海滩盐度对两种红树叶的碳水化合物和含氮化合物含量的影响

本文探讨福建九龙江口不同地段海滩盐度的变化对两种红树植物(秋茄和桐花树)的叶片中碳水化合物和含氮化合物含量的影响。试验结果表明:当土壤盐度(3—12‰)逐渐上升时,叶片中总糖量、淀粉量和可溶性糖含量随之上升;反之,当土壤盐度上升时,叶片中总氮量和可溶性蛋白质含量却下降。但它们在土壤盐度10‰时,都有一个波动反应的现象。     

九龙江口红树植物叶片重金属元素含量及动态

本文探讨了福建九龙江口潮间带秋茄、木榄、红海榄、白骨壤和桐花树等红树植物叶片重金属元素Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ的含量及动态。结果表明，该河口红树林区表层土壤沉积物元素含量顺序为Ｍｎ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｐｂ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｄ；５种红树植物叶片元素含量顺序为Ｍｎ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｐｂ〉Ｃｄ；不同物种叶片元素含量大都有明显差异；叶片对土壤元素富集系数，以Ｍｎ、Ｃｄ较高，Ｐｂ最低；随叶片从幼叶－成熟叶－黄叶的生长发育，Ｍｎ     

盐胁迫对海滨香豌豆叶片三种物质含量的影响

实验检测在不同浓度的盐胁迫及不同的胁迫时间下，海滨香豌豆叶片内脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖三种成份含量的变化。得出：脯氨酸含量随盐胁迫浓度和胁迫时间变化呈现一定的正相关；可溶性蛋白则呈相对比较稳定的趋势；而可溶性糖则呈无规则变化。这些结果表明，在以上三指标中，脯氨酸对盐胁迫起主要的调节作用。     

广西英罗港3种红树植物叶片保护酶的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法对广西英罗港内滩和中滩红树林中的白骨壤Avicennia marina、桐花树Ae-giceras corniculatum和秋茄Kandelia candel叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶进行了电泳分离及酶活力测定,同时测定了红树植物采样点土壤的Mn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn 6种重金属元素的含量。结果表明:(1)内滩的3种红树植物叶片的POD同工酶的带数或酶活力均大于中滩;桐花树和秋茄SOD同工酶的变化趋势与POD相似,但酶活力变化幅度小于POD。(2)土壤中各种重金属含量的大小顺序是Mn>Cr>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd,中滩高于内滩。(3)桐花树POD同工酶活力变化可对土壤重金属污染起指示作用。     

三种红树根部组织抗氧化酶活性对水淹胁迫的响应

以自然种群高程分布为根据, 选择对潮汐浸泡耐性存在一定差异的白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)为实验树种。对3种红树幼苗进行为期0d、1d、3d、5d、7d、14d的水淹处理, 测定其根部组织的过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性、抗坏血酸氧化酶(ascorbic acid oxidase, APX)活性和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性。水淹处理会导致植物根部组织受低氧胁迫从而破坏活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)生产和消除的平衡, ROS大量累积给植物带来氧化损伤。实验测定与清除ROS有关的酶指标, 结果表明POD活性在1d至14d的水淹周期内随时间呈现上升趋势, 这可能与POD参与活性氧以及乙醇、乳酸等有毒物质的反应有关。CAT、SOD、APX活性均呈现应激上升后下降趋势, 由此推断该系列抗氧化酶在水淹胁迫发生前中期对消除红树植物根部组织大量产生的活性氧具有重要意义。抗氧化酶系在3种红树植物中的表达存在一定差异, 但整体仍呈相似的变化趋势。通过层次聚类法对各项酶活性指标分析后发现, 白骨壤抗氧化酶系的活性模式与木榄和桐花树的存在一定差异, 但没有发现木榄与桐花树抗氧化酶系统表达模式的明显差异。本研究旨在更好地了解红树林对水淹胁迫的生理适应机制, 为红树林生态系统保护与管理提供理论依据。     

不同盐胁迫时间下秋茄幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化作用的研究

对长时间和短时间盐胁迫下红树植物秋茄(Kandelin candel)叶片膜脂过氧化作用、叶绿素含量、电解质渗透率、叶片肉质化程度等与盐胁迫强度之间的关系进行了对比研究.结果表明,短时间盐胁迫和长时间盐胁迫下秋茄叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶片肉质化程度等随盐胁迫强度的提高而有不同的变化规律.在短时间盐胁迫下,随基质盐度的提高,SOD活性(fw)变化呈“U”型,在盐度15～20处叶片SOD活性最低,MDA含量变化不明显,电解质渗透率和叶片肉质化程度先升高而后下降,在盐度20处最高;在长时间盐胁迫下,SOD活性先随盐度的提高而提高,当盐度高于10时又随盐度的提高而下降,而MDA含量随盐胁迫程度的提高而下降,电解质渗透率和肉质化程度却上升,不同盐胁迫时间下红树植物秋茄具有不同的耐盐机制.膜脂过氧化不是盐胁迫下秋茄叶片膜损伤的主要原因.     

红树植物白骨壤叶片衰老过程中叶肉细胞Ca2+水平的变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法，研究了白骨壤叶片衰老过程中叶肉细胞Ca^2 水平的变化．结果表明，在白骨壤幼叶和成熟叶叶肉细胞中，焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒大量出现在液池和细胞间隙中，细胞壁中也可见少量沉淀，而细胞基质中则看不到焦锑酸钙沉淀．在衰老叶中，细胞基质和细胞膜上焦锑酸钙沉淀增加，而液泡和细胞间隙中的锑酸钙沉淀则显著减少，并且叶绿体外膜部分破损，结构破坏，核膜与液泡膜内部结构模糊，叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气扎手率和蒸腾速率显著下降．Ca^2 的区域性分布的变化与植物叶片衰老密切相关。     

盐度胁迫对香港牡蛎部分生化指标的影响

为探究盐度胁迫下香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)生化指标的变化规律,了解盐度适应过程中牡蛎的代谢机制,本研究以盐度0、8、16、32、40为胁迫盐度,以正常海水(盐度24)为对照,开展香港牡蛎对盐度胁迫的响应研究。结果显示,各实验盐度组糖原含量在盐度胁迫0～8 h内下降,且盐度胁迫幅度越大糖原含量降幅越大,胁迫8 h后则无明显的变化规律。腺苷酸激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)、组蛋白/蛋白去乙酰化酶(SIRT1)和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力的变化规律相似:在0～8 h内,各实验组酶活力均急剧下降(SIRT1上升);8～48 h内,酶活力上升;48～120 h内,酶活力逐渐趋于平稳状态,总体表现为盐度越高,酶活力越强,并与胁迫前有明显差异,且盐度胁迫幅度越高,差异越明显。总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)总体表现出高盐胁迫下随时间的增加而升高,低盐胁迫下随时间的增加而降低,且盐度胁迫幅度越大,T-AOC活力的变化幅度越大。实验结果初步表明,香港牡蛎糖原含量与渗透压调节存在一定的关系,AMPK、SIRT1、Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力及T-AOC均与渗透压调节密切相关,且在高盐胁迫下随时间的增加而升高,低盐胁迫下随时间的增加而降低。     

九龙江口秋茄和白骨壤的渗透调节剂及其贡献

于1994年和1995年,在福建省九龙江口龙海市海岸采集秋茄和白骨壤样品,采用原子吸收分光光度法、而定法和比色法分析了其叶片组织中无机和有机渗透调节剂的含量及其贡献。结果表明,秋茄和白骨壤的无机渗透调节剂在总渗透调节中的贡献分别为87.8％和87．4％,有机渗透调节剂的贡献仅分别为12．2％和12．6％。在无机渗透调节剂中,Na 和Cl-占主导地位,其次为K ,而Ca2 、Mg2 和NO3-的贡献很小。在有机渗透调节剂中,可溶性糖占主导地位,游离氨基酸和有机酸的贡献较小。另外,秋茄和白骨壤根据分析的无机和有机渗透调节剂浓度计算出的渗透调节能力均小于实测值,说明存在其它一些未知的渗透调节剂。     

盐度骤降胁迫对大黄鱼血清生化组分的影响

以大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)为研究对象,通过研究急性低盐度胁迫对大黄鱼血清生化组分的影响,评估盐度骤降引起鱼体的应激反应。急性低盐度(15、8)胁迫下,在72h的实验周期中,大黄鱼血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量整体显著下降(P<0.05);血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)及球蛋白(GLB)含量在15盐度胁迫下呈波动变化,与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),8盐度胁迫下,TP含量呈显著下降后逐渐升高趋势;血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(CHOL)含量在15盐度胁迫下均在初始阶段显著变化后逐渐恢复至对照组水平,而8低盐胁迫后二者含量均在实验后期(48 h和72 h)大幅度显著升高;血清中的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量在低盐胁迫下均显著高于对照组水平,且呈现出盐度相关性。研究结果表明,急性低盐胁迫会引起鱼体应激反应,实际生产中应避免养殖环境盐度的剧烈变化。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.