,we developed a decision tree to locate these different sources of N at a global scale,or the first time taking into account their spatial footprint and the impact on terrestrial biodiversity while avoiding impact on albedo and cropland,based on global resource and impact datasets.This produced relatively few areas suitable for solar power in the western Americas,central southern Africa,eastern Asia and southern Australia,with areas most suited to wind at more extreme latitudes.Only about 2% of existing solar power stations are in very suitable locations.In regions such as coastal north Africa and central Asia where solar power is less accessible due to lack of farm income,green manures could be used,however,due to their very large spatial footprint only a small area of low productivity and low biodiversity was suitable for this option.Europe in particular faces challenges because it has access to a relatively small area which is suitable for solar or wind power.If we are to make informed decisions about the sourcing of alternative N supplies in the future,and our energy supply more generally,a decision-making mechanism is needed to take global considerations into account in regional land-use planning.