DFC1型光电式数字日照计与暗筒式日照计观测日照时数的对比分析

该文利用石阡国家气象站2019年1—12月DFC1型光电式数字日照计（简称自动观测）和暗筒式日照计观测（简称人工观测）的日照资料,对比分析时、日、月、年日照时数的差异,结果表明：自动观测与人工观测的日、月日照时数相关系数均在0.98以上,有非常好的相关性;自动观测年日照时数低于人工观测值,自动观测有日照天数和早、晚日照时数明显多于人工观测值,自动观测比人工观测分辨率更高和灵敏度更好,更客观反映日照变化情况。     

气压室环境对气压观测准确性的影响

把台站符合观测规范的气压室做为台站气压观测的标准环境 ,同时在不同的气压观测环境中进行气压观测 ,分析不同环境引起的气压观测误差 ,对误差原因进行分析讨论 ,得出气压观测环境温度不稳定和气流堆积 ,是造成气压观测误差的主要原因     

称重与人工观测降水量的差异

为了更好地使用降水观测数据,对引起称重观测和人工观测的差异原因进行分析,选取北京市15个国家级地面观测站2012年11月—2014年1月称重式降水传感器与人工观测降水量业务资料,探讨称重观测与人工观测累积降水量的差异,并细化为对固态降水和液态降水两种降水类型进行相关性研究。结果表明:称重观测与人工观测日降水量相关系数为0.9990, 88.0%的对比次数中, 两者日降水量差值满足业务要求;在出现固态降水时,称重观测较人工观测降水量偏大,在出现液态降水时,称重观测较人工观测降水量偏小;两者在日降水量等级判断差异较小,小量降水时称重观测的能力较优;防风圈可显著提高称重观测固态降水的捕捉率,而称重观测内筒蒸发对夏季降水测量有一定影响。     

人工与自动大气能见度观测的对比分析

大气能见度是最重要的气象学指标之一,其准确观测对气象及相关领域具有重要意义。在实际观测中经常存在器测数据与人工观测数据差异明显的现象,用对比观测期贵阳国家基准气候站的大气能见度仪器观测与人工观测数据分析,结果表明:人工与自动观测数据还是有较好的一致性、相关性。大气无雾、污染环境下,人工观测存在主观差异,能见度观测值偏大,前向散射能见度仪自动观测结果稳定,观测数据接近大气能见度的真实值。在局部雾带、大气受污染环境下,人工观测能见度平均误差低于自动观测数据平均误差。在大气受污染环境下,前向散射能见度仪自动观测的能见度偏小。前向散射能见度仪自身的清洁度等因素对观测值起到了至关重要的影响,在仪器使用过程中应引起足够重视。     

适应性观测及其策略问题

从适应性观测(目标观测)概念提出后,确定进行适应性观测的时间、敏感区域的方法,即适应性观测策略得到不断发展,本文介绍了目前最主要的几种适应性观测策略,其中包括奇异矢量、繁殖矢量、伴随敏感性、集合转换Kalman滤波等适应性观测策略,以及用于台风的适应性观测策略.总结了适应性观测及其策略的相关理论问题,以及各种适应性观测策略之间的相关关系和不同,讨论了适应性观测对预报改进的影响因素,如观测误差、同化方案、模式误差等.为了实施适应性观测的业务应用、比较不同的适应性策略的适用性,国际上针对不同的高影响天气过程,在不同地区开展了一系列适应性观测外场试验.本文总结了近几年来开展的适应性观测外场试验.这些试验结果表明,平均而言适应性观测可有效地改进高影响天气过程的数值天气预报,但实施高影响性天气的适应性观测业务仍然是一个挑战性任务.     

塔城基准站自动与人工观测常规要素对比分析

通过数理统计方法,分析了塔城基准站2005年自动观测与人工观测两种不同观测方式所采集数据之间的差异及相互关系.初步阐述了自动观测与人工观测资料差值的日变化、季变化及年变化,提供了自动观测与人工观测同类资料可以相互代替,自动观测所取数据序列能够作为人工观测资料历史序列延续的依据.     

自动站与人工观测常规气象要素差异对比分析

利用青海省海西州所属气象站人工与自动平行观测资料,统计分析气温、气压、相对湿度、风要素观测差异,探讨差异产生的原因。结果表明:自动站与人工观测常规气象要素均存在一定的差异,自动站气温、风普遍高于人工站观测值,气压、相对湿度自动站观测大多低于人工观测值,没有一个站各要素偏差都在评估允许范围内的;观测仪器结构与观测原理的不同、观测时空差异、观测方式的不同是造成偏差的主要原因。     

人工雪深和自动雪深观测数据差异的原因分析

<正>1引言根据中国气象局《综合气象观测系统发展规划(2010-2015)》,实现各种气象要素的自动化观测已是我国气象部门近阶段观测自动化发展的主要方向。雪深自动观测设备通过了中国气象局的考核,现已定型,黑龙江省有5个台站试点运行,采用人工观测雪深和自动雪深探测仪观测雪深对比观测。本文根据观测地段、测量工具和观测方法的不同,就两种观测方式取得的观测数据存在的差异原因进行了分     

自动观测与人工观测相对湿度比对分析

为了确定现有相对湿度自动观测与人工观测数据是否具有可比较性以及它们之间的偏差情况,利用全国保留人工观测的8个国家基准气候站2007—2013年的自动与人工观测相对湿度的整点资料进行比对分析,结果表明:自动气象站相对湿度的观测结果系统性低于人工观测结果,且随着相对湿度增加,两者系统偏差增大,系统偏差为-5.69%~-0.1%,标准偏差为2.02%~4.71%;夏季自动观测与人工观测相对湿度的差异最大且与环境风速有关,在低风速下自动观测与人工观测差异较大,随着风速增大,差异逐渐减小;气温对相对湿度观测也有一定影响;两类观测逐小时数据未见明显的时间差异;自动观测与人工观测相对湿度偏差,清晨相对湿度较高时高湿地区台站偏差较大,下午相对湿度低时偏差较小。     

L波段测风雷达探测应注意的问题

正确选取对比观测的时间,观测前做好经纬仪的水平、方位、焦距的调整,提高经纬仪的观测精度,确保经纬仪观测与雷达观测的误差的精确度,进一步确保雷达观测的精度,保证高空气象资料的准确性。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Light-absorbing particles in snow and ice: Measurement and modeling of climatic and hydrological impact

Light absorbing particles(LAP, e.g., black carbon, brown carbon, and dust) influence water and energy budgets of the atmosphere and snowpack in multiple ways. In addition to their effects associated with atmospheric heating by absorption of solar radiation and interactions with clouds, LAP in snow on land and ice can reduce the surface reflectance(a.k.a., surface darkening), which is likely to accelerate the snow aging process and further reduces snow albedo and increases the speed of snowpack melt. LAP in snow and ice(LAPSI) has been identified as one of major forcings affecting climate change, e.g.in the fourth and fifth assessment reports of IPCC. However, the uncertainty level in quantifying this effect remains very high. In this review paper, we document various technical methods of measuring LAPSI and review the progress made in measuring the LAPSI in Arctic, Tibetan Plateau and other mid-latitude regions. We also report the progress in modeling the mass concentrations, albedo reduction, radiative forcing, and climatic and hydrological impact of LAPSI at global and regional scales. Finally we identify some research needs for reducing the uncertainties in the impact of LAPSI on global and regional climate and the hydrological cycle.     

Typhoon Track,Intensity, and Structure: From Theory to Prediction

To improve understanding of essential aspects that influence forecasting of tropical cyclones (TCs), the National Key Research and Development Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China conducted a five-year project titled “Key Dynamic and Thermodynamic Processes and Prediction for the Evolution of Typhoon Intensity and Structure” (KPPT). Through this project, new understandings of TC intensification, including outer rainband-driven secondary eyewall formation and the roles of boundary layer dynamics and vertical wind shear, and improvements to TC data assimilation with integrated algorithms and adaptive localizations are achieved. To promote a breakthrough in TC intensity and structure forecasting, a new paradigm for TC evolution dynamics (i.e., the correlations, interactions, and error propagation among the triangle of TC track, intensity, and structure) is proposed; and an era of dynamic-constrained, big-data driven, and strongly coupled data assimilation at the subkilometer scale and seamless prediction is expected.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Vulnerability of Aboriginal health systems in Canada to climate change

Climate change has been identified as potentially the biggest health threat of the 21st century. Canada in general has a well developed public health system and low burden of health which will moderate vulnerability. However, there is significant heterogeneity in health outcomes, and health inequality is particularly pronounced among Aboriginal Canadians. Intervention is needed to prevent, prepare for, and manage climate change effects on Aboriginal health but is constrained by a limited understanding of vulnerability and its determinants. Despite limited research on climate change and Aboriginal health, however, there is a well established literature on Aboriginal health outcomes, determinants, and trends in Canada; characteristics that will determine vulnerability to climate change. In this paper we systematically review this literature, using a vulnerability framework to identify the broad level factors constraining adaptive capacity and increasing sensitivity to climate change. Determinants identified include: poverty, technological capacity constraints, socio-political values and inequality, institutional capacity challenges, and information deficit. The magnitude and nature of these determinants will be distributed unevenly within and between Aboriginal populations necessitating place-based and regional level studies to examine how these broad factors will affect vulnerability at lower levels. The study also supports the need for collaboration across all sectors and levels of government, open and meaningful dialogue between policy makers, scientists, health professionals, and Aboriginal communities, and capacity building at a local level, to plan for climate change. Ultimately, however, efforts to reduce the vulnerability of Aboriginal Canadians to climate change and intervene to prevent, reduce, and manage climate-sensitive health outcomes, will fail unless the broader determinants of socio-economic and health inequality are addressed.     

关于气候变化与荒漠化关系的新认知

IPCC于2019年8月7日通过了《气候变化与土地特别报告》决策者摘要,报告第3章评估了气候变化与荒漠化的关系,取得了一些新认识,包括全球旱地(dryland)和荒漠化的范围、荒漠化过程与影响因素、荒漠化的检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化的联系。在估计荒漠化变化、荒漠化变化检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化联系方面还存在不足。这些评估结果对我国认识旱地和荒漠化范围的变化、影响荒漠化因素、荒漠化过程、荒漠化变化检测与归因,荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,以及防治荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化方面等都有重要的启示。     

Trees,forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world

Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental and global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use and water management. This constrains humanity’s ability to protect our planet’s climate and life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, water and energy interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, for cooling terrestrial surfaces and for distributing water resources. Forests and trees must be recognized as prime regulators within the water, energy and carbon cycles. If these functions are ignored, planners will be unable to assess, adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing land cover and climate. Our call to action targets a reversal of paradigms, from a carbon-centric model to one that treats the hydrologic and climate-cooling effects of trees and forests as the first order of priority. For reasons of sustainability, carbon storage must remain a secondary, though valuable, by-product. The effects of tree cover on climate at local, regional and continental scales offer benefits that demand wider recognition. The forest- and tree-centered research insights we review and analyze provide a knowledge-base for improving plans, policies and actions. Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts.     

汉江流域极端水文事件时空分布特征

利用1960-2012年汉江流域15个气象站点的日降雨资料和3个水文站同时期日径流资料,分析了9个极端降雨指数的空间分布规律,运用广义极值分布（GEV）、Gamma分布两种极值统计模型对各站点的最大1 d降雨、最大3 d降雨极值样本进行拟合,遴选描述降雨极值分布规律最优概率模型,进而推算给定重现期下的降雨设计值,并分析其空间分布规律;选用Gumbel、Clayton和Frank这3种Copula函数建立降雨-洪量极值联合分布模型,优选最合适的Copula函数,由此计算给定重现期下的洪量设计值。结果表明：GEV分布模型能更好地模拟降雨极值序列,不同重现期下的降雨极值在空间上均呈西低东高的特征;3种Copula函数中,Frank Copula函数能更好地拟合降雨-洪量相关关系,由此推求的洪量设计值大于单变量拟合设计值。     

Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships

Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience are concepts that are finding increasing currency in several fields of research as well as in various policy and practitioner communities engaged in global environmental change science, climate change, sustainability science, disaster risk-reduction and famine interventions. As scientists and practitioners increasingly work together in this arena a number of questions are emerging: What is credible, salient and legitimate knowledge, how is this knowledge generated and how is it used in decision making? Drawing on important science in this field, and including a case study from southern Africa, we suggest an alternative mode of interaction to the usual one-way interaction between science and practice often used. In this alternative approach, different experts, risk-bearers, and local communities are involved and knowledge and practice is contested, co-produced and reflected upon. Despite some successes in the use and negotiation of such knowledge for ‘real’ world issues, a number of problems persist that require further investigation including the difficulties of developing consensus on the methodologies used by a range of stakeholders usually across a wide region (as the case study of southern Africa shows, particularly in determining and identifying vulnerable groups, sectors, and systems); slow delivery of products that could enhance resilience to change that reflects not only a lack of data, and need for scientific credibility, but also the time-consuming process of coming to a negotiated understanding in science–practice interactions and, finally, the need to clarify the role of ‘external’ agencies, stakeholders, and scientists at the outset of the dialogue process and subsequent interactions. Such factors, we argue, all hinder the use of vulnerability and resilience ‘knowledge’ that is being generated and will require much more detailed investigation by both producers and users of such knowledge.     

气候变化影响和适应认知的演进及对气候政策的影响

通过分析IPCC第二工作组的5次评估报告对气候变化影响、适应的主要结论和方法的演进、原因以及对国际适应谈判和国家适应政策的影响,指出由于文献的迅速增加,影响评估方法和适应技术手段的不断成熟,以及思维的转变和意识的逐渐增强,IPCC进一步确认了气候变化已经并将继续对自然生态系统和人类社会产生广泛而深刻的影响;未来社会经济发展路径、适应和减缓行动以及风险治理将影响气候变化带来的风险。IPCC报告极大地推动了国际和各国适应气候变化科学研究和政策实践的进程。尽管中国各级各部门已逐渐将适应融入到相关政策中,但仍然存在认识、能力、体制机制等问题,需要进一步推进国家和各地的适应工作。