中国北方森林植被主要表土花粉类型对植被的指示性

中国北方森林植被68个表土花粉样品中,主要花粉类型联合指数(A)、超代表性指数(O)、低代表性指数(U)、R值、植被不存在时花粉百分比最大值(X_a)和平均值(M_a)、植被存在时花粉百分比最大值(X_p)和平均值(M_p)的计算表明:胡桃、青檀、禾本科、菊科、莎草科、皂荚等A值较高,O值及U值均较低,对植被指示明显,为适中代表性类型;云杉、冷杉、栎、鼠李、沙枣、落叶松、榆、杨、黄栌、花椒、木犀科、绣线菊、毛茛科、榛等,尽管A值和O值大于0.5,但X_a远低于M_p,R值小于1,对植被指示意义较明显,属低代表性类型;桦、松、蒿、藜科等,A值适中,O值和R值较高,U值较低,但X_a,X_p和M_a值较高,属超代表性类型,对植被有一定的指示意义;其他花粉类型对植被指示性不明显或需进一步研究。花粉百分比与植物盖度关系研究表明,多数在森林中建群或为优势成分的乔木花粉与母体植物呈显著线性相关关系,森林植被中的伴生乔木、灌木和多数草本花粉与植物盖度无明显的线性相关关系。松花粉30%以上,可能有松林存在;云、冷杉林中云杉、冷杉花粉高于20%,无云杉植物存在时云、冷杉花粉低于5%;落叶松林中落叶松花粉低于20%,落叶松...     

中国北方几种主要森林群落表土花粉组合特征研究

中国北方68个不同森林群落表土花粉研究表明,东部森林区森林群落中乔木花粉百分比多数大于30%,草本花粉百分比小于50%;草原区河谷林和低山林带乔木花粉百分比低于30%,草本植物花粉高于50%。松、云冷杉林和桦木林花粉组合中的优势成分也是群落中的优势植物;落叶松林中蒿花粉含量最高,其次为松、落叶松;山杨林中松、桦是最主要花粉类型;栎、胡桃、鹅耳枥及青檀林中,除建群种外,松是最主要的乔木花粉类型,中华卷柏也较多;阔叶杂木林与油松阔叶混交林花粉组成相似,松、桦、中华卷柏是最主要的花粉类型。降趋对应分析、主坐标分析和聚类分析研究表明云冷杉、落叶松和桦林花粉组合及所代表的生境具有一定的相似性,为最耐寒喜湿类型;沙枣、榆树疏林和草原区人工杨树林花粉组合及所代表的生境为最喜干旱类型;山杨林较桦木林略喜暖干,栎林、鹅耳枥林和青檀林较山杨林更喜暖干,胡桃楸林为所有森林类型中最喜暖类型,但喜湿性低于桦木林高于栎林。森林区松蒿比(P/A)大于0.1,草原区松蒿比小于0.1。松林、油松阔叶混交林和阔叶杂木林以高松蒿比、高蕨类与草本比值(F/H)和低蒿藜比(A/C)为特征,云冷杉、落叶松和桦林以低松蒿比、低蕨类与草本比值和高蒿藜比为特征,栎、胡桃、鹅耳枥、杨、青檀等阔叶林以高松蒿比、高蒿藜比和低蕨类与草本比值,可与落叶阔叶杂木林、油松阔叶混交林、松林、桦林和针叶林区分开。但这些比值的可操作性,有待进一步研究。     

东北三江平原几个钻孔剖面的孢粉组合分析及其意义

三江平原位于我国东北的边陲,系黑龙江、松花江、乌苏里江汇流而成的冲积平原。其位置在东经129°11′20″至135°5′10″,北纬43°49′55′至48°27′40″(图1)。     

Modern pollen spectra from lake sediments in Finland and Finnmark, north Norway

Absolute (APF) and relative surface pollen spectra from 67 moderate-sized lakes in Finland and Finnmark are presented as pollen diagrams and isopoll maps and analysed by multidimensional scaling. The results are applicable to problems of regional vegetational history through comparisons of pollen spectra and the use of R-values. It is shown that relative spectra can discriminate the major vegetational regions. APFs give better resolution among northern forest regions and low APFs characterize tundra. Gradients of tree-pollen percentages in south and central Finland are related quantitatively to the major forest gradients, which are azonal, mainly related to soils, and affected but not obscured by human influence. Forest clearance is reflected in frequencies of various non-tree pollen types. Non-tree pollen and spores also provide vegetational and climatic information in the far north.     

Climate and environment on the Karelian Isthmus, northwestern Russia, 13000-9000 cal. yrs BP

Sediment sequences retrieved from Lake Medvedevskoye (60°13'N; 29°54'E) and Lake Pastorskoye (60°13'N; 30°02'E), Karelian Isthmus, northwestern Russia, were analysed for lithology, pollen and diatom stratigraphy, total organic carbon content and mineral magnetic parameters. Age control for both sequences was provided by AMS ¹⁴C measurements and the Vedde Ash tephra. The reconstructed climatic and environmental development shows the deglaciation of the sites and the establishment of sparse shrub and herb/grass vegetation before 12650 cal. yrs BP ('Allerød'; GI-1a). Steppe tundra and cold, dry conditions prevailed until about 11000 cal. yrs BP, i.e. throughout the 'Younger Dryas' (GS-1) and the earliest Holocene. The establishment of open Picea-Pinus-Betula forest around the lakes at about 11 000 cal. yrs BP coincides with the first distinct change towards gradually warmer and more humid climatic conditions. Boreal forest with Picea, Pinus, Betula, Alnus incana and Corylus was present at the lower altitude site between c. 10700 and 10200 cal. yrs BP, while open Betula-Pinus forest continued to dominate the vegetation around the higher altitude site. After a short, possibly colder, phase around 10200-10000 cal. yrs BP, which is expressed by a marked reduction in vegetation cover and decreased lake productivity, climatic conditions became significantly warmer and possibly more humid. Boreal forest with Pinus, Betula, Picea, Alnus incana, Corylus and Ulmus became widespread in the region after 10000 cal. yrs BP. The delayed environmental response of the lakes and their catchment to hemispheric warming at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary may be explained by a sustained blocking of westerly air masses due to the presence of the Scandinavian ice sheet and associated strengthened easterlies and anticy-clonic circulation and/or extensive permafrost.     

Isopollen maps and principal components analysis of Finnish pollen data for 4000, 6000, and 8000 years ago

Isopollen maps of Betula, Pinus, Alnus, Corylus , and Ulmus for 4000, 6000, and 8000 B.P. and of Picea, Tilia , and Quercus for 4000 and 6000 U.P. are presented for Finland. The maps show the major geographical patterns in pollen composition for these three time intervals. Principal components analysis is used as a means of detecting the major gradients in the data. Over 50% of the total variance in the data for each of the three time intervals can he related to major geographical patterns. These patterns emphasize the distinction in pollen composition between southernmost Finland, central Finland, and the extreme north. Changes in the position of the ecotonal boundaries between these areas with time are discussed on the basis of the numerical analyses.     

殷墟文化发生的环境背景及人类活动的影响

不同农业单元122个表土样品花粉分析结果表明,安阳地区表土花粉组合中草本植物花粉含量最高,以禾本科、蒿属、藜科和十字花科为主,乔木植物花粉百分含量较低,以松属、桦属、胡桃属、黄栌属、栎属为主,应为西部太行山区传播而来。汪家店和茶店陂两个全新世地层自然剖面孢粉分析表明,约 10000cal.aB.P.以前,安阳地区分布着以松属、栎属、桦属等为主的落叶阔叶林;  约 10000～8200cal.aB.P.,气候变暖,降水量增加,森林植被中夹杂着常绿栎等亚热带树种;  约 8200～3400cal.aB.P.,安阳地区进入全新世大暖期,森林植被演变为亚热带落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林;  商王朝在安阳地区建都后（3400cal.aB.P.后）,乔木植物花粉急剧减少,草本植物花粉和中华卷柏百分含量升高,表明森林被大量砍伐,砍伐后的林地开垦为农田,主要种植禾本科等农作物;  两条剖面上部的冲积层中出现大量中华卷柏孢子,表明森林植被破坏后水土流失加剧。古地貌面孢粉分析也证明殷商时期安阳地区生长有亚热带落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林,气候和植被条件适于野象生存;  殷墟附近为禾本科农作物花粉高含量区,表明殷商时期农业已具一定规模。     

柴达木盆地东部36～18kaB.P.期间的孢粉记录及其气候环境

对柴达木盆地察尔汗古贝壳堤剖面的沉积物进行孢粉分析,结果显示这个地区植被与气候在晚更新世中晚期经历以下几个阶段的变化:36.2～31.2kaB.P.(未校正14C年代,下同)期间,以禾本科、藜科、蒿属、莎草科为主,发育草原-草甸植被,气候温和湿润,盘星藻出现较多,反映淡水湖泊,水深在10m左右;31.2～27.6kaB.P.期间,松属、云杉属、桦属等为主的木本植物的含量增加,周围山地森林发育,表明气候温暖,降水量增多。但由于蒸发量大,有效湿度下降,荒漠成分柽柳属等增加,盘星藻在30kaB.P.以后消失,反映湖泊盐度增大;27.6～23.3kaB.P.期间,植被中荒漠成分显著增加,周围山地森林萎缩,气候趋向相对寒冷干旱,湖面积缩小;23.3～18.0kaB.P.,孢粉浓度很低,蒺藜科、藜科等荒漠成分明显增加,植被稀疏,已趋向荒漠化草原,反映气候寒冷干旱。从整个剖面来看,主要的陆生植物孢粉类型为禾本科、柽柳属、蒺藜科、麻黄属、松属、云杉属、柏科、胡桃属和桦属等,藜科和蒿属含量很少,这与柴达木盆地东部地区的表土分析结果完全不同,也与其他草原以及荒漠草原的表土花粉结果相异。这说明晚更新世中晚期柴达木盆地东部地区的植被和现在无法进行比较,气候环境与现在显著不同。     

Time-transgressive early Holocene vegetational succession following shore displacement: a case study from central Sweden

Deglaciation took place in eastern Jämtland and Ångermanland in central Sweden c . 10 500–10 200 cal. yr BP. In the present study, vegetation development and shore displacement during the earliest ice-free period are investigated by ¹⁴C dating of sediment from six isolated lake basins and by pollen analysis. A brief but distinct peak in Hippophaë occurs in all pollen diagrams coincident with basin isolation, followed by up to 500 years (varying locally) by an Alnus rise. The Alnus curve does not display a synchronous rise in the area. Its expansion below the highest shore level is time-transgressive and controlled mainly by the timing of basin isolation. The relationship between regional Alnus expansion and changes in hydrology and climate is discussed. The pollen diagrams show Pinus predominance with Corylus to the east (more coastal areas) and Betula predominance (though less pronounced) to the west during the period 10 200–9000 cal. yr BP. However, comparisons between sites suggest marked variability in the forest development. Shore displacement in easternmost Jämtland c . 10 300–9000 cal. yr BP is equal to or slightly more rapid than that of SE Ångermanland, contrary to the present pattern of isostatic recovery. A rapid shore level regression c . 10 300–10 000 cal. yr BP may be related to drainage of the Ancylus Lake.     

Charcoal analysis for paleoenvironmental interpretation: A chemical assay

Pollen and charcoal analysis of radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from Duck Pond in the Cape Cod National Seashore provide a continuous 12,000-yr vegetation and climate history of outer Cape Cod. A Picea-Hudsonia parkland and then a Picea-Pinus banksiana-Alnus crispa boreal forest association grew near the site between 12,000 and 10,000 yr B.P. This vegetation was replaced by a northern conifer forest of Pinus strobus-P. banksiana, and, subsequently, by a more mesophytic forest (Pinus strobus, Tsuga, Quercus, Fagus, Acer, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Ostrya) as the climate became warmer and wetter by 9500 yr B.P. By 9000 yr B.P. a Pinus rigida-Quercus association dominated the landscape. High charcoal frequencies from this and subsequent levels suggest that the pine barrens association developed during a warmer and drier climate that lasted from 9000 to about 5000 yr B.P. Increased percentages of Pinus strobus pollen indicate a return to moister and cooler conditions by about 3500 yr B.P. A doubled sedimentation rate, increased charcoal, and increased herb pollen suggest land disturbance near the pond before European settlement. These results suggest a rapid warming in the northeast in the early Holocene and support a hypothesis of a rapid sea level rise at that time. Comparison of the pollen results from Duck Pond with those from Rogers Lake, Connecticut, illustrates the importance of edaphic factors in determining the disturbance frequency and vegetation history of an area.     

A 12,000-year history of vegetation and climate for Cape Cod,Massachusetts

Pollen and charcoal analysis of radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from Duck Pond in the Cape Cod National Seashore provide a continuous 12,000-yr vegetation and climate history of outer Cape Cod. A Picea-Hudsonia parkland and then a Picea-Pinus banksiana-Alnus crispa boreal forest association grew near the site between 12,000 and 10,000 yr B.P. This vegetation was replaced by a northern conifer forest of Pinus strobus-P. banksiana, and, subsequently, by a more mesophytic forest (Pinus strobus, Tsuga, Quercus, Fagus, Acer, Ulmus, Fraxinus, Ostrya) as the climate became warmer and wetter by 9500 yr B.P. By 9000 yr B.P. a Pinus rigida-Quercus association dominated the landscape. High charcoal frequencies from this and subsequent levels suggest that the pine barrens association developed during a warmer and drier climate that lasted from 9000 to about 5000 yr B.P. Increased percentages of Pinus strobus pollen indicate a return to moister and cooler conditions by about 3500 yr B.P. A doubled sedimentation rate, increased charcoal, and increased herb pollen suggest land disturbance near the pond before European settlement. These results suggest a rapid warming in the northeast in the early Holocene and support a hypothesis of a rapid sea level rise at that time. Comparison of the pollen results from Duck Pond with those from Rogers Lake, Connecticut, illustrates the importance of edaphic factors in determining the disturbance frequency and vegetation history of an area.     

Holocene vegetation and climate dynamics of the boreal alpine ecotone of northwestern Fennoscandia

Climate change with respect to summer temperature throughout the Holocene is inferred from oscillations in the local Pinus sylvestris, Alnus incana and Betula pubescens forest‐lines, as recorded by fossil pollen and plant macrofossils in lake sediments at four altitudinal levels. Mt Skrubben (848 m a.s.l.), in Dividalen, was deglaciated down to below 280 m a.s.l. during 10 800–10 300 cal. yr BP. Betula pubescens established 10100 cal. yr BP at 280 m a.s.l. and expanded up to near the summit during the next 700 years. Birch woodland prevailed on the mountain plateau until 3300 cal. yr BP. Local Pinus sylvestris stands are recorded up to 400 m a.s.l. at 8450 cal. yr BP and >548 m a.s.l. about 8160 cal. yr BP. Alnus incana expanded from 400 to nearly 790 m a.s.l. during the period 7900–7600 cal. yr BP. The maximum forest distribution lasted until ca. 6000 cal. yr BP. Marked climatic deteriorations caused lowering of the forest‐lines around 4600 and 3000 cal. yr BP. Reconstruction of the summer temperature indicated mean July temperatures at 400 m a.s.l. of 1.5–3°C above the present during the period of maximum forest expansion, whereas >3°C above the present temperature at 548 m a.s.l. This is in accordance with other regional temperature reconstructions from northern Europe. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滇池晚更新世末期以来湖积环境分析

通过对滇池湖心区晚更新世末期以来的沉积剖面、沉积物及其化学组合、古地磁特征及孢粉组合的研究,初步确定了滇池上更新统与全新统的分界,认为自晚更新世末期以来,滇池一直维持着稳定的湖相沉积。晚更新世末期,滇池处于温凉偏于的相对浅水环境。全新世早期气候逐渐转暖,湿度渐增,湖水面积扩大且渐深,至全新世中期,气候变得温暖湿润,湖水面积进一步扩大变深。全新世晚期滇池气候又变得温凉偏干、处于湖水面积缩小的浅水环境。     

云南省玉龙雪山表土花粉垂直散布与植被关系研究

对云南省玉龙雪山地区8个垂直植被带下采集的49个表土样品进行表土孢粉的垂直散布研究,同时选择43个受人类活动干扰较少的样品和20个主要木本花粉类型进行了降维对应分析(DCA)。结果表明,玉龙雪山地区不同垂直植被带的孢粉组合具有不同的代表性成分与变化特征,能够较好地反映相应的植被带类型。在植物稀疏、花粉产量低的高山杜鹃灌丛植被带中,孢粉组合以外来的松属、冷杉属、落叶松属、云杉属和铁杉属等为主;   冷杉林、落叶松林、云杉林和铁杉林等植被带孢粉组合的指示性成分分别是冷杉属、落叶松属、云杉属和铁杉属花粉,它们对应的峰值分别为13.6％,4.7％,39.4％和11.5％;   针阔混交林、中山湿性常绿阔叶林的孢粉组合分别以高含量的常绿栎类、栲/石栎属为特征,并都含有多种落叶阔叶乔木和灌木的花粉,但后者比前者所包含的阔叶乔木与灌木成分更多,且蕨类孢子的峰值也出现在中山湿性常绿阔叶林中;   云南松林的孢粉组合中除松属外很少有木本花粉出现。DCA排序结果较好地反映了现代植被与环境之间的相互关系,认为温度是决定不同植被带样点分布的最重要因素,这与垂直植被带随着海拔升高、温度逐渐降低而发生更替的规律是一致的。     

Spatial pattern of Abies and Picea surface pollen distribution along the elevation gradient in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Xinjiang, China

In this study we examine the relationships between Abies and Picea abundance in surface pollen and sub-alpine coniferous forest (SCF) distribution, elevation and climate in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau using a large modern pollen data set consisting of 857 samples. Results indicate that Abies and Picea pollen are abundant in the southern and eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, where SCF dominates the landscape. Pollen percentages of both Abies and Picea show a unimodal pattern with changes in elevation and climate, and their optima occur at elevations from 2500 to 4000 m a.s.l., mean annual temperature from −1 to 10 °C and mean annual precipitation from 450 to 850 mm. The optimal elevation of Abies and Picea pollen distribution decreases with latitude from c . 4000 m in the south (21–32°N) to c . 2500 m in the north (43–49°N). The spatial pattern of Abies and Picea pollen abundance is highly correlated with the modern distribution of these taxa, which is largely controlled by elevation and climate. These relationships could provide a practical reference for interpretation of fossil pollen data in terms of climate and elevation in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau.     

黑龙江鸡东盆地中中新世湖盆演变和植被变化研究

黑龙江鸡东盆地是受古、新近纪敦密断裂带作用而形成的断陷含煤盆地。依据该盆地91-205钻孔永庆组的岩性变化特点和盆地构造演化阶段,识别和阐述了中中新世湖盆发育的3个阶段,即早期湖泊形成发展阶段、中期湖泊扩张最大阶段和晚期湖泊收缩衰退阶段,并揭示湖泊阶段性发展的旋回性特征。根据孢粉资料,恢复湖盆各个不同发育阶段的古植被面貌,重建当时的古气候。结果表明植被经历了北亚热带含常绿阔叶成分的落叶阔叶林、暖温带—北亚热带落叶阔叶林以及含亚高山针叶树种的暖温带—北亚热带落叶阔叶林阶段,鸡东盆地中中新世湖泊的演变和植被更替存在着潜在的关联。     

Late Quaternary palaeoecological and palaeoclimatological reconstruction in the Gutaiului Mountains,northwest Romania

Macrofossil, pollen, lithostratigraphy, mineral magnetic measurements (SIRM and magnetic susceptibility), loss‐on‐ignition, and AMS radiocarbon dating on sediments from two former crater lakes, situated at moderate altitudes in the Gutaiului Mountains of northwest Romania, allow reconstruction of Late Quaternary climate and environment. Shrubs and herbs with steppe and montane affinities along with stands of Betula and Pinus, colonised the surroundings of the sites prior to 14 700 cal. yr BP and the inferred climatic conditions were cold and dry. The gradual transition to open Pinus–Betula forests, slightly higher lake water temperatures, and higher lake productivity, indicate more stable environmental conditions between 14 700 and 14 100 cal. yr BP. This development was interrupted by cooler and drier climatic conditions between 14 100 and 13 800 cal. yr BP, as inferred from a reduction of open forests to patches, or stands, of Pinus, Betula, Larix, Salix and Populus. The expansion of a denser boreal forest, dominated by Picea, but including Pinus, Larix, Betula, Salix, and Ulmus started at 13 800 cal. yr BP, although the forest density seems to have been reduced between 13 400 and 13 200 cal. yr BP. Air temperature and moisture availability gradually increased, but a change towards drier conditions is seen at 13 400 cal. yr BP. A distinct decrease in temperature and humidity between 12 900 and 11 500 cal. yr BP led to a return of open vegetation, with patches of Betula, Larix, Salix, Pinus and Alnus and individuals of Picea. Macrofossils and pollen of aquatic plants indicate rising lake water temperatures and increased aquatic productivity already by ca. 11 800 cal. yr BP, 300 years earlier than documented by the terrestrial plant communities. At the onset of the Holocene, 11 500 cal. yr BP, forests dominated by Betula, Pinus and Larix expanded and were followed by dense Ulmus forests with Picea, Betula and Pinus at 11 250 cal. yr BP. Larix pollen was not found, but macrofossil evidence indicates that Larix was an important forest constituent at the onset of the Holocene. Moister conditions were followed by a dry period starting about 10 600 cal. yr BP, which was more pronounced between 8600 and 8200 cal. yr BP, as inferred from aquatic macrofossils. The maximum expansion of Tilia, Quercus, Fraxinus and Acer between 10 700 and 8600 cal. yr BP may reflect a more continental climate. A drier and/or cooler climate could have been responsible for the late expansion (10 300 cal. yr BP) and late maximum (9300 cal. yr BP) of Corylus. Increased water stress, and possibly cooler conditions around 8600 cal. yr BP, may have caused a reduction of Ulmus, Tilia, Quercus and Fraxinus. After 8200 cal. yr BP moisture increased and the forests included Picea, Tilia, Quercus and Fraxinus. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Early Weichselian interstadial sediments at Härnösand, Sweden

The till-covered organic sediments at Härnösand have been resampled and reinvestigated with respect to their micro- and macrofossil content. The sediments were deposited in a shallow freshwater basin with a sandy substratum and probably under oligotrophic conditions. The regional vegetation consisted of a shrub or herb tundra, later changing into an open Betula forest with scattered Picea and Larix . In the lake, submerged plants such as Potamogeton filiformis and Isoëtes lacustris grew, together with Carex . On the shores the vegetation consisted of Betula nana , occasional Betula trees, Salix and Selaginella selaginoides . The beetle fauna suggests an average July temperature of 10–11°C. The flora indicates limited leaching and, thus, deposition during a relatively long and warm interstadial is suggested. The Härnösand sediments are subsequently correlated with the Brörup Interstadial.     

Non-analogous tree flora in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden, during the early Holocene - macrofossil evidence of rapid geographic spread and response to palaeoclimate

Early-Holocene occurrences of broad-leaved temperate tree species at a site now within the subalpine belt of the Swedish Scandes are reported and analysed. Macrofossil remains (fruits and leaves) of Alnus glutinosa, Corylus avellana, Quercus robur and Ulmu.s glahra were recovered in a peat deposit far beyond and above their modern distributional limits. A previous nearby finding of Tilia cantata adds to this group of Hemiboreal lowland species, the regional presence of which in high-elevation northern Scandinavia has gone entirely unrecognized by pollen stratigraphical studies. Radiocarbon dates (AMS) range between 8500 and 8000 BP, indicating early and rapid spread, closely following the ice recession. Maximum tree species richness and distributional limits (latitude and altitude) were attained during the earliest part of the Holocene. In a regional perspective, the temperate trees coexisted with a dominant boreal (cold-climate) element, viz. Pinus sylvestris, Bclulu pubescens ssp. tortuosa, Betula pendula, Alnus incana, Picea ahies and Larix sibirica, which are all identified and dated from macrofossils. This climatically seemingly incompatible assemblage is without modern analogues. Presumably, this diverse tree flora owed its existence to a unique (Holocene perspective) climatic regime, ultimately forced by the Milankovitch cycles of insolation. The results strengthen previous palaeoclimatic inferences based on past tree-limit positions (Pinus sylvestris) and imply that Holocene summer warmth peaked fairly soon after the regional deglaciation, practically concurrently with the solar radiation maximum. Important questions are raised concerning several palynologically derived postulates within general palaeobiogeography. For example, rates of geographic tree spread are not necessarily individualistic, despite fundamentally different dispersal modes. The emergent efficiency of dispersal suggests that distribution patterns relate to climate and soil factors rather than time. Dispersal steps may have been fairly large, and the resultant geographic spread was epidemic, resulting in a sparse pattern of outlying stands, rather than sequentially following certain routes in the landscape. Rapid geographic expansion is likely to have been relatively unrestrained by physical barriers, e.g. mountain ranges, seas and large lakes. Even in Central Europe, close to the ice margin, there may have been more trees during the latest glaciation than previously realized.     

石羊河流域表土孢粉与植被的关系

通过对石羊河流域不同植被带76个表土样的孢粉分析, 研究了该流域各植被带的表土孢粉组合及主要植物花粉与其植物比例的关系. 结果显示: 石羊河流域各科属孢粉与植物之间的关系复杂, 同一科属孢粉在不同植被带中的代表性也各有差异, 所以某科属孢粉的代表性问题需要在不同植被带中分别讨论. 森林带的云杉属花粉和流域自身的大气环流状况是影响流域表土孢粉组合及各科属花孢粉与植物关系的主要因素.