嫩江下游现代河流沉积特征

本文运用河流沉积学原理，以黑龙江省富裕县塔哈乡大马岗嫩江现代沉积露头为例，利用探槽，探坑及钻井获取的野外露头资料及室内各种微观分析测试资料，对嫩江下游现代河流沉积特征进行了详细研究，研究表明，该区河流积积自上而下包括了两种河型沉积，底部是以砾石沉积为主的辫状河沉积，其砾石层厚＞5米，横向上可追踪数百米，上部为一低能量曲流河点坝沉积，以中砾质细砂及粉砂沉积为主，底部无明显冲刷面，发育低角度槽状交错层理，同沉积变形层理及波状交错层理，向上过渡为天然堤的粉砂质泥与粉矿薄互层沉积及漫滩粉砂质泥沉积，其整体沉积特征是在一个辫状河泛滥平原上发育起来的低能源曲流河沉积，这一研究为地下复杂的河流相地层识 提供了一个新的实例。     

Recognizing the product of concave-bank sedimentary processes in fluvial meander-belt strata

Downstream migration of point bars is an important process in meander belts. Inherent to downstream migration is sediment accumulation in concave channel banks, immediately adjacent to and downstream of convex point bars. Despite this, associated concave bank processes are often overlooked, with depositional products sparsely identified in the stratigraphic record. Counter-point-bar deposits are a type of concave-bank deposit that have been positively identified in subsurface three-dimensional seismic datasets, yet outcrop examples are not well-constrained. This study characterizes and establishes recognition criteria of counter-point-bar deposits in outcrop using extensive exposure of Late-Cretaceous meander-belt deposits in eastern Alberta, Canada. Using a combination of traditional field-based sedimentological analyses and three-dimensional outcrop mapping with an Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry, point bar, counter-point bar, and associated abandoned-channel deposits, as well as adjacent floodplain deposits are identified. Bed-scale characteristics of counter-point-bar deposits include interlaminated and interbedded siltstone and fine-grained sandstone, abundant organic detritus, and evidence of deformation and slumping. At the bend scale, accretion packages bounded by internal erosion surfaces are composed of dipping siltstone and minor sandstone beds that extend from the top to the base of the meander belt. At the belt scale, positive identification relies on concave accretion surface mapping, their orientation relative to the meander-belt edge (i.e. dipping away), and consideration of meander-bend evolution. These results have implications for recognition of counter-point-bar deposits in analogous, less-constrained data sets, which provides a foundation for more complete palaeoenvironmental interpretations.     

Vented sediments and tsunami deposits in the Puget Lowland,Washington – differentiating sedimentary processes

The sandy deposits produced by tsunamis and liquefaction share many sedimentary features, and distinctions between the two are important in seismically active coastal zones. Both types of deposits are present in the wetlands bordering Puget Sound, where one or more earthquakes about 1100 years ago caused both tsunami flooding and sediment venting. This co‐occurrence allows an examination of the resulting deposits and a comparison with tsunami and liquefaction features of modern events. Vented sediments occur at four of five wetland field localities and tsunami deposits at two. In comparison with tsunami deposits, vented sediments in this study and from other studies tend to be thicker (although they can be thin). Vented sediments also have more variable thickness at both outcrop and map scale, are associated with injected dykes and contain clasts derived from underlying deposits. Further, vented sediments tend to contain a greater variety of sedimentary structures, and these structures vary laterally over metres. Tsunami deposits compared with vented sediments are commonly thinner, fine and thin landward more consistently, have more uniform thickness on outcrop and map scales, and have the potential of containing coarser clasts, up to boulders. For both tsunami deposits and vented sediments, the availability and grain size of source material condition the characteristics of the deposit. In the cases presented in this paper, both foraminifera and diatom assemblages within tsunami deposits and vented sediments consisted of brackish and marine species, and no distinction between processes could be made based on microfossils. In summary, this study indicates a need for more careful analysis and mapping of coastal sediments associated with earthquakes to avoid misidentification of processes and misevaluation of hazards.     

浙江中西部永康盆地及金衢盆地白垩系冲积扇特征

浙江众多中小型白垩纪盆地中,分布着河湖相红色沉积岩夹火山岩的白垩系上部地层。作者对位于浙江省金华地区永康市和义乌市境内的2条剖面进行了研究,即金衢盆地早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世早期的铜山岩中戴组剖面和永康盆地早白垩世晚期的方岩景区方岩组剖面,认为其主要为冲积扇沉积,具有多套沉积旋回的陆相碎屑岩准层序组,沉积特征表现为:下部紫红色块状砾岩、砂砾岩,夹泥质粉砂岩,局部有紫红色凝灰岩及深灰色玄武岩;上部棕褐色钙质粉砂岩与泥质粉砂岩组成不等厚互层,产恐龙化石Chilantaisaurus zhejiangensis;具有大型交错层理等沉积构造。其中扇根亚相的砂砾岩为槽流沉积和辫流水道沉积,扇中亚相的片状或席状砂岩为漫流沉积,漫流成因的片状或席状砂岩可能成为良好的油气储集体。此研究成果对中国南方小盆地白垩系扇根—扇中碎屑岩的沉积特征及其成因分析具有重要意义。     

A Method to Estimate Length Distributions from Outcrop Data

Dimensions of shales and other geologic bodies that affect fluid flow through reservoirs and aquifers are often estimated from analogous deposits exposed in outcrops. Shale lengths observed in outcrops are biased because the finite length of outcrops truncates longer shales and long shales tend to be overrepresented in the sample. Shale length distributions can be modeled using an Erlangian probability density function based on termination frequency. Termination frequency can be calculated from outcrop observations even if the shales are incompletely exposed. Termination frequency is unbiased regardless of underlying shale length distribution and outcrop size and shape. Complex length distributions can be represented by a weighted sum of Erlangian models, each with a distinct termination frequency. The proportions and termination frequencies of the component models can be estimated using Bayes' theorem. Subsamples of the outcrop area can be analyzed to quantify spatial trends in termination frequency and thus shale length. These methods can be applied to estimate length distributions of any geologic object exposed in outcrops or other spatially limited samples. In many cases estimated termination frequency is normally distributed, and its variance can be estimated using closed-form expressions. Shale length distributions for the Frewens Sandstone were modeled using one- and two-component Erlangian probability density functions. The Frewens Sandstone is a tide-influenced deltaic sandstone body within the Cretaceous-age Frontier Formation, exposed in central Wyoming, USA. Length observations and Erlangian models agree reasonably well. Because the models correct for the effects of shale truncation in limited outcrop exposures, predicted means and proportions of long shales are substantially greater than observed values. There is a vertical trend and pronounced vertical cyclicity in termination frequency, indicating that shales become shorter upward and intervals of longer and shorter shales alternate. Along strike, termination frequency decreases away from the sandstone-body axis, reflecting greater preserved shale lengths toward sandstone-body margins. No correlation was observed between distance along dip and termination frequency. Termination frequencies and histograms of shale length for adjacent, perpendicular walls are similar, indicating that there is no anisotropy in shale length.     

地气测量在北祁连盆地区找矿突破及其意义

北祁连地区是我国最重要的块状硫化物床成矿省之一,虽然该区分布有我国最大的块状硫化物矿床——白银矿田,以及200多处中小型矿床及矿(化)点,但除白银矿田外,多年来在找大矿方面未能突破。原因在于缺乏必要的手段,找矿勘探工作仅限于盆地周边的出露区。近几年,地气测量在黑河盆地的红层覆盖区先后发现了赖都滩和白柳沟矿体,不仅说明地气测量方法有效,而且说明黑河盆地具有寻找大型白银式多金属矿床的潜力。建议采用地气法对整个盆地进行系统勘查,并结合其它方法,优选出最佳的找矿靶区。作者认为,本区找矿突破可为整个北祁连地区其他盆地寻找块状硫化物矿床指出新的找矿方向,将找矿重点转到盆地区,以实现我国块状硫化物矿床勘查的全面突破。     

Architectural element analysis within the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) using ground-probing radar and sedimentological profiling, southwestern Colorado

A well exposed outcrop in the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) in southwestern Colorado was examined in order to delineate the stratigraphy in the subsurface and test the usefulness of ground-probing radar (GPR) in three-dimensional architectural studies.

Two fluvial styles are present within the Kayenta Formation. Sandbodies within the lower third of the outcrop are characterized by parallel laminations that can be followed in the cliff-face for well over 300 m. These sandbodies are sheet-like in appearance, and represent high-energy flood deposits that most likely resulted from episodic floods. The remainder of the outcrop is characterized by concave-up channel deposits with bank-attached and mid-channel macroforms. Their presence suggests a multiple channel river system.

The GPR data collected on the cliff-top, together with sedimentological data, provided a partial three-dimensional picture of the paleo-river system within the Kayenta Formation. The 3-D picture consists of stacked channel-bar lenses approximately 50 m in diameter.

The GPR technique offers a very effective means of delineating the subsurface stratigraphy. Its high resolution capabilities, easy mobility, and rapid rate of data collection make it a useful tool. Its shallow penetration depth and limitation to low-conductivity environments are its only drawbacks.     

重力驱动作用——滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积时期主要的搬运机制

通过对冀北滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积地层的实地考察,发现盆地内发育丰富的重力驱动作用沉积物。文中描述西瓜园组发育的滑动和滑塌现象,指出露头剖面中存在的挤压变形现象并非构造成因,而是由于滑动块体和滑塌块体前端的挤压应力环境造成的。在介绍西瓜园组重力流沉积发育环境的基础上,对露头中存在的若干重力流沉积进行了描述,并使用砂质碎屑流这一概念对这些现象进行了较为合理的成因解释。通过对滑动和滑塌(重力块体运动)和砂质碎屑流—浊流(重力流)沉积物研究,结合前人对该地区冲积扇—扇三角洲的研究成果,认为重力驱动作用是滦平盆地下白垩统西瓜园组沉积时期主要的搬运机制。     

博茨瓦纳杭济地区地表孔雀石化的成因

在博茨瓦纳杭济地区的一个矿区勘查中,地表发现了一条孔雀石化发育的矿(化)体,Cu含量最高可达20%,而该处的激电测深并未在深部发现明显的矿致异常,钻孔岩芯中也未发现明显的含铜矿物.笔者从铜在干旱气候条件下的表生地球化学行为特征方面对该现象进行了分析,认为由于气候干旱及地表的碱性环境造成了地表铜的富集,并指出了在非洲干旱地区寻找铜矿时所应注意的问题.     

低弯度曲流河露头储层地质模型及应用实例

克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组S₄¹小层组发育的低弯度曲流河储层为该区块的主要油层之一,目前由于缺乏相对应的精细地质模型,已严重影响了该区块的剩余油分布研究工作。为了解决上述问题,通过对山西省柳林地区二叠系石盒子组低弯度曲流河地质露头实地测量,应用层次分析法和构型要素分析法建立低弯度曲流河露头地质模型。使用该模型并充分利用岩心和测录井资料,对S₄¹小层组沉积时期所发育的低弯度曲流河储层内部构型表征进行了预测,取得了较好的效果。研究表明,露头地质模型不仅对低弯度曲流河沉积模式的建立、单河道的划分,以及井间砂体的对比研究具有重要指导意义,而且能够准确的厘定井下区域单河道砂体及增生体规模、隔层密度、倾角和排列方式等,可为剩余油分布富集规律预测提供理论依据。     

巴音宝力格隆起带中新生代盆地砂岩铀矿类型及区域预测判据

巴音宝力格隆起带与蒙古人民共和国境内塞音山达砂岩型铀矿成矿省位于同一大地构造单元。隆起带上中新生代盆地内找矿目的层巴彦花组中发育了冲积扇、辫状河、三角洲与湖泊4种沉积体系；其中发育了潜水氧化带与潜水层间氧化带2种氧化带类型，前者主要发育于冲积扇、基底式古河道以及巴彦花组与上第三系不整合面部位碎屑岩中，后者主要发育于三角洲与建造式古河道碎屑岩中。隆起带上中新生代盆地内地表有铀矿化显示，深部铀矿化信息丰富，层巴彦花组中可能存在潜水层间氧化带与古河道2种砂岩铀矿类型。文中概括总结了隆起带上中新生代盆地内潜水层间氧化带与古河道砂岩型铀矿区域预测判据，提出了东部与西部地区以寻找潜水层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿为主，兼顾寻找发育于冲积扇前缘辫状河沉积体系碎屑岩中的建造式古河道砂岩型铀矿，中部地区以寻找基底式古河道砂岩型铀矿为宜的找矿思路。     

弗拉斯晚期桂林组上段旋回性和双孔层孔虫堆积的关系

桂林地区泥盆纪弗拉斯晚期的沉积物以含有大量细枝状的双孔层孔虫为特征,并表现出明显的旋回性。本文研究认为,双孔层孔虫最适宜在潮下带弱动荡环境中生长。完全闭塞,滞静的泻湖不利于双孔层孔虫的生长,只能是其堆积的场所。     

广西凭祥盆地深水底流沉积类型及其研究意义

内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积是二十余年来在古代深水环境中新发现的一种具牵引流性质的沉积相类型,由于地层沉积记录十分有限,制约了深水底流沉积的沉积学研究。大比例尺实测地质剖面和精细露头测量表明,底流沉积发育于凭祥盆地深水沉积之中,通过对其沉积构造精细剖析和古水流测量,识别出内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积,其中内波、内潮汐沉积以双向交错层理、单向交错层理、透镜状层理为特征,复合流沉积以复合流层理、丘状交错层理和较陡的爬升波纹层理为特征,进一步表明存在浊流和底流的交互作用,为古代地层中的深水底流沉积提供了又一研究实例。     

湘东北地区金成矿地质特征及找矿新进展

作者以前人研究成果为基础,结合多年来在湘东北地区地质找矿实践,对区内典型矿床进行了解剖,全面概括和总结了该区金成矿地质特征和找矿新进展。认为区内金成矿物质具有多来源性、成矿作用具有多期性、金成矿对地层具选择性、空间分布具有区域分带性,构造控矿异常明显。近两年的地质找矿研究还发现区内金矿体具有等距和小角度侧伏产出规律,进而提出了新的找矿方向,并认为在湘东北地区寻找到大型-超大型金矿床具有较大的前景。     

焦家断裂带三维结构模型及其数值模拟:以新城金矿床控矿构造为例

胶东是中国探明金资源量最多的地区,其中焦家金矿带已探明金资源量>1000t。金矿床(体)严格受焦家主断裂及其下盘次级断裂/裂隙系统控制,构建断裂构造控矿模式长期以来都是胶东金成矿系统理论与勘查系统实践亟待突破的关键问题。本文通过典型剖面构造-蚀变-矿化岩相填图、露头尺度构造解析、三维结构模型及有限元数值模拟,剖析典型金矿床(体)分布与不同级别、序次和型式的控矿构造的关系,初步总结焦家金矿带控矿规律,构建断裂带三维结构模型及其控矿模式,并应用有限元数值模拟取得了良好的效果。     

High-resolution analysis of submarine lobes deposits: Seismic-scale outcrops of the Lauzanier area (SE Alps, France)

The Lauzanier area represents the northernmost extension of the Annot Sandstone series and contains deposits between 650 and 900 m-thick. This basin was active from upper Bartonian or lower Priabonian to early Rupelian. It is composed of two superposed units separated by a major unconformity. The sediment supply is due to channelled flows coming from the south. Flow processes include mass flow to turbidity currents. The size of the particles and the absence of fine-grained sediment suggest a transport over a short distance. The Lower Unit is made of coarse-grained tabular beds interpreted as non-channelled lobe deposits. The Upper Unit is made of massive conglomerates interpreted as the channelled part of lobes. These lobe deposits settle in a tectonically confined basin according to topographic compensation that occurs from bed scale to unit scale. The abrupt progradation between the lower and the upper unit seems related to a major tectonic uplift in the area. This uplift is also suggested by a change in the petrographic nature of the source and an abrupt coarsening of the transported clasts.This field example allows providing high resolution analysis for depositional sedimentary sequences of terminal lobe deposits in a coarse-grained turbidite system. The outcrop analysis shows the lateral evolution of deposits and the system progradation allows a longitudinal analysis of facies evolution by superposing on the same outcrops the channelled lobe system and the non-channelled lobe system. These results of high-resolution outcrop analysis can be extrapolated to results obtained on sedimentary lobes in recent deep-sea turbidite system that are either restricted to cores, or with a lesser resolution (seismic).     

基于遥感技术的煤炭勘查方法研究

随着煤炭资源的大量开发利用,其保有储量逐年降低,易于发现的露头矿、浅部矿日趋减少,尤其是经济发达的东部地区煤炭资源更为紧缺。当前找煤对象主要为地下隐伏矿床及盲矿体,找煤难度越来越大,因此探索如何发挥现代遥感及地理信息系统技术优势开展遥感找煤具有重要意义。本文从遥感找煤的理论基础出发,通过对以往中国遥感找煤实践的总结,系统阐述了遥感找煤的方法及存在的问题,提出了下一步遥感找煤的技术发展思路:即采用新型的多波段、多极化、多角度、多时相、多分辨率遥感数据,利用GIS工具对各种地理属性、地面属性、地球物理勘探、地球化学勘探、地质钻探成果、遥感影像数据进行空间综合分析,探索煤田地质背景和成矿规律,提取深层次煤田信息。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田三叠系延长组浊流沉积及成因模式

鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田三叠系延长组发育典型的浊流沉积体。本文通过对西峰油田延长统野外露头的观察和室内岩心的描述与分析,根据钻井、测井资料,识别出了层状浊积岩、浊流水道、辫状浊流水道。槽状充填浊积岩以及滑塌浊积岩等浊流微相。并基于浊流的两种形成机制(洪水 沉积物→浊流和滑塌沉积物 水→浊流)和沉积动力学原理在该区建立了陆相湖盆浊流沉积模式,即洪水型浊流成因模式和滑塌型浊流成因模式,在此基础上探讨了浊流沉积对构造环境的沉积响应,认为构造背景在宏观上控制了浊积砂体的时空展布,鄂尔多斯盆地该时期的前陆发展演化特征构筑了其浊流沉积地层层序的充填特色。     

基岩区寻找隐伏矿的地球化学方法:构造地球化学测量

构造地球化学测量是在基岩出露区发现深部矿化信息的一种较为有效的方法.本文介绍了构造地球化学的一些基本概念和构造地球化学测量方法的发展历程.为解决岩石样(构造岩样)的代表性和均匀性,提出了方格采样法,即在每个采样网格内多点采样组合分析采样方法,采集以构造破碎带物质、裂隙充填物、蚀变岩石、矿化岩石等为主的能反映深部矿化信息...     

A combined study of radar facies,lithofacies and three‐dimensional architecture of an alpine alluvial fan (Illgraben fan,Switzerland)

Alluvial fans serve as useful archives that record the history of depositional and erosional processes in mountainous regions and thus can reveal the environmental controls that influenced their development. Economically, they play an important role as groundwater reservoirs as well as host rocks for hydrocarbons in deeply buried systems. The interpretation of these archives and the evaluation of their reservoir architecture, however, are problematic because marked heterogeneity in the distribution of sedimentary facies makes correlation difficult. This problem is compounded because the accumulated sedimentary deposits of modern unconsolidated fan systems tend to be poorly exposed and few such systems have been the focus of investigation using high‐resolution subsurface analytical techniques. To overcome this limitation of standard outcrop–analogue studies, a geophysical survey of an alpine alluvial fan was performed using ground‐penetrating radar to devise a scaled three‐dimensional subsurface model. Radar facies were classified and calibrated to lithofacies within a fan system that provided outcropping walls and these were used to derive a three‐dimensional model of the sedimentary architecture and identify evolutionary fan stages. The Illgraben fan in the Swiss Alps was selected as a case study and a network of ca 60 km sections of ground‐penetrating radar was surveyed. Seven radar facies types could be distinguished, which were grouped into debris‐flow deposits and stream‐flow deposits. Assemblages of these radar facies types show three depositional units, which are separated by continuous, fan‐wide reflectors; they were interpreted as palaeo‐surfaces corresponding to episodes of sediment starvation that affected the entire fan. An overall upward decline in the proportion of debris‐flow deposits from ca 50% to 15% and a corresponding increase in stream‐flow deposits were identified. The uppermost depositional unit is bounded at its base by a significant incision surface up to 700 m wide, which was subsequently filled up mostly by stream‐flow deposits. The pronounced palaeo‐surfaces and depositional trends suggest that allocyclic controls governed the evolution of the Illgraben fan, making this fan a valuable archive from which to reconstruct past sediment fluxes and environmental change in the Alps. The results of the integrated outcrop–geophysical approach encourage similar future studies on fans to retrieve their depositional history as well as their potential reservoir properties.