德国饮用水水源保护区的建立与保护

在德国,饮用水被确定为生活中的第一物质材料,饮用水水源保护区的建立与保护是一项法律程序。德国人经过１００多年的长期实践,迄今为止已建立近２００００个饮用水水源保护区,在水源地保护方面积累了大量经验,被欧美工业国吸收采纳。本文介绍了德国饮用水水源保护区的政策、规范与模型;保护区的划定原则与方法,以及利用岩石土壤对水污染的过滤净化能力或者水体自然净化功能,分区分级保护和利用水源保护区的实用哲学。本文还描述了全流域生态系统保护与水源保护区的关系,东德与西德水源保护工作的差距。     

规划保护区以保护自然资源

保护区的功能真正的自然生态系统可以包括人,如果目前人类应当依赖于并受到其环境制约的话。然而,在现代的思维中,获利的动机占主导地位,因而能源、资源及商品的净出口和进口都发生于目前有人居住的地方。其结果,人类已成了直接或间接地引起许多生境部分或全部毁灭。因此,保护区的首要职能是去保护各种各样的物种和生境,在合适的地方保护部落民族传统的生活方式。与资源保护相联系的最根本的伦理观是承认自然地区与野生生物的内在价值,并促使现代人去充当保护那种财产的角色。     

人与保护区：理解态度差异 提高保护成效

When the attitudes of local people towards wildlife and conservation are not aligned with those of other stakeholders, significant conflicts can result, potentially undermining conservation efforts. We collected attitudinal data from 171 local people and 59 governmental staff from a Nature Reserve in southwestern China. These attitudinal questions covered key topics of ecosystem services, protected areas and human-wildlife coexistence. Statistically significant (p<0.05) similarities of responses between local people and staff were identified and the nature of any disparity was investigated. The majority of attitudes relating to protected areas (60%) and coexistence (100%) were statistically similar between the two groups, unlike 25% of responses relating to ecosystem services. Few characteristics of staff were statistically associated with their attitudes, whereas responses from local people were frequently associated with sub-village. Such attitudinal studies inform recommendations that consider the potential for future conflicts that might persist following attitudinal disparity between two key stakeholders.     

鄱阳湖保护区创新理念开创保护工作新局面

<正>江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区的主要职能是保护鄱阳湖以白鹤为代表的珍稀候鸟和湿地生态环境,开展相关科学研究。成立30年来,在资源保护、科学研究、干部培养等各方面都取得了较好的成绩,开创了保护工作新局面。成绩的取得是与保护区不断适应时代发展的新要求,创新一系列发展理念分不开的。一、"生态永恒,保护一家。"生态环境与人类的命运密切相关。地球上只有一个鄱阳湖。为了保     

西双版纳勐养保护区热带林保护GIS研究

西双版纳是生物多样性的荟萃地, 利用 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ进行保护研究十分重要。研究共分３ 个部分： （１） Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ的建立。（２） Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ的应用。其中包括物种资源保护、环境监测和可持续发展规划。（３） 提高 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ实用性的探讨。结果认为： 保障数据源质量、数据标准化、控制数据处理和增强数学模型的灵敏度是提高 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ实用性的重要途径。     

人与保护区:理解态度差异提高保护成效（英文）

如果当地群众对野生动物以及保护的态度与其他利益相关群体不一致,则易引发显著的冲突,削弱或破坏保护工作的成效。本研究收集了中国西南部一个自然保护区周边171位当地居民和59位当地政府工作人员的态度数据,这些问题覆盖了受访者对生态系统服务、自然保护区和人类与野生动物共存三类主要问题的态度。通过对当地居民与政府公务人员态度的相似度统计分析,探究这些差异存在的本质。两个群体对涉及保护区和人与野生动物共存问题的态度的相似度极高,分别为60%和100%,而对有关生态系统服务的态度的相似度只有25%。政府工作人员群体的属性特征与他们的态度并无直接相关,当地民众的态度常常与其居住地所在的子村寨相关。本研究对不同利益群体的态度的分析结果显示,鉴于两个主要利益相关群体之间的态度差异,未来在利益相关问题上存在产生冲突的潜在可能性,应当予以关注和认真对待。     

西南地区滇金丝猴潜在优先保护区与保护网络识别（英文）

In Southwest China, five Nature Reserves(NRs)(Mangkang, Baimaxueshan, Yunling, Habaxueshan, and Yunlongtianchi) play a key role in protecting the endemic and endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey(YSM)(Rhinopithecus bieti). However, increasing human activities threaten its habitats and corridors. We used a GIS-based Niche Model to delineate potential core habitats(PCHs) of the YSMs and a Linkage Mapper corridor simulation tool to restore potential connectivity corridors(PCCs), and defined five scenarios. A normalized importance value index(NIVI) was established to identify the protection priority areas(PPAs) for the YSMs for five scenarios. The results indicated that locations of the habitats and corridors were different in the five scenarios, thereby influencing the distribution of the PPAs and protection network of the YSMs. The NIVI value of Baimaxueshan nature reserve was 1 in the five scenarios, which implied the maximum importance. There were only 7 PCHs and 16 PCCs(with the longest average length of 223.13 km) which were mainly located around 5 NRs in scenario III. The protection network of the YSMs was composed of 16 PCHs, 18 PCCs, and 5 NRs. Under each scenario, most of the PCHs and the PCCs were located in the south of the study area. The five NRs only covered 2 PPAs of the YSMs. We suggest that the southern part of the study area needs to be strictly protected and human activities should be limited. The area of the five NRs should be expanded to maximize protection of the YSMs in the future.     

江苏洪泽湖东部湿地保护区野生动物资源现状及保护对策

洪泽湖东部湿地保护区是东亚—澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙大通道上的主要停歇地和重要越冬地,动物资源丰富。以洪泽湖东部湿地保护区野生动物为研究对象,分析其资源现状和保护对策。结果表明：保护区共有野生动物26目74科269种,其中,鸟类有18目54科229种,两栖动物有1目4科8种,爬行动物有2目8科18种,哺乳动物有5目8科14种。保护区调查到国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物4种和国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物40种。保护区野生动物资源丰富,须加强野生动物保护的宣传和监管力度,加大对重点保护物种的保护和监测,为野生动物保护和生物多样性维护提供依据。     

中国自然遗迹类保护区的保护有效性评估(英文)

Evaluating the effectiveness of protecting nature assets is a vital component of responsive, pro-active management of protected areas. It is important to protect reserves of geological(including fossils) assets as a means to also protect national and natural heritage. At the end of 2013, 2669 protected areas had been established in China and 123 of them are reserves for nature assets. This paper builds an evaluation framework for protection effectiveness of these assets. The current elements and characteristics for effective protection are analyzed, along with an analysis of existing problems so as to construct a scientific approach to protect these assets. The influencing elements and characteristics for effective protection of nature asset reserves are included in an index evaluation system for effective protection in such areas, which contains four parts–target layer, evaluation criteria, evaluation indexes, and evaluation parameters–based on related documents and files. For the target layer, it includes nature asset evaluation and management evaluation. In the end, it is discussed how to build a comprehensive evaluation model and achieve an effective quantitative evaluation.     

冰冻圈旅游经济区发展水平及影响因素分析

大香格里拉地区是我国典型的冰冻圈旅游区,冰冻圈资源丰富,且旅游开发较好。以大香格里拉地区为例,运用熵值法、综合指数评价模型与地理探测器相结合的分析方法,对2008—2017年大香格里拉旅游经济区的发展水平及主要影响因素进行了分析,并提出相应政策建议。结果表明：（1）2008—2017年发展水平明显提高,但受冰冻圈资源变化影响较大;（2）该地区以中等偏下发展水平为主,各地区发展不平衡,发展水平差异呈现先扩大后缩小的趋势;（3）冰川面积、冰川面积覆盖率、人均全社会消费品零售总额、旅行社数量和城镇化率是影响大香格里拉地区发展水平的关键因子,经济和社会发展水平的迅速提升,在一定程度上抵消了冰冻圈资源萎缩的负面影响。基于此,应严格遵循生态保护红线,从实际出发,支持各地区发挥比较优势,利用当前冰冻圈资源优势,重点培育冰雪旅游产业,以促进大香格里拉地区发展进程。     

Coastal zone and its sustainable development

1CoastlineandNewConceptionoftheEarthSystemScienceCoasilineisthesharedboundarybylandandocean.Contrarytocommonconcephonthatcoastlineisalindttoman'sunderstandingoftheEarth,thecoastlineisabaselineformantoknowandunderstalldlandsystemandoceanSystemoftiteEarth.1.1NcwconceptionoftheearthsystemscienceIntheEurasiaContinent,theheatenergyfromthesunisdistributedwithlatitUde,butitSprecipitahonisdistributedwithlongitUdeowingtoAsiaMonsoon.Theamoamofprecipitahonofaplaceisrelatedtoitsdistancefromthecoast…     

寻找西部大开发与大保护的结合点

<正> 环境保护和经济发展是一对矛盾。党中央、国务院提出经济建设绝不能以破坏人类的生存环境为代价,不能把环境保护同经济建设对立起来或割裂开来,而要把两者统一到可持续发展上来。为正确处理经济开发与环境保护的关系指明了方向。 西部大开发战略实施以来,我们始终面临着经济大开发与环境大保护的两难矛盾。一方面,我国的西部既是生态屏障地区,同时也是生态脆弱地区和环境敏感地区,最需要采取更为严格的保护措施,     

Principles of adaptive-landscape generation and development of soil protection agricultural systems

An analysis is made of the chief causes for degradation of agricultural lands: exhaustive agricultural land use, poor planning quality of land use management, deforestation, low volumes of forest planting and reforestation, and a high degree of plowing of lands. The principles of adaptive-landscape generation and land use practices are substantiated on the basis of a system approach to the exploitation of the natural-resource potential and a package of anti-degradation measures. The structure flowchart is given for the model of adaptive-landscape generation as developed on the basis of assessing the natural-climatic conditions, land resources, the degree of land degradation, and analyzing the set of indicators and criteria for a classification of landscapes. It is found that the key elements of the adaptive-landscape organization of land use on slopes are a typization of lands, the determination of the land use pattern, and the employment of technologies, methods and measures to ensure a normal functioning of agroecosystems. The following groups of lands are identified: gentle near-watershed slopes with a steepness of up to 2–3°; near-network lands, the lower boundary of which runs along the edge of the hydrographic network, and lands on the hydrographic network. The schematic of the organization of a large balka catchment is provided.     

Designing a spatial pattern to rebalance the orientation of development and protection in Wuhan

Patterns of spatial development and protection form a basic category of geoscience,and redesigning them is a popular subject of research in regional sustainable development that is important for ecological civilization construction.The authors here report a case study of Wuhan city using the circuit theory model and minimum cumulative resistance(MCR)model to rebalance its spatial protection and development.The results show the following:(1)Using the density of the gross domestic product(GDP),density of population,rate of urbanization,and access to transportation as evaluation indicators,seven core areas of development in Wuhan were identified,accounting for 59%of the total number of streets,that exhibited a “circular-satellite”spatial structure.(2)According to the importance of ecosystem services,ecological sensitivity,land use type,and slope of the terrain,the resistance surface of spatial development in Wuhan had a stereoscopic spatial form of an“inverted pyramid,”with high surroundings and a low center.The area of low resistance accounted for 6.64%of the total area of Wuhan.(3)Based on coupling analysis using the MCR and spatial morphological characteristics of current,nine axes of spatial development with a total area of 427.27 km2 and eight key strategic points with a total area of 40.02 km2 were identified.Streets that were prioritized for development accounted for 9.63%of Wuhan's total area.(4)By combining the characterization of the development axis with the structure of the three-level core area,we extracted the structure of spatial development of "one heart,two wings,and three belts" in Wuhan.The research framework and empirical results can provide scientific guidance for the urban spatial layout,the development of regional linkages,and ecological environmental protection in China.     

长江经济带产业的集聚与演化——基于开发区的视角

推进产业集群培育和产业有序转移,对实现长江经济带产业转型及协同发展具有重要意义。以开发区为研究视角,从时空两个维度刻画了长江经济带的产业结构特征及空间集聚状态,重点剖析了技术密集型、资本密集型和劳动密集型产业的演化特征。结果表明：长江经济带开发区的装备制造、电子信息、汽车及零部件等技术密集型产业相对于全国而言优势显著,但下游、中游和上游地区开发区的产业能级存在梯度差异;开发区产业布局主要依托“城市群-中心城市”,劳动密集型产业呈“小集聚、大分散”的格局,资本密集型产业主要集聚在资本雄厚、矿产资源丰富或沿海沿江地区,技术密集型产业已形成规模不等的集聚连绵区。从演变特征看,开发区的产业结构高级度与其设立时间正向相关,且存在上中下游间的差异性,下游地区的开发区产业结构更加高级化;同时,技术密集型、资本密集型和劳动密集型产业之间的空间关联性逐渐增强。最后,本文初步构建了一个基于开发区的产业集群培育和产业有序转移的理论分析框架,并提出相应的政策建议：未来长江经济带世界级产业集群的建设应重点依托国家级和省级开发区,通过开发区产业分阶段的集群化发展模式来带动区域经济发展;同时,也应以各类开发区为载体,推进关联地区产业的有序转移。     

城市群、产业集群与开发区互动发展研究——以长株潭城市群为例

城市群、产业集群与开发区的协同发展是实现城市群地区可持续快速发展的重要手段。在已有文献研究的基础上,基于宏观与微观相结合的视角,梳理了城市群、产业集群与开发区三者之间的关系及互动机制。认为城市群是新型城镇化的主体形态,是产业集群和开发区发展的空间载体,城市群为开发区和产业集群发展提供生产要素、服务和市场;开发区是城市群的创新创业高地与产业集聚、集群发展的重要场所,是城市群的重要生产功能区;产业集群是产业发展的重要组织形式,是推动开发区和城市群发展的重要驱动力。产业集群与开发区共享着城市群的资源与服务,开发区通过产业集聚与创新,产业集群通过产业链延伸、耦合与创新,与城市群形成生产要素、市场交易、创新与服务等方面的多维度相互作用,最终实现三者的协同发展。基于城市群、产业集群与开发区规模、结构、职能和创新等4个方面的17个指标,采用典型相关分析法,以长株潭城市群为案例区,对城市群、产业集群与开发区两大变量组进行了互动因素与强度的量化分析,结果表明：① 长株潭城市群、产业集群与开发区已形成有效互动。其中,城市群通过经济规模、城市结构、创新投入与产出、服务职能的发展,促进产业集群的经济规模、产业集聚、经济效益与产业创新,以及开发区的建设品质、产业集聚与产业效率的发展。开发区通过产业集聚与创新效率的提高,产业集群通过产业规模、效益协同开发区效率的提升,强化了城市群规模、结构、创新与职能的发展。② 长株潭城市群通过经济规模、结构、创新与服务四类因子,对产业集群与开发区产生了全面的促进作用,但产业集群与开发区并未完全协同地促进城市群发展。③ 要进一步提升产业集群的效益与开发区的效率,加强其对城市群发展与繁荣的支撑作用,全面实现三者的多维良性互动,提高城市群的核心竞争力。     

Water environmental planning for new zone of economic-technological development in China

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澳门与珠江三角洲地区经济发展的协同作用分析

改革开放以来,澳门与珠江三角洲地区的经济关系日益密切。创建良好条件,发挥两地在工业、金融贸易、旅游业、基础设施建设等领域的协同作用,将会有利于实现澳门回归的平稳过渡,促进区域经济的共同发展。     

长江经济带开发与保护空间格局构建及其分析路径

长江流域经济—社会—生态系统完整,是中国国土空间开发最重要的东西轴线,在区域发展总体格局中具有重要战略地位。当下,为应对全球经贸格局重组、国家与区域经济社会转型以及资源环境约束趋紧等新形势,国家提出依托长江黄金水道,构建横贯东西、辐射南北、通江达海、经济高效、生态良好的中国经济新支撑带,这就要求长江经济带形成人口资源环境协调的均衡化开发与保护格局。本文基于“点—轴”、分区式与多中心网络式等空间组织结构,明确空间格局的推演逻辑与思路。进而,在区域差异性分析与空间开发适宜性评价基础上,认为长江经济带需重点构建以“一轴两翼,三区六廊”为主体的开发格局、以“六大片区”为主体的农业发展格局、以“五大屏障”为主体的生态安全格局,并提出不同区域差异化发展导向、路径与制度建议,以及今后长江经济带空间结构需进一步研究的主要科学问题。