Evidential belief functions for data-driven geologically constrained mapping of gold potential,Baguio district,Philippines

A data-driven application of the theory of evidential belief to map mineral potential is demonstrated with a redefinition of procedures to estimate evidential belief functions. The redefined estimates of evidential belief functions take into account not only the spatial relationship of an evidence with the target mineral deposit but also consider the relationships among the subsets of spatial evidences within a set of evidential data layer. Proximity of geological features to mineral deposits is translated into spatial evidence and evidential belief functions are estimated for the proposition that mineral deposits exist in a test area. The integrated maps of degrees of belief for the proposition that mineral deposits exist in a test area is classified into a binary mineral potential map. For the Baguio district (Philippines), the binary gold potential map delineates (a) about 74% of the training data (i.e., locations of large-scale gold deposits) and (b) about 64% of the validation data (i.e., locations of small-scale gold deposits). The results demonstrate the usefulness of a geologically constrained mineral potential mapping using data-driven evidential belief functions to guide further surficial exploration work in the search for yet undiscovered gold deposits in the Baguio district. The results also indicate the usefulness of evidential belief functions for mapping uncertainties in the geologically constrained integrated predictive model of gold potential.     

Controls on mineral deposit occurrence inferred from analysis of their spatial pattern and spatial association with geological features

In this paper, point pattern analysis, fractal analysis and Fry analysis were employed to study the spatial pattern of known occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought, whereas distance distribution method was applied to study the spatial associations between various geological features and known occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought. In the Aroroy district (Philippines), the results of the applications of these spatial analytical techniques support a conceptual model of district-scale mechanism of geologic controls on low-sulphidation epithermal Au mineralization, which involves a more-or-less regular mesh of interlinked zones of extension faults/fractures at and/or around intersections of NNW- and NW-trending strike-slip faults/fractures. Integration of spatial evidential data layers representing these structural controls and surficial geochemical anomalies, via knowledge-guided application of data-driven evidential belief functions, results in delineation of prospective areas occupying about 25% of the district, in which there is about 70% likelihood of undiscovered occurrences of low-sulphidation epithermal Au deposits.     

GIS Predictive Model for Producing Hydrothermal Gold Potential Map Using Weights of Evidence Approach in Gengma Region, Sanjiang District, China

Gengma region, Sanjiang district is known to have some large-scale gold deposits. GIS predictive model for hydroghermal gold potential was carried out in this region using weights of evidence modeling technique. Datasets used include large-scale hydroghermal gold deposit records, geological, geophysical and remote sensing imagery. Based on the geological and mineral characteristics of areas with known gold occurrences in Sanjiang, several geological features were thought to be indicative of areas with potential for the occurrence of hydroghtermal gold deposits. Indicative features were extracted from geoexploration datasets for use as input in the predictive model. The features include host rock lithology, geologic structures, wallrock alteration and associated (volcanic-plutonic) igneous rocks. To determine which of the indicative geological features are important spatial predictors of area with potential for gold deposits, spatial analysis was done through the modeling method. The input maps were buffered and the optimum distance of spatial association for each geological feature was determined by calculating the contrast and studentized contrast. Five feature maps were converted to binary predictor patterns and used as evidential layers for predictive modeling. The binary patterns were integrated in two combinations, each of which consists of four patterns in order to avoid over prediction due to the effect of duplicate features in the two structural evidences. The two produced potential maps define almost similar favorable zones. Areas of intersections between these zones in the two potential maps placed the highest predictive favorable zones in the region.     

Structural Mapping of the Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone Using PALSAR Remote Sensing Data,Peninsular Malaysia: Implications for Sediment‐hosted/Orogenic Gold Mineral Systems Exploration

The Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) of Peninsular Malaysia is one of the major structural zones in Sundaland, Southeast Asia. It forms the boundary between the Gondwana‐derived Sibumasu terrane in the west and Sukhothai Arc in the east. The BRSZ is genetically related to the sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold deposits associated with the major lineaments in the Central Gold Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. In this investigation, the Phased Array type L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite remote sensing data were used to map major geological structures in Peninsular Malaysia and provide detailed characterization of lineaments and curvilinear structures in the BRSZ, as well as their implication for sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold exploration in tropical environments. Major structural lineaments such as the Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) and Lebir Fault Zone, ductile deformation related to crustal shortening, brittle disjunctive structures (faults and fractures) and collisional mountain range (Main Range granites) were detected and mapped at regional scale using PALSAR ScanSAR data. The major geological structure directions of the BRSZ were N–S, NNE–SSW, NE–SW and NW–SE, which derived from directional filtering analysis to PALSAR fine and polarimetric data. The pervasive array of N–S faults in the Central Gold Belt and surrounding terrain is mainly linked to the N–S trending of the Suture Zone. N–S striking lineaments are often cut by younger NE–SW and NW–SE‐trending lineaments. Gold mineralized trend lineaments are associated with the intersection of N–S, NE–SW, NNW–SSE and ESE–WNW faults and curvilinear features in shearing and alteration zones. Compressional tectonic structures such as the NW–SE trending thrust, ENE–WSW oriented faults in mylonite and phyllite, recumbent folds and asymmetric anticlines in argillite are high potential zones for gold prospecting in the Central Gold Belt. Three generations of folding events in Peninsular Malaysia have been recognized from remote sensing structural interpretation. Consequently, PALSAR satellite remote sensing data is a useful tool for mapping major geological structural features and detailed structural analysis of fault systems and deformation areas with high potential for sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold deposits and polymetallic vein‐type mineralization along margins of Precambrian blocks, especially for inaccessible regions in tropical environments.     

Data-driven predictive mapping of gold prospectivity,Baguio district,Philippines: Application of Random Forests algorithm

The Random Forests (RF) algorithm has recently become a fledgling method for data-driven predictive mapping of mineral prospectivity, and so it is instructive to further study its efficacy in this particular field. This study, carried out using Baguio gold district (Philippines), examines (a) the sensitivity of the RF algorithm to different sets of deposit and non-deposit locations as training data and (b) the performance of RF modeling compared to established methods for data-driven predictive mapping of mineral prospectivity. We found that RF modeling with different training sets of deposit/non-deposit locations is stable and reproducible, and it accurately captures the spatial relationships between the predictor variables and the training deposit/non-deposit locations. For data-driven predictive mapping of epithermal Au prospectivity in the Baguio district, we found that (a) the success-rates of RF modeling are superior to those of weights-of-evidence, evidential belief and logistic regression modeling and (b) the prediction-rate of RF modeling is superior to that of weights-of-evidence modeling but approximately equal to those of evidential belief and logistic regression modeling. Therefore, the RF algorithm is potentially much more useful than existing methods that are currently used for data-driven predictive mapping of mineral prospectivity. However, further testing of the method in other areas is needed to fully explore its usefulness in data-driven predictive mapping of mineral prospectivity.     

Combining fractal analysis of mineral deposit clustering with weights of evidence to evaluate patterns of mineralization: Application to copper deposits of the Mount Isa Inlier, NW Queensland, Australia

The clustering of mineral occurrences and their spatial associations with particular geological features are critical aspects of mineral distributions for exploration and understanding ore genesis. Variations in the degree of clustering of mineral occurrences or geological features can be measured by fractal dimensions, obtained from a shifting box counting method. Spatial associations between mineral occurrences and geological features can be quantified by the weights of evidence (WofE) method using the contrast value, which increases with the strength of the spatial relationship. A new method is proposed to evaluate mineral occurrence distributions by combining the power of fractal analysis of clustering with the WofE approach. The method compares the correlation between the variation in degree of clustering of mineral occurrences and a geological feature in a study area, with the contrast value of the same feature. The possible outcomes can be simplified into four scenarios, depending on whether the correlation in variation of clustering and the contrast are high or low, respectively. Each outcome has specific exploration implications. If either a high correlation in variation of clustering or a high contrast value is obtained, the geological feature can be used for exploration targeting.The integrated fractal and WofE approach is applied to copper occurrences in the Proterozoic Mount Isa Inlier, NW Queensland, Australia, which hosts large numbers of copper deposits (1,869 occurrences), including the world class Mount Isa copper deposit. Variation in clustering of copper occurrences has a positive correlation with variation in clustering of fault bends (R = 0.823), fault intersections (R = 0.862) and mafic rocks (R = 0.885). WofE results indicate that the copper occurrences are spatially associated with fault intersections and bends and with mafic rocks. Analyses were carried out separately for the two major lithostratigraphic sequences in the Inlier, the Eastern and Western Successions. The Western Succession copper occurrences are apparently more clustered than those of the Eastern Succession, which may reflect a lower degree of exploration and/or geological factors. The association of copper occurrences with mafic rocks compared with fault bends and intersections is greater in the Eastern Succession, which may reflect genetic factors. Correlations in the variation of clustering of mineral occurrences and geological features have a linear relationship with the contrast values, and the spatial association between all geological features and copper occurrences constitute high correlation/high contrast cases. The linear relationship suggests that the geological features that control the clustering of the copper occurrences could be the same features that control their localization.     

山东招掖金矿带内花岗岩与金矿化关系探讨

以花岗岩类及脉岩类的精确定年结果为基础,结合区内金矿床地质特征和近年来研究新进展,探讨了花岗岩类侵入与金矿化之间的空间、时间和成因关系。尽管区内花岗石类侵入体与金矿床间存在密切的窨及时间关系。但它们之间并不存在直接的成因联系,即这些金矿床并不是岩浆热液矿床。花岗石类侵入体和脉岩类的侵位通道和先存韧性剪切带是贯通深部流体的导矿构造,有利于深部成矿流体和上升和流体循环;花岗岩类与围岩的接触带及其内部断     

兴国环形断裂东缘金银成矿条件分析及靶区优选

兴国环形断裂对岩浆岩及金银矿的产出具有控制作用,其空间展布格局控制岩浆岩及金银矿带的展布方向,其派生的次级主干断裂控制金银矿田的产出,褶皱构造及其派生的走向断裂、层间构造破碎带联合控制金银矿床定位.果子坳、金田坑-黄金坑为找矿靶区.     

Mapping of prospectivity and estimation of number of undiscovered prospects for lode gold,southwestern Ashanti Belt,Ghana

In the southwestern part of the Ashanti Belt, the results of fractal and Fry analyses of the spatial pattern of 51 known mines/prospects of (mostly lode) gold deposits and the results of analysis of their spatial associations with faults and fault intersections suggest different predominant structural controls on lode gold mineralisation at local and district scales. Intersections of NNE- and NW-trending faults were likely predominantly involved in local-scale structural controls on lode gold mineralisation, whilst NNE-trending faults were likely predominantly involved in district-scale structural controls on lode gold mineralisation. The results of the spatial analyses facilitate the conceptualisation and selection of spatial evidence layers for lode gold prospectivity mapping in the study area. The applications of the derived map of lode gold prospectivity and a map of radial density of spatially coherent lode gold mines/prospects results in a one-level prediction of 37 undiscovered lode gold prospects. The applications of quantified radial density fractal dimensions of the spatial pattern of spatially coherent lode gold mines/prospects result in an estimate of 40 undiscovered lode gold prospects. The study concludes finally that analysis of the spatial pattern of discovered mineral deposits is the key to a strong link between mineral prospectivity mapping and assessment of undiscovered mineral deposits.     

胶东威海-文登成矿带成矿特征及找矿标志

胶东威海-文登成矿带是胶东东部地区一个重要成矿带,该成矿带内金及多金属矿床(点)分布众多,成矿条件优越。该带矿产以金为主,银、铅、铜、锌次之;矿点多,矿体规模小,主要赋存于南北向米山超壳断裂两侧的次级断裂中,以近南北走向为主,近东西向为次,产状陡直;矿体围岩多为荣成岩套,部分为玲珑超单元;矿石以多金属硫化物石英脉型居多,具硅化、绢英岩化、绿泥石化等蚀变特征。研究认为,中生代燕山晚期,受太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞的影响,胶东地区由南东-北西向压应力场向张性应力场转换,深源含矿流体伴随岩浆底侵活动上升,在温度、压力等达到适宜条件时,运移聚集于不同构造扩容带中富集成矿,米山断裂及其次级断裂分布区为主要找矿靶区。     

山东招远灵山沟金矿床金矿化空间定位机制

通过对灵山沟金矿矿床地质特征和控矿构造组合特征研究表明,灵山沟金矿控矿构造组合样式为"结环"状,是主、次级断裂组合控矿,即灵山—北截断裂与其次级断裂构成的结环控制了灵山沟金矿的产出;同时研究了该金矿工业矿体的空间定位机制,建立了灵山沟金矿不同深度上工业矿体分别受灵北断裂(F1)和其次级断裂(F5)断裂交汇部位控制,以及热液上升通道控制的空间定位机制,从而解释了同一矿区存在产状明显不同的两类矿体的原因,为矿区及外围开展矿体定位预测和进一步预测找矿提供有益信息。     

云南巍山—永平矿集区流体地质填图的理论与实践

流体地质填图是一种全新的地质调查及找矿方法。本次研究选择云南巍山－永平矿集区进行流体地质填图试验，研究了矿集区的控矿地质要素、各种主要的矿床（点）特征、成矿流体子系统及流域、流体的盐度与均一温度、流体的气液相成分、微量元素含量、稳定同位素特征及成矿流体的浓集中心。得到的流体地质图基本反映了本区成矿流体的性质与状态，反映了两个成矿流体子系统的基本特征，圈字了2个成矿流体子系统的流域范围及7个成矿流体浓集中心。这些浓集中心与已知矿化点分布、化探异常及有利的地质条件基本吻合，成为该区进一步找矿预测的重要依据之一。本项目的实践表明，流体地质填图不失为一种有效的找矿手段。     

西藏马扎拉金矿区外围地质特征与找矿方向

马扎拉金矿位于藏南拆离断裂以北的特提斯喜马拉雅南部隆子逆冲推覆断裂南缘,是扎西康整装勘查区构造蚀变岩型金矿床的典型代表。本文在矿区外围30km2范围开展地质测量工作,重新厘定了矿区及外围的地层系统并新发现大量岩浆岩,重塑了矿区及外围的断裂构造格架并初步厘定了构造活动期次,结合地球物理剖面测量、区域地质新近调查研究成果和少量工程验证,初步构建了矿床的控矿构造几何模型并重新确立了矿区及外围在近东西向具有早期逆冲推覆、晚期伸展滑脱的前断坡和反冲断裂及其次级断裂中寻找构造蚀变岩型金矿的找矿方向,对进一步找矿工作的部署具有重要的指导意义。     

湖北某地金的区域地球化学特征与找矿效果

本区以往是以铁铜矿产为重点。已知矿床中虽有伴生金,但找金工作,未被重视。区域化探(水系沉积物测显)样品采用痕量测金技术(化学光讲法,检出限0 ．3ppb),圈出作为找金远景的毛村—丙山—戊县和甲镇两个金的高值(Au＞2ppb)区和22处局部金异常。除已知伴生金矿床外,推测10处有找金远景。其中两处,经查证,发现一处中型金矿床和两处有远景的金矿点。金的区域地球化学资料,正使这个地区的地质工作重点,发生着转移。金量区域地球化学分布,呈相互复合的北东(西北部)、北西(东西部)向带状分布,高、低值带相间排布,强度自北而南增强。反映了受北东、北西向两组构造制约的特点。金的局部异常,即位于此两组构造的结点上,呈棋盘格状分布。本文指出甲镇、两山南部,是本区今后找金最有远景的两个地区。本文还对与铁铜成矿作用有关的燕山期中酸性侵入体,作出了含金性的评价,指出以往一直认为不成矿的F岩体,有找金前景,并找到已村、庚村两处金矿点。     

Mapping mineral prospectivity by using one-class support vector machine to identify multivariate geological anomalies from digital geological survey data

Mineral targets are local geological anomalies. In a study area of a number of unit cells, mapping mineral prospectivity can be implemented by identifying anomaly cells from the unit cell population. One-class support vector machine (OCSVM) models can yield useful results in anomaly detection in high-dimensional data or without any assumptions on the distribution of the inlying data. The OCSVM model was applied to mapping gold prospectivity of the Laotudingzi-Xiaosiping district, an area with a complex geological background, in Jilin Province, China. The decision function value of each unit cell belonging to an anomaly was computed on the basis of the trained OCSVM model and used to express gold prospectivity of the cell. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under curve (AUC) and data-processing efficiency were used to compare the performance of the OCSVM model and a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) model in mapping gold prospectivity. The results show that the OCSVM model outperforms the RBM model in terms of ROC, AUC and data-processing efficiency. Gold targets were optimally delineated by using the Youden index to maximise the spatial association between the delineated gold targets and known gold deposits. The gold targets delineated by the OCSVM model occupy 11% of the study area and contain 88% of the known gold deposits; and the gold targets delineated by the RBM model occupy 10% of the study area and contain 81% of the known gold deposits. Therefore, the OCSVM model is a feasible mineral prospectivity mapping approach.     

山东沂南金矿田成矿构造系统和构造控矿规律

通过成矿构造研究并辅以多种找矿手段综合分析,以期取得危机矿山找矿的新突破。通过矿区构造地质调查、构造地球化学测量、构造蚀变带填图和以往勘探资料系统整理编图,厘定了沂南金矿田区域性断裂构造(入字型构造)与岩体侵位构造(仌字型构造)复合成矿构造系统,阐述了复合成矿构造系统的基本要素、特征和控矿作用,系统地总结了矿田构造控矿规律。提出:由金场岩体、铜井岩体、银山庄岩体构成了门字形的区隔化空间,控制了金场矿区和铜井矿区富矿段的产出;中酸性岩柱、岩颈及近接触带的寒武系和新元古界多层次的层间滑动带和岩床构造,控制了多层次金铜矿体的产出,但在远离接触带的部位,高角度次级的NNE、NWW-NW向断裂,控制了构造蚀变岩型的金铜矿体;堆金山矿段不是典型的斑岩型金矿,而是产在玢岩体中受NWW-NW向断裂控制的构造蚀变岩型金矿;土门群和泰山群不整合面亦是重要的控矿界面,值得下一步找矿的重视;矿田矿化深度东深西浅,南深北浅,与基底泰山群顶界的埋深具有明显相关性。     

Carlin-type gold mineralization at Saint-André-de-Ristigouche,Gaspé Peninsula (Québec), Canadian Appalachians

The Gaspé Peninsula, in the Canadian Appalachians, hosts a variety of mineral occurrences that are spatially associated with the Grand Pabos and Restigouche faults. Among these occurrences, the Saint-André-de-Ristigouche gold (SAR-Au) showing has peculiar features comparable with Carlin-type gold deposits at the regional, district, and prospect scales. The most striking ones are: (1) the calcareous nature of the host rocks; (2) the Au-As-Sb-Hg metallic signature with absence of base metals and Ag; (3) the association with a crustal scale fault zone; (4) the hydrothermal alteration characterized by silicification, calcite, and quartz veinlets at the margin of the Au-bearing zones and the occurrence of kaolinite in large halos of argillic alteration; (5) numerous felsic dikes; (6) the occurrence of Au in As-rich pyrite forming overgrowths on premineralization As-free pyrite, and in arsenopyrite; (7) hydrothermal fluids equilibrated with host rocks at high temperature (>200°), which cooled to precipitate arsenopyrite and then mixed with evolved meteoric water to precipitate stibnite in veins. Although the SAR-Au showing is relatively small, analogies with Carlin-type mineralization encourage exploration in the Gaspé Peninsula and in similar settings elsewhere in the Appalachians.     

New achievements of 1:50 000 regional geological survey of three sheets including Jingnan in Guizhou Province

In order to find out the distribution of strata, rock, paleontology and Carlin-type gold desposits in Southwestern Guizhou Province, the authors developed the 1:50 000 regional geological survey of Jingnan sheet, Bajie sheet and Pojiao sheet using the new methods of digital geological mapping, modern geological theory and test methods. The results show that the strata graphical units were clarified and divided, and that 18 informal mapping units were established according to rock associations as well as animal and plant fossils. Marine reptile fossils--Ichthyosaurid were first found in shelf facies of late Early Triassic at Northwestern Youjiang Basin. Marine reptile fossils--Nothosaurus were also found in platform-edge reefs facies of Middle Triassic. 11 new mineralization occurrences were discovered, including 9 gold mineralization occurrences, 1 molybdenum mineralization occurrence and 1 collophanite mineralization occurrence. This paper also delineated three metallogenic prospective areas and one target area. The research can provide useful information for geological and mineral investigations and researches in this area.     

贵州省1:5万敬南等三幅区域地质调查新进展

为了查明黔西南地区的地层、岩石、古生物及卡林型金矿分布等特征,充分应用了数字地质填图新方法和现代地质理论及测试手段,开展1:5万敬南幅、巴结幅、坡脚幅区域地质调查。结果表明: 依据岩石组合、生物组合等特征,厘清和划分了研究区地层填图单元,并新建了18个非正式填图单位; 首次发现右江盆地北西侧早三叠世晚期产于陆棚相区的海生爬行动物(鱼龙)化石; 首次发现中三叠世台缘礁相带海生爬行动物(幻龙)化石; 新发现矿化点11处,其中金矿化点9处、钼矿化点1处、胶磷矿化点1处,共圈出了卡林型金矿的3个找矿远景区和1个找矿靶区。该研究为区内开展相关地质矿产调查和研究提供参考。     

辽东五龙金矿床构造控矿特征和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄

五龙金矿床是辽东地区最大的石英脉型金矿床,矿区内矿体和岩脉受断裂构造控制明显.容矿构造几何学和运动学特征显示,早白垩世初近NS向挤压形成的近NS向张裂隙、共轭的剪裂隙及派生一对共轭剪裂隙奠定五龙金矿床的构造格架.早白垩世的伸展导致闪长岩脉、三股流岩体、五龙背岩体等沿着先存构造薄弱带内充填,出溶的岩浆热液流体沿着闪长岩充填残余空间继续充填形成石英脉.由于右形剪切变形导致石英脉发生碎裂,并伴随着区域伸展,赋存闪长岩脉和石英脉的构造空间复活,随后花岗岩脉等侵位及出溶的成矿流体通过闪长岩脉上侵的通道运移和充填于石英脉裂隙中并交代闪长岩脉和片麻状二长花岗岩,最后造就了岩脉-矿化-蚀变同构造空间共存的现象.通过成矿期运动学特征显示,NE向断裂带与胶东三山岛金矿带矿体群侧伏规律相似,断裂带北段深部具有找矿潜力.五龙矿区而言,NE向断裂的找矿潜力优于NW向断裂带,NE向断裂下盘平行断裂内张性空间是盲矿体的有利空间.本次首次获得了五龙金矿床辉钼矿-黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿-石英阶段辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄为125±2.1 Ma.辉钼矿中Re含量为12.8×10-6,显示成矿物质具有壳幔混合的特征.对比前人研究,钼矿化和金成矿均与早白垩世构造体制转换下中国东部强烈的壳幔岩浆活动有关,为同一构造背景下的产物.通过对比胶东地区的成矿系列,辽东地区与胶东地区具有极大的相似性,存在两期钼矿化作用,尤其早白垩世晚期钼矿化可以作为寻找金矿的标志之一.