上海郊区土壤-沉积物剖面铀、钍分布特征及影响因素

对上海郊区不同地貌单元的12个土壤—沉积物剖面进行铀、钍含量调查的结果显示,各剖面铀、钍的含量均处于中国土壤背景值范围之内,且表土和下部沉积物之间不存在明显差异,反映尚未遭受到人为污染。铀、钍含量的分布与地貌环境(包括物质来源、物质颗粒组成、有机碳含量以及pH值等)密切相关:贝壳砂堤和火成岩残丘附近剖面的铀、钍最为富集,而新形成的潮滩剖面中铀、钍含量最低。在砂质沉积物占主导且pH值较大的河口沙岛和新滨海平原环境中,铀、钍含量随有机碳含量增加而上升,而在泥质沉积物占主导且pH值偏低的淡水湖沼区,铀、钍含量和有机质含量呈相反关系。     

渤海湾沿岸平原沉积物中铀、钍地球化学研究

本文利用U、Th元素化学性质上的某些差异研究它们在渤海湾沿岸沉积物中的含量、分布以及沉积过程的地球化学特点。在渤海湾沿岸沉积物中U元素含量为2.41ppm,Th为13.0ppm。研究表明,沉积物中U与砂的含量成负相关而与粘粒含量成正相关,并且U、Th元素含量与一些金属元素的丰度变化具有相关性。     

额尔齐斯河流域及某稀有多金属矿废水铀、钍含量分布及其环境影响

运用简易、快捷、灵敏的ICP-MS法直接测定稀有多金属矿以及河水样品中的铀钍含量,并推算其与比放射性活度之间的定量关系,客观评价了某稀有多金属矿废水中的放射性水平以及额尔齐斯河流域的放射性污染现状。研究表明,某稀有多金属选矿废水铀含量可达78．311μg/L,钍含量达0．627μg/L。额尔齐斯河流域各支流河水铀、钍平均含量分别为0．584μg/L、0．025μg/L,其干流河水钍平均含量为0．019μg/L,而铀平均含量达2．234μg/L,远高于世界河水铀平均含量0．309μg/L。     

康滇地轴花岗岩类铀钍丰度特征及找铀前景初析

本文应用γ能谱资料，系统阐述了康滇地轴花岗岩类的铀钍丰度特征，总结了康滇地轴现有花岗岩型铀矿化的基本特点。在与华南产铀花岗岩类特征对比的基础上，对康滇地轴花岗岩类的找铀前景作了初步的分析探讨。     

青海西部尕斯库勒盐湖沉积物中铀和钍地球化学特征探讨

文章以柴达木盆地西部尕斯库勒盐湖沉积物为研究对象,通过对钻孔沉积物和地表沉积物中铀和钍含量的研究,探讨了盐湖沉积物中铀和钍的地球化学特征。分析表明,钻孔沉积物中铀和钍之间存在明显的正相关关系。在横向上,随地表取样点逐渐远离湖表卤水,沉积物中铀和钍的含量先增高后又急剧降低,且受补给水铀含量影响大;在纵向上,同一个晶间卤水层或者碎屑物沉积层内铀含量垂直分异明显,铀含量随深度增加而递增。就沉积物中铀和钍的赋存形式而言,2/3的铀被黏土质点吸附,1/3的铀夹杂在盐类矿物中;而90%以上的钍被黏土质点吸附,10%以下的钍夹杂在盐类矿物中。干盐滩中毛细蒸发和淋滤等化学沉积分异作用造成盐湖沉积中心的沉积物铀含量相对较高。     

中国铀、钍、钾元素地球化学场特征及与铀矿化关系

一直以来,利用铀、钍、钾同位素的γ能谱寻找铀矿是铀矿地质重要的放射性物探手段。同样,水系沉积物化探中铀、钍、钾元素作为铀矿化探重要指示元素,在铀矿资源潜力预测评价中亦发挥了重要作用。笔者论述了水系沉积物铀、钍、钾元素在铀矿预测评价中的指示作用和异常特点,以及中国铀、钍、钾元素地球化学场分布特点和规律,将铀、钍、钾异常按累频占比划分为特高异常(异常内带)、高异常(异常中带)、异常(异常外带)和高背景,同时,论证了铀、钍、钾异常分布与铀成矿关系。可以看出,铀、钍、钾异常分布有明显的区域特征,现有的异常分布区与我国四大类型铀矿产区高度一致,其异常分布对我国铀、钍矿资源预测评价具有重要意义。     

甘肃龙首山青井地区花岗质砾岩中钍、铀混合型矿化特征及成因探讨

青井是位于龙首山成矿带西段的一个钍、铀混合型异常点,通过钻孔查证在青井盆地的花岗质砾岩中发现了较好的矿化线索,矿石具有热液型矿化的特征,发育钾长石化、赤铁矿化、碳酸盐化和绿泥石化为主的钾交代蚀变组合。通过对含矿花岗质砾岩的岩矿鉴定、电子探针测试、地球化学分析和钍矿物U-Pb同位素年龄测定进行综合研究,认为花岗质砾岩中发育的是产于挤压-俯冲构造环境下受断裂构造和辉绿岩脉共同控制的热液成因钍、铀混合型矿化,含钍、含铀矿物主要为钍石、沥青铀矿和铀石,成矿期应为新生代中晚期。热液成矿过程中带来了大量的外来组分,矿石中的Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3和K_2O等主量元素和轻、重稀土元素以及Rb、Nb、Nd、Zr、Hf、Ta、W、Sb等微量元素均随着Th、U含量的增加而增加。     

滇东南中三叠统法郎组含锰岩系稀土元素和铀、钍元素的特征及意义

对滇东南中三叠统法郎组含锰岩系进行了系统采样,用ICP-MS法分析了17件锰矿样品和两件含锰灰岩样品中的稀土元素组成。研究表明,所有样品REE配分模式皆为富LREE型,锰矿样品表现较弱的Ce(δCe值0.79~1.29)异常和Eu(δEu值0.84~1.20)异常;而含锰灰岩则显示出强烈的负Ce异常和较弱的负Eu异常。并通过logTh-logU图解分析,得出滇东南中三叠统法郎组含锰岩系普遍经受了多期次的热液的作用。     

国外电子探针铀-钍-铅定年方法及其在构造分析中的应用前景

对电子探针U-Th-Pb定年方法的基本原理、样品的制备和分析、年龄计算方法和误差分析进行了较系统的介绍,并对电子探针定年在构造分析中的应用前景作了展望.电子探针定年方法适用于经历了包括流体作用和重结晶作用变质事件的单一和复杂成因的独居石、锆石矿物,不仅是一个评价变质和变形时间的有效普查工具,而且它的原位性和高分辨能够用来制约构造变形和变质作用过程的绝对时间和速率,在构造分析中具有广阔的应用前景.     

广西象州与横县碳酸盐岩分布区土壤中Cd形态分布特征及影响因素

广西壮族自治区碳酸盐岩分布面积为96 372 km2,约占全区陆地国土面积的407%。由碳酸盐岩风化形成的土壤中Cd、Pb、Hg等重金属元素普遍富集。初步评价发现,农作物籽实对Cd的吸收量与土壤Cd含量无对应关系,农作物Cd超标多出现在土壤Cd含量较低的地区。进一步研究发现,Cd高含量的土壤中普遍含有铝土矿、Fe Mn结核等颗粒。为了探索土壤中Cd存在形态及其影响因素,选择了含铝土矿和铁锰结核的横县土壤和无铝土矿与铁锰结核的象州土壤,系统研究了土壤Cd形态差异及其影响因素。结果表明：(1)象州土壤中Cd主要以活动态形式存在,生物可利用性高,横县土壤中Cd主要以稳定态形式存在,生物可利用性低。(2)pH值为60是象州土壤Cd活动态含量的突变点,pH值在60处含量达到最大值;而在横县,pH降低使活动态Cd比例增加。(3)象州土壤中活动态Cd随有机质增加而增加,表明Cd被有机质弱吸附;而横县土壤有机质含量与Cd形态无明显相关性。(4)由铝土矿导致的土壤高Cd含量,多以残渣态形式存在,不会对动植物造成危害。     

Distribution of thorium,uranium, and potassium in rocks of tholeiite-basaltic series

Thickness of consolidated crust, depth of the magmatic differentiation, and partial pressure of oxygen during the differentiation are found to be the principal factors on which the ultimate concentrations of U and Th depend, in the Siberian traprocks. Enrichments of both U and Th in late differentiates of the magma develop at about the same rate, if PO₂ remains unchanged during the process, i.e. as long as U remains essentially tetravalent. The oxidation of U to hexavalent state at increasing PO₂, and hence the increase in its mobility, leads to a dissipation of uranium and lowers its concentration in the late fractions of the magma, while the concentrations of thorium remain unaffected therein.     

Alpha-spectrometric determination of uranium and thorium in geological samples

Alpha-spectrometric technique is described as an independent method for determining micro-contents of U²³⁸ and Th²³². It is based on the comparison of alpha spectral activity of U²³⁸ and Th²³² in geological samples with that contributed by the U²³²·Th²²⁸ spike of known concentration. The experiment procedure consists of dissolving fine powdered samples with acid and adding a given amount of U²³²-Th²²⁸ spike. Uranium and thorium are then separated by ion exchange. After purification, each aliquot is mounted onto a separate stainless steel disk for measurement by alpha spectrometer, which consists essentially of a silicon surface barrier detector and a low noise amplification system connected to a multi-channel analyzer. After corrections for the background, tail and other factors, the desired U²³² and Th²³² concentrations can be calculated. The data obtained by the alpha-spectrometric method using U²³²-Th²²⁸ spike are compared with colorimetric determinations. Excellent agreement is obtained between the two sets of results. The coefficients of correlation are about 0.98 for U²³⁸ and 0.97 for Th²³². The accuracy of uranium and thorium analyses by this method depends primarily upon the counting statistics of U²³², U²³⁸ and Th²²⁸ and, to a certain extent, upon the calibration of U²³²-Th²²⁸ spike. Errors in uranium and thorium concentrations obtained by this method are generally within 2 to 5%.     

极谱法同时测定岩石中的微量铀钍

试样经过氧化钠熔融后,用硝酸溶液提取熔块,加入十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTMAB）凝聚硅胶,过滤除硅,TBP萃淋树脂分离富集铀钍。在含0．02g／L四丁基碘化铵-4g／L铜铁试剂、pH=5的乙酸-乙酸钠极谱测定体系中同时测定铀钍,铀钍的线性范围为0．001～0．500μg／10mL。本法用于含铀岩石中微量铀钍的同时测定,结果令人满意。     

Distribution of uranium and thorium in Irtysh River and the upriver wastewater from a rare metal mine impact on it

Uranium and Th are important radioactive elements. Most studies were focused on their environmental impact from uranium deposits and mining sites. But other sorts of mines such as rare metals mines are associated highly with uranium and thorium, too. In China, the Irtysh River is the only river that runs into the Arctic Ocean. The famous Koktokay rare metal pegmatite deposit is located in the headwater region of this river and has been exploited for several decades. The waste ore piled along the riverside as long as several kilometers. The wastewater flom the concentrating plant is discharged into the river directly. In addition, uranium and thorium can be leached from the waste ore into the river in the weathering process. So it is necessary to study the uranium and thorium distribution in the branch and trunk streams of the Irtysh River and the wastewater from the mining site impact on it. In this study, the contents of uranium and thorium in water samples from the Irtysh River and rare metal mine wastewater have been detected directly with ICP-MS. Uranium and thorium distribution and geochemical behaviors in the Irtysh River basin have been studied. The environmental uranium and thorium pollution status in the Irtysh River and wastewater from a rare metal mine impact on it have also been evaluated. The study shows that uranium and thorium contents in wastewater from a rare metal mine are as high as 78.311 μg/L and 0.627 μg/L, respectively, so we should also pay attention to the radioactive pollution from the rare metal mine. The average contents of U and Th in the branch streams of the Irtysh River are 0.572 μg/L and 0.015 μg/L, respectively. At the mean time, in the trunk of the Irtysh River, average thorium content is 0.019 μg/L while U is up to 2.234 μg/L, much higher than the average content （0.0309 μg/L） of the world rivers. From upstream to downstream in the trunk of the Irtysh River, thorium content declines gradually due to dilution by other branches and deposition itself.     

Distribution of natural uranium,thorium, lead,and polonium radionuclides in tidal phases of a Delaware salt marsh

Natural radionuclides in the uranium and thorium series were measured in solid tidal phases (suspended particles, bottom sediment, surface microlayer colloids) of a salt marsh in lower Delaware. The purpose was to identify potential processes responsible for trace element cycling (sources, redistribution and exchange) in salt water marshes and with their coastal waters. Generally, concentrations of U, Th,²¹⁰Pb, and²¹⁰Po on the tidal solid phases suggest a general mechanism by which tidal marshes appear to be trapping the nuclides into their interiors. The processes may include transport of enriched fine particles into the marsh, capture by salt marsh grass and chemical fixation by redox processes at the sediment surface. Specifically, the uranium contents of most of the samples are similar with activity ratios²³⁴U²³⁸U≧1, indicating a mixture of detrital and nondetrital (authigenic) uranium inputs such as seawater or ground water. Since the²³⁰Th daughter is generally deficient by about 50%, the authigenic enrichment process appears to favor uranium and is potentially linked to the extensive diagenetic sulfur redox cycle of salt marsh sediments. The²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb activity ratio is less than one on Spartina adsorbed solids, and could suggest a general process in salt marshes which favors²¹⁰Pb enrichment by atmospheric fallout over enrichment of²¹⁰Po on time scales of weeks which correspond to complete tide marsh exchange. A²²⁸Th/²³²Th activity ratio of less than unity on the solids adsorbed onto marsh grass suggests a net process whereby diffusive loss of the intermediate daughter²²⁸Ra from the adsorbed solids to tidal waters dominates over potential²²⁸Th scavenging by suspended sediment.     

Determination of uranium and thorium in meteorites by the delayed neutron method

Delayed neutron measurements of U and Th in three meteorites yield the following values:

     

17.

含铀砂岩试样的预处理和铀钍同时测定方法研究     

朱樱  李功顺  白静梅  齐玲  郭光珍 《铀矿地质》2008,24(5)

研究了含铀砂岩试样的预处理方法,采用过氧化钠熔融, CTMAB凝聚,有效地消除了硅酸溶胶对铀钍分离富集的影响,与示波极谱法衔接,同时测定铀钍.铀钍的线性范围为0.001～0.500 μg/10 mL,检出限铀为8.63×10-6 μg/mL,钍为5.16×10-6 μg/mL.本法用于砂岩型铀矿中铀钍含量小于5×10-6样品的连续测定,结果满意.     

18.

上海地区单桩水平承载力的若干影响因素研究     

侯胜男 《岩土力学》2015,36(Z2):565-570

结合上海软土地区12个场地57根单桩水平静载荷试验,研究建筑桩基单桩在水平荷载作用下的受力特点。根据试验实测数据,探讨不同桩径、不同试验加载方法及灌芯对预应力空心桩受力性状影响等因素,认为建筑工程中,可选择桩径较大或者采用在桩顶一定范围内扩大桩径的做法进行单桩水平承载力优化设计,试验加载方式建议可采用单向单循环恒速水平加载法,预应力空心桩顶部灌芯可作为水平承载力的安全储备,为软土地区类似工程的单桩水平承载力的设计和理论研究提供参考。     

19.

Behavior of uranium and thorium during evolution of Mesozoic volcanic apparatuses in Transbaykal     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):1642-1646

As the composition of volcanic rocks changes from intermediate to acidic, their concentrations of radioactive elements increase, in two out of the three volcanoes examined here. The reverse is true of the third volcano. Significant enrichment of uranium develops only in the latest portions of the melt, but thorium is enriched gradually and smoothly. U-Th and SiO₂-K correlations are found to be regionally obscure.     

20.

A uranium and thorium enriched province of the Fennoscandian shield in southern Norway     

P.G Killeen  K.S Heier 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1975,39(11):1515-1524

The Precambrian Flå, Iddefjord, and Bohus granites lie along a line striking roughly northwest which crosses the Permian Oslo Province to the southwest of Oslo. Radioelement investigations in the three bodies show they all contain abnormally high thorium and uranium concentrations relative to the published literature on average radioelement contents of granitic rocks. Trend surface analysis of the radioelement distribution in the Iddefjord granite suggests there was relative movement of uranium to the east with respect to thorium, possibly as the result of Permian activity in the adjacent rocks. Geological considerations, radiometric evidence and published gravimetric data suggest that the 3 granites represent a continuous belt enriched in thorium and uranium during the Sveconorwegian orogeny. A portion of the belt was later involved in the Permian igneous activity which produced the igneous Oslo Province. There is some evidence that the Permian Drammen and Finnemarka granites represent that part of the belt which was modified in Permian time.     

Bruderheim	U (ppb)	Th(ppb)
Bruderheim	$\text{14.5 ± 1.0}$	$\text{171 ± 65}$
Peace River	$\text{11.8 ± 0.7}$	$\text{96 ± 46}$
Stannern	$\text{220 ± 6}$	$\text{563 ± 190}$

含铀砂岩试样的预处理和铀钍同时测定方法研究

研究了含铀砂岩试样的预处理方法,采用过氧化钠熔融, CTMAB凝聚,有效地消除了硅酸溶胶对铀钍分离富集的影响,与示波极谱法衔接,同时测定铀钍.铀钍的线性范围为0.001～0.500 μg/10 mL,检出限铀为8.63×10-6 μg/mL,钍为5.16×10-6 μg/mL.本法用于砂岩型铀矿中铀钍含量小于5×10-6样品的连续测定,结果满意.     

上海地区单桩水平承载力的若干影响因素研究

结合上海软土地区12个场地57根单桩水平静载荷试验,研究建筑桩基单桩在水平荷载作用下的受力特点。根据试验实测数据,探讨不同桩径、不同试验加载方法及灌芯对预应力空心桩受力性状影响等因素,认为建筑工程中,可选择桩径较大或者采用在桩顶一定范围内扩大桩径的做法进行单桩水平承载力优化设计,试验加载方式建议可采用单向单循环恒速水平加载法,预应力空心桩顶部灌芯可作为水平承载力的安全储备,为软土地区类似工程的单桩水平承载力的设计和理论研究提供参考。     

Behavior of uranium and thorium during evolution of Mesozoic volcanic apparatuses in Transbaykal

As the composition of volcanic rocks changes from intermediate to acidic, their concentrations of radioactive elements increase, in two out of the three volcanoes examined here. The reverse is true of the third volcano. Significant enrichment of uranium develops only in the latest portions of the melt, but thorium is enriched gradually and smoothly. U-Th and SiO₂-K correlations are found to be regionally obscure.     

A uranium and thorium enriched province of the Fennoscandian shield in southern Norway

The Precambrian Flå, Iddefjord, and Bohus granites lie along a line striking roughly northwest which crosses the Permian Oslo Province to the southwest of Oslo. Radioelement investigations in the three bodies show they all contain abnormally high thorium and uranium concentrations relative to the published literature on average radioelement contents of granitic rocks. Trend surface analysis of the radioelement distribution in the Iddefjord granite suggests there was relative movement of uranium to the east with respect to thorium, possibly as the result of Permian activity in the adjacent rocks. Geological considerations, radiometric evidence and published gravimetric data suggest that the 3 granites represent a continuous belt enriched in thorium and uranium during the Sveconorwegian orogeny. A portion of the belt was later involved in the Permian igneous activity which produced the igneous Oslo Province. There is some evidence that the Permian Drammen and Finnemarka granites represent that part of the belt which was modified in Permian time.