The role of socio-economic status and spatial effects on fresh food access: Two case studies in Canada

This article comprehensively explores the effects of socio-economic status on residents' fresh food access in Saskatoon and Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Spatial effects potentially resulting from agglomeration of food retailers and clustering of neighborhoods with similar characteristics have been integrated into analysis using spatial regression models. Key findings include: areas with a larger percentage of population density, single-parent households, senior populations, higher educational populations, and minority groups tend to have higher access to supermarkets and local grocery stores, although the effects vary by city. Areas with higher private car access are more inclined to be farther from these food retailers, meanwhile the influence of public transportation is found to be insignificant in both cities. Regression results demonstrate that ignoring spatial interaction leads to overestimates of the true disparities when investigating food-access inequality among residents with different socio-economic status.     

Geography’s Inner Worlds: Pervasive Themes in Contemporary American Geography. Ronald E. Abler,Melvin G. Marcus,and Judy M. Olson,eds.; Postmodemism,or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Fredric Jameson

New regional growth may perpetuate social and economic inequalities caused by uneven urban development, or may reverse such trends by expanding housing options that make possible the dispersal of lower-income households among suburban areas offering better social, economic, and educational opportunities. Supply-side housing approaches can facilitate a more equitable redistribution of housing options. In this research, we examine the role of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program in expanding the geography of opportunity in one fast-growing region—the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. Findings suggest that although LIHTC developments are penetrating the suburbs, they are not expanding opportunities for these households. Just under half of LIHTC units are found in highly clustered areas characterized by high poverty rates, minority concentrations, poor educational opportunities, and rampant crime. The remaining units are dispersed in areas with moderate conditions. Suggestions are made for altering program guidelines to achieve better dispersal, income-mixing, and regionwide distribution.     

Mortgage Foreclosures,Race, and Postrecession Lending

This article examines the effect of high foreclosure rates on postrecession lending. Our hypothesis is that high neighborhood foreclosure rates will have a significant and positive effect on the likelihood of mortgage loan denial. In a case study on Toledo, Ohio, we explore the role of foreclosure activity, race, and racial disparities in lending practices and how they differ across neighborhoods. Our results suggest that applicants in high-foreclosure neighborhoods have a greater likelihood of loan denial (ceteris paribus). We also find that minority applicants face a higher probability of loan denial in high-foreclosure minority neighborhoods. Overall, the results depict highly variable lending practices where race seems to make a difference albeit in a small subset of neighborhoods deeply affected by the foreclosure crisis. There is also some indication of a chilling effect on minority loan applicants in Toledo during the postrecession period. Key Words: foreclosure, logistic regression, mortgage lending, neighborhood contingency, race discrimination.     

中国城市贫困的空间差异特征

本文研究了2007-2011年间中国352个地级及以上城市贫困的空间演化、分布的差异特征。结果显示：近5年来贫困人口总量略有增长,贫困人口分布整体呈现均衡化趋势;从区域看,西部地区的城市贫困人口集聚加剧,贫困加深区较多;从城市看,小城市、资源型城市和少数民族聚居型城市是构成贫困加深区的主要类型。2011年,贫困发生率自东向西逐渐升高,中小城市、资源型城市和少数民族聚居型城市相对拥有更高的贫困发生率。进一步分析,东北地区资源型城市呈现高人均GDP和高贫困发生率的“隐藏性贫困”,西南地区部分少数民族聚居型城市呈现低人均GDP和相对低贫困发生率的“特殊性低贫”。未来国家反贫困政策应该充分考虑城市的区位、资源条件、人口规模和构成特征,重点关注贫困加深地区的中小城市、资源型城市和少数民族聚居型城市,并解决经济发展和贫困之间的特殊关系。     

中国互联网区域差异的时空分析

本文将中国互联网域名地区分布数据与图形数据结合, 运用相关分析、Lorenz 曲线和区位 熵等方法, 从时间和空间上探讨了中国互联网分布的区域差异。通过分析认为: (1) 中国互联网发 展水平从东到西呈阶梯状分布。(2) 发展水平高的区域与发展水平低的区域差距较大。(3) 东部地 区和中部、西部地区的发展水平在拉大, 但全国各地区差异基本保持不变。(4) 东部地区互联网发 展速度加快, 中部地区发展缓慢, 西部地区步履艰难。(5) 互联网的发展是区域经济发展水平的反 映, 同时也具有自身的特点。     

Amplifying (or Reversing) the Territorial Disparities in Land Vulnerability to Soil Degradation: The Case of Italy

This article analyzes the territorial disparities in the level of land vulnerability (TDLV) to soil degradation caused by five processes (soil erosion, salinization, sealing, contamination, and compaction) as well as by climate variations in Italy in 1990 and 2000. The analysis reveals, for each soil degradation process, a typical spatial distribution across Italy. Three processes (soil salinization, compaction, and sealing) contribute significantly to the increase in land vulnerability, which is mainly concentrated in risky areas. The observed disparities highlight a growing environmental divide between northern Italy (an economically developed region, not at risk of desertification) and southern Italy and the two main islands (dry, disadvantaged regions at risk of desertification). The knowledge of such a territorial divide and of the underlying soil degradation processes is regarded as important for environmental policies at the country and regional scales aimed at sustaining the economic and socioenvironmental cohesion between areas that are either vulnerable or nonvulnerable to soil degradation. The proposed approach should be seen as part of a decision-making tool informing policies and supporting the design of management solutions, hopefully reversing disparities in land vulnerability to soil degradation.     

The Best of Times and the Worst of Times: Structural Adjustment Programs and Uneven Development in Africa: The Case Of Ghana

Since 1983, Ghana has been undergoing World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). The implementation of the SAPs, it is claimed, has arrested Ghana's economy from complete collapse, resulted in consistent growth in GDP averaging 6% over the past decade, reduced inflation levels, created budget surplus, and increased export earnings. Compared to the 1970s, these are the best of times indeed. But while these SAPs-derived improvements in the national economy have been recorded at the macro level, the benefits at the micro level are a matter of considerable debate. This study revisits the issue of socioeconomic and spatial disparities that have characterized Ghana since colonial times, emphasizing the period from 1983 when Ghana's SAPs began. It examines current patterns of socioeconomic disparities with emphasis on the distribution of, and access to, health, education, basic services, and the like. The study focuses on urban-rural as well as interregional disparities in the country.     

新疆区域经济空间分异的微观机制与测度分析——基于新经济地理学的视角

借鉴新经济地理学的基本框架,从人口与产业集聚匹配性的视角分析了新疆地区差距形成的微观机制,通过引入内含空间因素的测度指标,对新疆地区差距现状及其演进趋势进行了分析。研究发现：新疆地区差距是集聚机制作用下人口与产业（进而产出）集聚不匹配的结果,在此机制作用下,新疆地区差距呈现明显的梯度特征,各梯度之间差距明显,其中第一梯度和第四梯度地区人口与产业集聚的不匹配是新疆地区发展失衡的主要动因。为缩小地区发展差距,未来新疆政策设计的基本思路是立足其特殊区情,先“动钱”、再“动人”,通过集聚经济的发展和劳动力的自由流动逐步实现区域间协调发展。     

The Best of Times and the Worst of Times: Structural Adjustment Programs and Uneven Development in Africa: The Case Of Ghana

Since 1983, Ghana has been undergoing World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). The implementation of the SAPs, it is claimed, has arrested Ghana's economy from complete collapse, resulted in consistent growth in GDP averaging 6% over the past decade, reduced inflation levels, created budget surplus, and increased export earnings. Compared to the 1970s, these are the best of times indeed. But while these SAPs‐derived improvements in the national economy have been recorded at the macro level, the benefits at the micro level are a matter of considerable debate. This study revisits the issue of socioeconomic and spatial disparities that have characterized Ghana since colonial times, emphasizing the period from 1983 when Ghana's SAPs began. It examines current patterns of socioeconomic disparities with emphasis on the distribution of, and access to, health, education, basic services, and the like. The study focuses on urban‐rural as well as interregional disparities in the country.     

Computer Science and Programming Courses in Geography Departments in the United States

Geographic information systems (GIS) are fundamental information technologies. The capabilities and applications of GIS continue to rapidly expand, requiring practitioners to have new skills and competencies, especially in computer science. There is little research, however, about how best to prepare the next generation of GIScientists with adequate computer science skills. This article explores how U.S. geography departments are introducing and developing computer science and programming skills in their geography and GIS degree programs. We review the degree requirements in fifty-five geography departments and discover that forty-four of them offer some kind of GIS programming course. Of the 210 separate degree options identified, however, only 22 require one of these courses for a degree. There is little consistency or emphasis on computer science and programming skills in geography or GIS degrees, despite the immense importance of these components in geography and GIS careers. We propose future research along distinct investigative tracks to build a research-based understanding of the educational interactions among GIS, computer science, programming, and geography.     

The geography of elderly minority populations in the United States

A tremendous amount of attention has been given to the aging of population that is occurring in many parts of the world. However, very little work has focused upon the aging of minority populations. Because minority populations often have greater needs for health care and fewer resources to pay for it, it is important to assess the demand for services. This paper takes an initial step in that direction by focusing upon the geographic distribution of elderly minority populations in the United States. The study is carried out at several spatial scales, and it is concluded that elderly minority populations tend to be even more segregated than their non-elderly counterparts.     

中国区域经济发展差异的实证研究与R/S分析

文章回顾了改革开放以来中国经济发展战略的转变，介绍了吉尼系数，区域经济区位熵和Hausdoeff Index的计算方法。采用GDP指标，运用吉尼系数和区域经济区位熵分析了改革开放以来中国三大地带之间，省区之间的绝对差距和相对差距的变化趋势，而且还运用分形理论和R／S方法研究了中国区域经济发展差异的收敛性，得出的结论如下：（1）无论从绝对差距还是从相对差距上看，自改变开放以来中国三大地带之间或省区之间的经济发展差距都在扩大。（2）1995年所实施的区域协调发展战略在近期内并没有缩小地区之间的发展差距。（3）R／S分析结果表明中国区域经济发展差异在未来20年内将继续扩大。     

Modelling of geographic cancer risk factor disparities in US counties

The goal of this research is to create a theoretical framework for the identification of cancer risk factor disparities and address the recognition of geographic patterns in these factors. 34 secondary variables covering the entire US at the county level in 2010 were analyzed, both individually and grouped (theoretically and statistically), in relation to the mortality to incidence ratio (MIR) for all cancer sites. An a priori assessment and a principal components analysis (PCA) were used to group variables to test societal constructs. OLS and geographically weighted regressions (GWRs) were used to assess influence of both individual and grouped variables against the MIR. The theoretical grouping of variables showed little change in predictive capability of OLS models. In GWR model, there was marked improvement over the OLS. Maps produced using local R2 showed clear regional patterns of influence between the indicators and the MIR. Both the theoretical model and the justification for a spatial approach to cancer risk factor disparities were shown to be effective in this paper. The link between this suite of indicators and the health outcomes is clear, and supports the idea that a full representation of the SES landscape should be used to both predict health outcomes and to assess policy options for improving these outcomes. With the presence of definitive regional patterns and clear connections between the MIR and societal groupings, the findings from this research suggest a need to shift to a more comprehensive and spatial approach to cancer disparities research.     

基于ESDA的区域经济空间差异分析——以江苏省为例

基于ESDA全局和局部空间自相关分析,利用江苏省1978～2002年县域人均GDP数据,对江苏省县域总体和局部空间差异的变化趋势、特征与成因进行了初步探索。结果首先表明,随着我国改革开放进程的逐步深化,江苏省县域经济空间差异在总体上呈现缩小趋势。其次,江苏省县域局部空间差异不断缩小,特别是苏南和苏北县域,表现出与周边地区同步发展态势。再者,苏南地区对全省的极化效应明显大于其扩散效应。大致自1992年以来,苏南和苏北地区内部分别形成了与周边地区显著相似的区域。最后,江苏省县域总体和局部空间差异的缩小并不是全省区域经济协调发展的标志,而是南北空间分异的表现。在循环累积因果机制作用下,南北差异有可能进一步扩大。     

Male-female literacy differential in India--1981

The author examines inequalities in the literacy rates between males and females in India. Regional variations in literacy are examined by district using maps. "The male-female literacy differential is low in coastal, peripheral and metropolitan areas and is high in inland and mountainous areas. These regional disparities are the product of differences in length of educational background, age at marriage, level of urbanisation, standard of living and proportion of socially conservative and backward sections of society.... The study in spatial dimension provides a strong base for the removal of sex biased discrimination in society."     

改革开放以来广东省区域差异的发展变化

本文主要研究改革开放以来广东省区域差异发展变化的趋势及特点。在确定了研究的方法,采用的指标后,文章从三个方面,及全省区域差异的总体状况;省内各区之间的差异;省内各区内部的差异,分析了广东省1980—1990年区域差异的发展变化。研究表明自改革开放以来广东省的区域差异迅速扩大,且主要体现在珠江三角洲与全省其余各地差异的扩大;虽然在改革开放的初期三角洲内部的差异就比较明显,但1980年以来三角洲呈现出很强的均衡发展的特点;区域差异发展的特点与广东改革开放以来实行的一系列政策有明显的因果关系。最后,文章探讨了缩小广东省区域差异的措施。     

中国西南少数民族聚居区聚落分布的空间格局特征与主控因子分析——以哈尼梯田区为例

聚落格局是乡村地理学研究的基础,也是人地地域系统的重要组成部分,更是目前地理学研究的热点之一。科学分析、揭示、刻画少数民族等脆弱地区的聚落格局,对合理、高效推进该区域新型城镇化道路建设,实现民族团结和繁荣,全面建成小康社会具有重要意义。而目前,对于少数民族、尤其是多民族共生区的聚落格局研究还不足。论文以中国西南少数民族聚居的哈尼梯田区为例,从聚落分布的空间位置特征、民族格局特征、区位环境特征及其主控因子等方面,刻画了哈尼梯田区哈尼、彝、壮、汉、苗、瑶、傣等7个民族的聚落格局特征。结果表明：① 在空间位置上,哈尼梯田区68%的聚落分布在区内西中部,主要以哈尼、彝、壮为主。② 在民族格局上,形成了以哈尼—彝混居的大格局,以壮、汉、苗、瑶、傣混居的小格局。③ 在区位环境上,7个民族在海拔、坡度、气温、降水量、与河流距离、聚落规模、耕地面积、与行政中心距离和粮食单产等区位环境特征上具有显著差异。④ 在主控因子上,壮、苗、瑶聚落分布的主控因子为经济、行政、旅游中心距离,贡献率分别为86.4%和75.3%、92.8%;彝族聚落布局的主控因子为气温(贡献率为52.0%);汉、哈尼、傣聚落布局的主控因子为降水量,贡献率分别为98.7%、52.2%、97.0%。⑤ 整体而言,哈尼梯田区聚落格局在垂直向上,形成了多民族共生的立体格局,在水平向上形成了多民族互嵌格局。研究可为少数民族地区新农村建设、聚落格局优化、精准扶贫、全面建设小康社会提供科学参考。     

中国西部经济社会地域分异规律研究

本文应用定性与定量相结合的方法及GIS技术 ,选取反映地区发展状况的 12项主要指标 ,对西部 10 6个地州市的经济社会发展状况进行了综合评价 ,分析了西部经济社会地域分异特征 ,揭示了西部经济社会发展的地域分异规律。文章认为 ,影响西部经济社会地域分异的主要因素包括 :西部自然环境地域分异决定了社会经济地域分异的基本格局 ;农业资源的地域组合决定着农业生产的地域分异 ;能矿资源的地域组合及开发决定了能矿工业基地和一些矿业城镇的地域分异 ;重要城市和经济较发达区域沿主要河流沿岸和交通沿线扩展的点 轴式地域分异规律 ;区位、资源、劳动力、技术、市场、政策等要素的地域组合 ,决定着经济地域类型 ;西部经济社会发展在地域分异上较高的相关性 ,导致社会经济与生态环境不相协调的矛盾十分尖锐 ,生态环境已经对社会经济发展形成了强约束。     

和田地区人口与经济发展时空演变与分布差异研究

以和田地区七县一市作为研究基本单元,根据1995-2014 年人口、GDP和人均GDP面板数据分析了其人口与经济发展演变特征,通过人口经济一致性指数、偏离度指数和Pearson 相关系数探讨了和田地区人口经济分布的差异性,研究发现：近20 a 来和田地区人口和经济快速增长,各县市人口数量和经济发展差异很大;人口集聚与经济集聚水平差异较大并呈现扩大趋势,总体上东部地区人口集聚低于经济集聚,中部地区人口经济集聚基本一致,西部地区人口集聚高于经济集聚;人口分布与经济发展空间一致性总体呈变弱的趋势,人口经济分布差异的变大与地区经济差距的变大有非常高的相关性;地区的自然环境条件和社会经济发展条件是造成和田人口和经济分布差异性的主要原因。     

外商直接投资(FDI)与江苏省区域经济差异研究

运用Theil系数嵌套分解法和多元回归分析法研究江苏省区域经济差异的演变趋势和成因。改革开放以来江苏省区域经济差异呈现波浪式扩大过程;在省内不同地理空间尺度上,苏南、苏中、苏北三大区域间的差异一直主导着省内整体差异;FDI一直是影响江苏省区域经济差异的重要因素之一。对FDI的流入模式进行定性分析,并提出缩小区域经济差异的引资政策。