A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE FOULING AND BORING ORGANISMS IN LANGYA BAY

in order to study the fouling and boring organisms the wooden and plastic panels were exposed along the fixed pierside for monthly, quarterly and yearly intervals during the period of Sept. 1979 to Aug. 1980 at Langya Bay, Hainan Island (109° 40' E, 18° 15' N), South China Sea. A greater emphasis was laid on the following subjects: the species, the season of attachment and the relative abundance. A comparison was made of the ecological features of the fouling organisms of this bay with those of thirty bays or harbours along the coast of China.     

浙江北关港污损生物的群落结构及其主要影响因子

于2016年3月至2017年2月在浙江北关港附近海域进行污损生物周年挂板试验,全年共记录大型污损生物9门44科53属59种,种类组成以近岸暖水种为主,属于典型的亚热带内湾型污损生物群落。固着生活类型的悬浮物食者是该海域污损生物群落的优势群体,群落最主要的优势种是网纹藤壶（Amphibalanus reticulates）,其次为长鳃麦秆虫（Caprella equilibra）、中胚花筒螅（Ectopleura crocea）、太平洋侧花海葵（Anthopleura nigrescens）、廉形叶钩虾（Jassa falcata）和强壮藻钩虾（Stenothoe valida）等种类。该海域污损生物全年各月均有附着,6-10月板的覆盖面积均达100%,附着盛期为6-8月,月板、季板、半年板和年板的平均附着密度和生物量分别为（21 371±8 722） ind/m2和（1 667.5±506.0） g/m2,（31 605±17 671） ind/m2和（5 879.1±2 576.5） g/m2,（31 188±10 834） ind/m2和（13 989.6±4 755.4） g/m2,（18 425±5 757） ind/m2和（6 581.9±2 175.9） g/m2,其中夏季附着强度最高。污损生物群落个体间因栖息空间和食物竞争而存在着相互依存或互相制约的关系,又依照对环境的适应性而存在着一定的时空分布规律。分析表明,温度是决定污损生物地理分布的最主要环境因素;另外,盐度、水体透明度以及光照等自然环境也是影响污损生物附着的重要影响因素。     

东山湾污损生物生态研究

2008年9月-2009年8月在东山湾海域进行了污损生物周年挂板试验,共记录污损生物102种,以近岸暖水种为主,其中网纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulates)是该海域最具代表性的优势种,其他优势种还有裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)、双列笔螅(Pennaria disticha)、纵条肌海葵(Haliplanella luciae)、僧帽牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)、变化短齿蛤(Brachidontes variabilis)、巴西地钩虾(Podocerus brasiliensis)、梳肢片钩虾(Elasmopus pecteniclus)、强壮板钩虾(Stenothoe valida)、长鳃麦秆虫(Caprella equilibra)和厦门华藻苔虫(Sinoflustra amoyensis)等。该海区污损生物全年均可附着,附着盛期在4-10月,月板的平均附着量(湿重)为979.43 g/m2,夏季可高达11 799.00 g/m2。污损生物群落多样性以夏季最高,冬季最低;随着试板浸海时间的延长,其上污损生物群落的多样性明显增加,且结构也趋于稳定。     

我国近海热带气旋活动的气候特征及其与大尺度环境场的关系

利用1949~2004年共54 a的热带气旋资料,通过对历年影响我国近海(距海岸线300 n mile范围内)25°N以北及以南热带气旋的基本要素特征值的分析,发现我国近海25°N以北与以南热带气旋影响的频数和年代际变化不一致,尤其是20世纪80年代中期以来呈现反位相特征,近海25°N以北TC偏多,强度强;25°N以南TC偏少,强度弱.对热带气旋个数偏多年与偏少年对应的夏季海温场、高度场的合成分析,发现25°N以北偏多年比以南偏多年的东太平洋海温负距平强度大、范围广,高度距平场上反映出25°N以北偏多年西太平洋(包括南海)负高度距平区更为偏北、偏东;25°N以北TC偏少年时,中东太平洋海温为正距平区,高度场上太平洋低纬区域基本为正距平区,太平洋高纬区域是负距平区,而以南TC偏少年中东太平洋海温是负距平区,高度场上太平洋高纬区域是正距平区.文中还对当年前期各月海温场、高度场与当年以北、以南热带气旋个数分别作了相关分析,得出了一些实用有效的预报因子.     

Fine-scale distribution of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) eggs and adults during a spawning event

High-resolution acoustic and ichtyoplankton sampling with a ‘continuous under-way fish egg sampler (CUFES)’ was performed in two regions of approximately 100 square nautical miles off southern Iberian Peninsula, with the aim of studying the small scale distribution of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) adults and eggs during a spawning event. Very dense patches (246 eggs m^− 3) of recently spawned eggs with dimensions (up to 3 nautical miles wide) significantly larger than daytime sardine schools were present in both regions. Egg staging and ageing showed very little intra-sample variation, indicating a synchronous spawning period at dusk. The internal structure of the patches evaluated by variography showed very low internal variability, as if they consisted of a single unit. This hypothesis is confirmed by the acoustic finding of large sardine shoals with similar dimensions to those of the patches after sunset and throughout the night. During that period, adults were found near or in contact with the bottom, suggesting that spawning occurred at depth. A distinct patch of older eggs was found in both areas, but with a few nautical miles of horizontal separation. Their characteristics (a larger area, lower egg densities and a more irregular shape) indicate that these patches were exposed to dispersion and ‘stirring’ by physical forces, reshaping their initial appearance, while mesoscale water circulation could have displaced the core of the patches away by several kilometres within a day.     

Dugong abundance and distribution in the Bazaruto Archipelago,Mozambique

Despite the distribution of dugongs Dugong dugon ranging across nearshore waters of the tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean, their distribution in the western Indian Ocean is highly fragmented and appears to be declining. The population of the Bazaruto Archipelago is believed to comprise the only viable population in the region. In all, 27 surveys were flown over the Bazaruto Bay area to define the distribution and estimate the abundance of the species in the area. A total of 9 052 nautical miles of survey effort was flown during the surveys, from which there were 355 sightings of 760 dugongs. Two core areas of distribution were apparent within the surveyed area; a northern core area spread within the 10 m isobath between the Save River mouth and Ponta Bartolomeu Dias (21°24′S), and a southern core area aligned with the shallow sandbanks to the north and south of Santa Carolina Island. Group sizes recorded in the Bazaruto Archipelago were comparable to group sizes recorded in other regions where dugongs occur, although few large (>20) groups of dugongs were seen in this study. Line transect analyses of each survey showed dugong densities were considerably lower than densities recorded in surveys in Australian waters or in the Arabian Gulf, with a population estimate of 247 dugongs (CV = 34.1) when all surveys were considered, and 359 dugongs (CV = 38.2) when only the surveys that were carried out under adequate sighting conditions were included.     

福建闽南沿海养殖贝类体中砷含量的分布

通过2003~2004年对福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体砷含量的调查监测,对养殖贝类体中砷含量的分布进行了探讨.福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体总砷含量为0.65×10-6~4.80×10-6,总平均值为2.09×10-6,其中有机砷和无机砷占总砷含量的百分比分别为61.6%~98.2%和2.3%~38.4%,平均值分别为88.8%和11.2%.在相同养殖区,养殖贝类体总砷平均含量的种间分布差异较小.滩涂养殖底栖贝类体内总砷平均含量总体上高于浅海筏式养殖贝类体的平均含量.福建闽南沿海5种养殖贝类体内总砷含量在泉州湾、湄州湾、东山湾和九龙江口高,在诏安湾和围头湾低,在其余各湾相近.5种养殖贝类体内无机砷的污染指数和总平均值分别为0.05~0.76和0.23,总砷的污染指数和总平均值分别为0.06~0.48和0.21,总体符合国家食品卫生质量标准.养殖贝类体中砷含量与体长之间总体成正相关.     

旧镇湾浮游动物的分布及其与东山湾的比较

本文阐述了旧镇湾浮游动物的物种和生态类群多样性、丰度的空间与水平分布,并与海洋环境进行相关性研究。同时,与其相邻的东山湾的浮游动物的分布状况作了比较性剖析。     

上海芦潮港海域污损生物的分布特征及生态特点

2007年3月1日至2008年2月29日在上海芦潮港附近海域进行了污损生物周年挂板试验,调查了该海域污损生物的种类组成、优势种、附着季节和生物量分布特征,分析了主要污损生物的生态特点.结果表明,该海域共鉴定出污损生物52种,隶属于9个生物门类,其中藻类5种,腔肠动物11种,苔藓虫6种,多毛类2种,软体动物5种,甲壳类1...     

The Gibbs Fracture Zone: A double fracture zone at 52°30′N in the Atlantic Ocean

A bathymetric survey of the offset in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Crest at approximately 53°N revealed an east-west offset of 190 nautical miles and north-south offset of 75 nautical miles. The offset is filled with two valleys separated by a sill below 1900 fm. The valley strend approximately 95° east of north and are inconsistent with spreading poles calculated for the north Atlantic. Their trends have been used by earlier authors to calculate poles of rotation. It is proposed to name the offset The Gibbs Fracture Zone after the ship that made the survey.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Contribution No. 2443.     

东海西南近岸海域污损生物群落特征

于2013年12月~2014年11月在东海西南近岸海域进行污损生物周年挂板试验,全年共记录污损生物10门49科69属84种,群落组成以近岸暖水种为主,为典型的亚热带内湾型群落,附着盛期为4–9月,夏季污损生物的附着强度最高。固定生活类型的悬浮物食者是该近岸海域污损生物群落的附着主体,网纹藤壶（Amphibalanus reticulatus）是最主要的优势种和代表种,其它优势种还有长鳃麦杆虫（Caprella equilibra）、中胚花筒螅（Ectopleura crocea）、太平洋侧花海葵（Anthopleura nigrescens）、今岛柄涡虫（Stylochus ijimai）、克氏无襟毛虫（Spirobranchus kraussii）、近江牡蛎（Crassostrea rivularis）、翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）、廉形叶钩虾（Jassa falcata）、强壮板钩虾（Stenothoe valida）、光辉圆扇蟹（Sphaerozius nitidus）和大室别藻苔虫（Biflustra grandicella）等。污损生物群落个体间因附着空间和食物竞争而存在着相互依存或互相制约的关系,又依照对环境因子的适应性而存在着一定的时空分布规律。温度是决定污损生物地理分布的最主要环境因素,物种的温度属性是不同气候带污损生物群落组成差异的本质体现,污损生物的种类数、附着期和附着量与水温有着密切的关系;另外,盐度、水流、光、水产养殖等自然环境或人为因素也是影响污损生物附着的重要影响因子。     

Les flotilles de pêche de l'Union Européenne dans le golfe de Gascogne vues du ciel

Regular flights over the Bay of Biscay by the French Customs Air Service, have enabled us to record more precisely, from 1989 to 1995, the geographical locations of French and other European Community (EU) fishing boats. Data showed three main ‘métiers’ within the Bay of Biscay fishing fleet: French and Spanish bottom trawlers (61 %), French gill-netters and Spanish longliners. More than 80 % of gill-netters worked inside the territorial sea (12 nautical miles) and 60 % of them worked south of Noirmoutier (47°N). Longliners moved according to the seasons, from the edge of the continental shelf to the 50–100 m sounding lines. Since they work at night, only few pelagic trawlers have been recorded (records being made in daylight). The potters, liners and other small ‘métier’ boats of the bay were only located along the coast. The position of the French boats' positions according to their registration district showed that most boats worked close to their landing ports and that the overlap is small between the areas of two neighbouring fleets. Further analysis of the spatial distribution of boats in the French EEZ showed that Spanish boats were mainly recorded in the southern part of the Bay of Biscay, and that most were Basque. Belgian and Dutch beam trawlers fished their quota of sole off the ‘Pertuis Charentais’, the Gironde estuary and the ‘bassin d'Arcachon’. The 100 m sounding line appeared to constitute a demarcation line between the major fraction of the French fleet and other EU fishing boats. Although some fishing areas were only visited by boats practising a particular ‘métier’, others were coveted by everybody and, consequently, were areas with the most serious risk of conflicts.     

2021年秦皇岛近岸典型海域浮游植物群落结构的时空变化特征

为了解秦皇岛近岸典型海域浮游植物的群落特征及其影响因素,基于2021年4~10月在秦皇岛金梦海湾、东山浴场两个典型海域7个航次的逐月调查结果,对该海域网采浮游植物种类组成、优势种、丰度、多样性等特征及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究,并对两个典型海域海水水质和浮游植物群落之间的差异进行了比较。结果表明:研究海域共检出浮游植物3门45属92种(包含变种和变型),其中硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)32属67种,甲藻门(Pyrrophyta) 12属24种,金藻门(Chrysophyta)1属1种,硅藻门占绝对优势。全年优势种共26种,其中硅藻20种,甲藻6种,且多出现在4~7月,未出现7个月份共有的优势种。浮游植物丰度在8月达到全年最高值,为1.01×10⁸ cells/m³,其余月份浮游植物丰度均在10⁶ cells/m³量级。聚类分析表明,研究海域浮游植物群落有明显的季节更替现象。生物与环境(BIOENV)相关分析表明,水温和盐度是影响研究海域浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子。两个典型海域浮游植物种类组成差别不大,但金梦海湾海域的营养盐环境和水动力条件更适合甲藻生长。     

福建围头海域深水网箱养殖区污损生物

2004年3月到2005年2月,在福建围头湾深水网箱养殖区开展污损生物周年挂网调查.共记录污损生物154种,隶属于12个生物门;全年网衣都有污损生物附着,冬季和春季优势种为细枝仙藻、中胚花筒螅和长颈麦杆虫,主要影响网箱内外水体交换,夏季和秋季优势种为网纹藤壶,容易导致网衣磨损,影响网箱安全;各月份附着生物量差异极大,平均附着生物量表层网片449.42 g/m2,最高峰出现在4月份,底层网片580.25 g/m2,最高峰出现在3月份.季度平均生物量表层网片3142.30 g/m2,底层网片6030.97 g/m2;春季表层网衣藻类特别多,中胚花筒螅、网纹藤壶和麦杆虫等数量远大于港湾内网衣或试板的污损生物量,呈现海区透明度大及抗动荡环境的特点,与港湾内网衣或试板有较大差别.     

Calculated sea area of the New Zealand 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone

A calculation of the area of the New Zealand 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone is presented with definitions, cartographic methods, and calculations based on areas of quadrilaterals of the earth's surface of 1° extent in latitude and longitude. An area of 1 181 487 square international nautical miles (4 053 049 km²), ± 0.377%, includes enclaves adjacent to the Chatham Rise and the Pukaki Rise retained for assessments related to fisheries research programmes.     

厦门港船蛆Teredo navalis数量的时空变化

本文根据1984年3月至1985年2月在厦门港中挂放杉木、松木和柯木试板,研究该港船蛆Teredo navalis数量的时空变化,并讨论了不同污损生物、水温、盐度等对船蛆密度的影响。     

Australian practice in respect of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles

Australia׳s remote location and position on the vast Indo-Australian plate mean that possesses one of the largest continental shelf areas in the world. The criteria in Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea permit the claiming on continental shelf to 200 nautical miles from territorial sea baselines, and if certain criteria are met based on the configuration and content of the seabed, to distances beyond. During the negotiations at UNCLOS III, Australia was a strong proponent of this extended shelf regime, as it was likely to have large areas beyond 200 nautical miles. Article 76 provides for a number of requirements to be met for a coastal State to assert sovereign rights over areas of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, including a ten year deadline from becoming a party. This placed a disproportionate burden upon Australia, as it faced the same ten year time frame to lodge data with the Commission on the Limits on the Continental Shelf (CLCS) as other States with much smaller areas in issue. Australia also chose not to rely upon measures agreed between State parties to effectively extend this deadline, and to limit the requirements to be met within it. This paper looks at how Australian authorities approached the difficult task, while maintaining the standards required for data by the CLCS, and how the task was ultimately implemented. It also examines how the extended continental shelf arrangements interacted with the rest of Australia׳s law of the sea practice and maritime boundaries with other States. For example, after the entry into force of the Convention, Australia negotiated two maritime boundaries with neighbouring States that each explicitly dealt with areas beyond 200 nautical miles. It concludes with consideration of what issues remain unresolved in respect of the Australian continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. The paper will conclude at how Australia׳s implementation has raised new issues with neighbouring States, including an unresolved dispute in the South Pacific Ocean.     

厦门至珠江口间沿岸海域中华白海豚分布的调查研究

厦门海域和珠江口海域是中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)的2个重要分布区,但对这两地之间沿海白海豚的分布情况还缺乏了解.通过走访厦门至珠江口之间12个渔港码头或渔村的渔民,共获得有效问卷168份,探讨了厦门至珠江口之间沿海历史上和当今中华白海豚的分布情况.结果显示:年龄越大,渔民见过白海豚的比例越高;历史上(20～30a前),东山、汕头、甲子、汕尾和马宫等地沿海曾有较大的中华白海豚种群分布;如今,在东山湾和汕头海域还有中华白海豚的出没.通过进一步的截线抽样法调查,证实了汕头海域还有白海豚的分布,东山湾还有渔民观察到白海豚,但尚待进一步的证实.     

清澜港的附着生物

清澜港是海南岛东北部靠热带的河口港.水域狭长,沿岸椰林密布,文昌河流入港内,港口朝南,面临南海开阔水域,港外两岸珊瑚成礁.月平均水温大多在20℃以上,波动在18.6-29.7℃之间,年温差11.1℃.盐度受河水影响较大,月平均波动在9.9-31.6‰之间,最低可降到1-2‰.自1967年7月至1968年8月,在港内浮码头进行周年、逐季及逐月挂板试验;试板垂直置于水面下2米,离底1.5米处.各月、季及年根均采用140毫米×80毫米及200毫米×200毫米的杉木板及涂沥青的碳钢各2块.文中定量数据采用4块板的平均值.此外,还在港外1号浮标上进行一次桂板(1967年7月15日至9月1日),目的是为了和港内挂板进行比较.同时,分别在港内两个浮标及港外一个浮标进行附着生物定量取样,并观察了从港内至港外7个浮标体侧和水线层的附着生物,特别着重观察茗荷儿的分布规律.从回收的75块试板及17次浮标附着生物定量取样中,共得640号标本.