热带地转适应运动的动力学基础

文中讨论了热带斜压大气地转适应过程中的若干动力学约束关系 ,在不考虑行星位势涡度梯度的前提下给出了三维重力惯性波的频散方程、位势涡度时间不变式。在这基础上指出由于 Taylor- Proudman定理成立 ,运动将趋于水平化。同时指出 ,在热带纬圈半地转平衡更易出现。地转适应后的运动 ,一般是水平无辐散的 ,虽然垂直运动趋于零 ,但物理场随高度仍然有变化 ,即是层结的。     

大气运动中的快速过程

文中利用时间边界层概念研究了大气运动中的快过程,发现:对的大尺度运动,在时间上可以区分为静力适应过程,地转适应过程及水平无辐散适应过程三个快过程,以静力适应过程为最快,地转适应过程次之,水平无辐散适应过程最慢。对L=L_0的大尺度运动,静力适应过程仍为最快,地转适应过程与水平无辐散适应过程在时间上已难以区分。对L相似文献   

低纬斜压两层模式大气半地转适应过程

利用斜压两层模式研究了赤道平面近似下的低纬热带大气适应过程。指出低纬斜压大气适应过程主要受重力惯性内波控制。通过重力惯性内波对初始非地转能量的频散，使纬向运动达到地转平衡，而经向维持非地转运动，正压模式下称为半地转平衡，斜压模式下称为半热成风平衡。通过对垂直运动方程的求解，可知，垂直运动只与重力惯性内波相联系，其产生与初始斜压位涡度无关，而只与初始时刻的垂直运动和垂直运动倾向有关，半地转适应使运动趋向水平运动。讨论了半热成风平衡的建立及其物理机制，指出由于重力惯性内波激发出垂直运动，与垂直运动相联系的水平辐合辐散调整流场和温度场之间的关系，使温压场最终达到半热成风平衡。通过对适应过程终态的分析，指出平均温度场和切变流场之间的适应方向决定于初始非半地转扰动的尺度与斜压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径有关的特征尺度的比值，当比值大于１时，切变流场向平均温度场适应；当比值小于１时，平均温度场向切变流场适应     

热带大气运动的特征

本文用小参数展开方法,探讨了热带大气中的特征运动及其基本属性.理论分析表明: 热带地区的超长波系统有中纬度长波的类似性质.其快过程是地转适应过程,有重力惯性波的活动;而慢过程在零级近似下是地转风,流场具有水平无辐散性质,在一级近似下是类似Rossby波的慢波,运动满足位涡度守恒的条件. 热带大气中的中间尺度运动,时间尺度远大于平流时间时为旋转风,是一种定常涡旋;时间尺度近于平流时间时,运动是水平无辐散的,且保持相对涡度守恒;若时间尺度远小于平流时间,则表现为重力波的活动. 热带大气中水平尺度近于10~6米     

环流调整机制的动力学剖析

本文从基本方程出发,求得并讨论了层结参数方程和位势涡度方程。从位势涡度方程可以看出:①绝热无摩擦大气运动中的位涡守恒仅在正压条件下或者在地转平衡条件下才能成立;②在无摩擦大气运动中,绝热假定同热流量垂直方向按A_0(x、y、t)ρ~(R/C_ρ)分布在正压或满足地转平衡条件下是等效的;③位涡从不守恒到重新守恒的过程,即动力激发数M→0的过程是斜压地转偏差产生和热流量输送改变的过程。这种过程我们称之为动力激发适应过程。 通过对上述过程的讨论,我们进一步探讨了环流调整(包括斜压地转偏差的产生和适应)的机制和条件。由于斜压地转偏差的产生同适应过程一样是快过程,因此环流调整是一个快过程。当R=U/fL和中够小时,容易发生环流调整。 最后我们还讨论了大气运动的动态平衡的破坏和建立。指出:斜压地转偏差的产生是在位涡不守恒情况下产生的,而地转偏差的适应却是在位涡守恒的情况下进行的;环流调整时间是同天文潮汐力场转折性变化和热流量分布的转折性变化时间是同步的。     

热带大气半地转适应理论的尺度分析和物理机制

对热带大气行星尺度运动所做的尺度分析和物理分析表明:热带大气 的行星尺度运动在y方向容易实现气压梯度力与Coriolis力的平衡，它称为纬圈的 半地转运动。半地转平衡的建立过程，也就是半地转适应过程相对是很短暂的，它不需 要考虑f=β0y随y的变化，因而主要依靠惯性重力波为频散；而半地转平 衡建立后的演变过程相对是很缓慢的，它主要受Kelvin波和Rossby波控制。     

论大气运动的多时态特征——适应、发展和准定常演变

对中国气象学家在地转适应和运动多时态特征方面的研究作了概要性总结。其中主要介绍在风、压场的地转适应以及适应过程完成后,尚可区别出以Rossby波频散为特征的发展过程,和以平流过程为特征的准定常演变过程。文中指出,运动的多时态特征是由于动力系统中存在多种物理过程造成,因此在小尺度、中尺度以及热带大尺度运动中都存在适应、发展和准定常演变过程。文中进而指出,这种多时态特征也存在于海气耦合的气候系统中,以及更复杂的气候系统中,也即带有一定的普遍性。     

热带大气和海洋的半地转适应和发展运动

半地转适应和半地转发展是热带大气和海洋运动的两种基本形态,它们在时间上是可分的,反映了不同的物理过程。当初始扰动作用于大气或海洋时,首先将激发出重力惯性波,当重力惯性波频散后,建立起半地转的平衡状态,此后运动进入到以Rossby波（长波或短波）、Kelvin波和混合波中的Rossby短波为主导的发展状态。文中研究的纬圈半地转适应和发展运动,是Gill长波近似模式的理论基础。同时研究了经圈半地转适应和发展运动,实际上这相当于短波近似模式,它可以应用到研究海洋经圈边界附近的一类问题。     

超长波尺度运动中的快速过程

在[1]中,我们曾经讨论了大尺度运动、中小尺度运动中的快速过程,指出,对大尺度运动,在时间上可以区分出静力适应过程、地转适应过程和水平无辐散适应过程三类快过程。静力适应过程最快,地转适应过程和无辐散适应过程的相对快慢程度与运动的尺度L相对于Rossby变形半径L_0的大小有关。当L>L_0时,地转适应过程比无辐散适应过程快;当L相似文献   

第十二讲 大气中的地转适应过程

大尺度大气运动的重要特点之一,是运动处于准地转平衡状态。因此大气中必定存在着一种物理过程,使得一旦偏离平衡状态时能迅速恢复,这就是“地转适应过程”,这是四十年代C.G.Rossby首先提出的。早期的研究都认为气压场主要向风场适应,通过重力波的频散来完成。重力波将有限空间内风、压场间的不平衡能量带到了整个空间,于是单位空间中的不平衡能量就接近于零了。     

THE DYNAMICAL BASIS OF GEOSTROPHIC ADJUSTMENT MOTIONS IN TROPICS

Some dynamic constrains in the process of the tropical baroclinic geostrophic adjustment arediscussed.The dispersion equation of three-dimensional inertia-gravitational wave and the equation oftemporal conservation of potential vorticity are given,without considering the gradient of planetarypotential vorticity.It indicates that the motions will be horizontal,meaning that Taylor-Proudmantheorem is still right for tropics.At the same time,the semi-geostrophic balance is easier to appear inthe tropical belt.Therefore the motions are generally horizontal and non-divergent,but still arestratified after the geostrophic balance establishes.     

THE DYNAMICAL BASIS OF GEOSTROPHIC ADJUSTMENT MOTIONS IN TROPICS*

Some dynamic constrains in the process of the tropical baroclinic geostrophic adjustment are discussed.The dispersion equation of three-dimensional inertia-gravitational wave and the equation of temporal conservation of potential vorticity are given,without considering the gradient of planetary potential vorticity.It indicates that the motions will be horizontal,meaning that Taylor-Proudman theorem is still right for tropics.At the same time,the semi-geostrophic balance is easier to appear in the tropical belt.Therefore the motions are generally horizontal and non-divergent,but still are stratified after the geostrophic balance establishes.     

A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE GEOSTROPHIC ADJUSTMENT PROCESS

In this paper,a numerical simulation of the geostrophic adjustment process with C-grid network is illustrated.A difference scheme which has the energy and potential vorticity conserving relation consistent with the differential equations is given,and the effect of some time difference schemes on dispersion of the gravity-inertia wave is discussed.An improved forward-backward time integration scheme is proposed for keeping the computational stability.The effect of various boundary conditions for a finite region model On the gravity-inertia wave is shown by some calculated results.     

地转风适应过程的数值试验研究

本文用C—网格模拟了地转风适应过程,给出了能量及位涡守恒关系和微分方程相一致的一种差分格式,并讨论了时间差分对重力惯性波频散特性的影响。为了保持计算稳定性,提出了一种改进的向前向后时间积分方法。通过实例计算,说明了有限区域各种边界条件对重力惯性波传播的影响。     

突发性灾害天气特征及发生条件的动力学剖析

通过对中纬度地区大,中尺度突发性灾害天气的动力学分析表明：突发性灾害天气具有委和相对稳定演变的特征;激发过程是在湿位涡趋向于零的条件下,由于影响湿位涡的各项因子动态不平衡而的湿位涡不守恒过程,在中纬度地区表现为地转偏差的激发过程。     

DIAGNOSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISM OF THE EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE USING POTENTIAL VORTICITY INVERSION OF FRONTOGENESIS

This paper diagnoses and analyses the developmental mechanism of a process of extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone which occurred over West Pacific Ocean based on a diagnosis method of potential vorticity inversion of frontogenesis.The study diagnoses quantitatively the role and effect of dynamic influence of westerly cold troughs,middle-latitude baroclinic frontal zones,cyclone cycles and unbalanced wind fields during the different stages of the extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone,and also discusses the interaction between them and the developmental mechanism.The results show that there are different developmental mechanisms during each stage of the extratropical transition and the processes are also unbalanced.     

EFFECT OF THE NONLINEAR TERM ON MOVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

The dynamics of tropical cyclone is investigated in a nondivergent barotropic model with nobasic flow. The effect of nonlinear term on the movement and development of tropical cyclone isemphatically demonstrated. The advection of asymmetric vorticity by the symmetric flow (AAVS)produces the small-scale gyres (SSGs). The SSGs counterclockwise rotate around the tropicalcyclone center. The interaction of SSGs with the large-scale beta gyres (LSBGs) leads to theoscillation in translation speed and vacillation in translation direction for tropical cyclone. Theadvection of symmetric vorticity by the asymmetric flow (ASVA) steers the symmetric circulationof tropical cyclone. The ventilation flow vector determined by the asymmetric flow is closecorrelated with the motion vector of tropical cyclone. The nonlinear advection of relative vorticityis an order of magnitude greater than the linear advection of planetary vorticity, However, theasymmetric circulation created by the planetary vorticity advection provides a background conditionfor anomalous motions of the tropical cyclone. The combination of the linear and nonlinear effectsresults in accelerated, decelerated, changing direction and/or counterclockwise looping motions ofthe tropical cyclone.     

DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STREAM FIELD OF COLD FRONT IN BOUNDARY LAYER

The motion equation of atmospheric boundary layer with cold front surface under geostrophicmomentum approximation is solved and some characteristics of the stream field for the cold frontsurface in the boundary layer are derived,for example,the slope of the cold front surface increaseswith the increases of geostrophic vorticity and the temporal tendency of geostrophic wind speed,and also increases with the decrease of the component of thermal wind speed along the motiondirection of the front:the stream field above and below the cold front surface in the boundary layerdepends on the slope of the front surface,geostrophic wind speed and its temporal and spatialdistributions.A common characteristic is that there exist updraft motion above the cold frontsurface and downdraft motion below it.     

EFFECT OF THE NONLINEAR TERM ON MOVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE*

The dynamics of tropical cyclone is investigated in a nondivergent barotropic model with no basic flow. The effect of nonlinear term on the movement and development of tropical cyclone is emphatically demonstrated. The advection of asymmetric vorticity by the symmetric flow(AAVS) produces the small-scale gyres(SSGs). The SSGs counterclockwise rotate around the tropical cyclone center. The interaction of SSGs with the large-scale beta gyres(LSBGs) leads to the oscillation in translation speed and vacillation in translation direction for tropical cyclone. The advection of symmetric vorticity by the asymmetric flow(ASVA) steers the symmetric circulation of tropical cyclone. The ventilation flow vector determined by the asymmetric flow is close correlated with the motion vector of tropical cyclone. The nonlinear advection of relative vorticity is an order of magnitude greater than the linear advection of planetary vorticity, However, the asymmetric circulation created by the planetary vorticity advection provides a background condition for anomalous motions of the tropical cyclone. The combination of the linear and nonlinear effects results in accelerated, decelerated, changing direction and/or counterclockwise looping motions of the tropical cyclone.