一种处理钻孔应变仪观测资料的全套方法及其效果的验证

本文概略地给出了对钻孔应变仪原始观测资料进行处理的一套方法,并以河北省滦县地震台钻孔应变资料为例对每一步骤的中间数据均进行了应变固体潮调和分析的计算,从而验证每一个步骤的有效性,并最终得到了较好的调和分析结果。这一套数据处理方法的优点在于能更充分地利用全部观测资料,将非线性格值改正、频段频谱分析、气压相关分析及相关改正连成了一个整体,使该方法具有连续性、系统性和普适性。     

湖州地震台钻孔体应变仪和伸缩仪记录资料对比

先对安装在湖州地震台"7号"人防山洞内的伸缩仪记录的线应变求得面应变,以及对安装在同一个山洞内的钻孔体应变仪进行气压消除后,对两者的同步观测数据进行对比和分析。以地球应变固体潮为参照,确定两种应变观测数据基本一致。证明这两种基线长度和安装方式不同的仪器,观测到的地层面应变在固体潮频段具有可比性。     

小波分析在井水位的气压和潮汐改正中的应用

本文将小波分析方法应用于地下水位观测资料的气压和潮汐改正中。该方法利用小波将气压观测和理论重力固体潮资料分解为不同频段的时间序列,用最小二乘法求出气压和固体潮不同频段的响应系数,以消除气压和固体潮对水位的影响。用该方法计算的结果与一般线形回归分析方法得到的结果进行对比,发现该方法能更有效地分析和消除气压和固体潮对地下水位的影响。小波分解在井水位气压、潮汐改正中的应用以波动理论和振动理论为基础,它不仅考虑了观测资料的频率域特性,而且还能直接在时间域内计算出不同频率范围的气压系数和潮汐系数,具有明确的物理意义。     

营口地震台伸缩仪和分量钻孔应变仪记录资料比对

本文对先后安装在营口地震台的伸缩仪和分量钻孔应变仪的同步观测数据进行了比对和分析。以地球应变固体潮为参照,确定两种应变观测数据基本一致。证明这两种基线长度和安装方式不同的仪器,观测到的地层应变在固体潮频段具有可比性。     

滦县台YRY—2型钻孔应变仪两井孔固体潮观测的对比分析

本文介绍河北省滦县地震台两台YRY-2型钻孔应变仪的固体潮观测试验情况。对两口井的观测资料在数据处理过程中进行了多次调和分析计算。对不同方向的线应变及差应变观测资料进行了综合对比分析,结果表明:1.应变观测资料中含有较强的长趋势低频噪声和高频噪声,并且受气压的干扰明显。2.线应变受气压干扰比差应变高得多。3.两个井在各方向显示的主要潮汐波成份一致,为O_1、S_1,K_1、N_2、M_2、S_2波。4.经各种排除干扰方法的处理后,可得到较清晰的应变固体潮曲线和较为可信的应变固体潮调和分析结果。5.用一号井线应变计算出的差应变与二号井直接测到的差应变,两者的调和分析结果一致,两口井的固体潮观测起到了相互验证的作用。     

应变固体潮资料与气压的相关分析及其改正的一种方法

通过对应变资料和气压资料的频谱分析，将固体潮频段的信息分别提取出来，再进行相关分析，二者显示出了很强的线性相关性。据此，对应变观测资料进行了气压改正，使应变固体潮调和分析的各项精度指标有了明显的提高，指出该方法的实用效果，同时，对气压改正中存在的问题也进行了讨论     

钻孔应变观测干扰及异常分析

怀来台体积式钻孔应变仪安装于1988年,以应变固体潮为主要观测目标.多年来,取得了连续完整高质量的观测资料.本文列举了怀来钻孔应变的台址背景及仪器观测条件;分析了实际观测中钻孔应变资料受仪器零漂、气压、水位、降雨等因素的干扰;研究了钻孔应变在本区及邻区震前出现的记录曲线畸变、潮汐因子异常、应变固体潮畸变等不同形式的异常变化并对其进行特征分析.研究表明,钻孔应变观测是获取构造活动异常变化信息,进行地球物理研究、地震预测预报的有效途径.     

格值函数的建立及应变值计算模型的推导

对ＹＲＹ－Ⅱ型钻孔应变仪的观测资料进行了较为深入的研究，并对河北省滦县地震台ＹＲＹ－Ⅱ型钻孔应变仪的４套观测数据均给出了格值函数，并给出了应变值计算模型的通用表达式，对钻孔应变仪非线性格值函数的研究有实际意义．     

承压水井水位固体潮扩散方程的解和含水层参数的求定

本文在求解承压水井水位固体潮的扩散方程时增加了井孔压力的边界条件，使扩散方程更符合实际情况，从而得到在理论上更为完善的起潮力位与水位固体潮之间的关系式。文中讨论了气压作用于承压含水层的水力扩散方程和气压对水位固体潮的影响。导出了相位滞后与含水层参数的解析式，为求解含水层数建立了基础。根据水位固体潮观测资料与气压观测资料，在给定地球模型的勒夫数的情况下，全面地解决了求定观测井含水层参数的方法。并给出     

菏泽5＼9级地震前豫01井水位对气压和固体潮响应的变化

本文给出了一种处理井水位的新方法，它考虑了井水位对气压和固体潮响应的滞后影响。利用泰勒和杜得森展开法，导出了计算井水位气压系数，固体潮系数以及它们的滞后时间的公式，并给出了考虑滞后影响的井水位气压与固体潮改正公式。我们利用这一新方法处理了豫０１井１９８３年的观测资料，计算出每天的井水位固体潮，气压系数和它的滞后时间。该４种参数在１９８３年１１月７日菏泽Ｍｓ５．９级地震时大幅度变化。而且在地震前，后     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.