长江三峡地区印支运动的沉积响应

长江三峡地区上三叠统王龙滩组 （ 或须家河组）超覆在下三叠统嘉陵江组、中三叠统巴东组或上 三叠统九里岗组等不同时代的地层之上,两者间存在一明显的沉积间断面。如何理解该界面的性质和发生时限, 对于正确认识印支构造运动在该区的作用形式和过程具有关键作用。近年来,在长江三峡地区开展的基础地质 调查研究工作中,对该界面的地质特征进行了全面观察和研究,对其有了更深入的认识：上三叠统与下伏地层 间的沉积间断面以发育冲刷构造和残存少量风化壳为特征,沉积间断发生在卡尼期中后期至诺利期初期(约225~26.5Ma)。受印支运动影响,卡尼期中后期,地壳整体抬升,包括研究区在内的中扬子地区漫长的海相沉积 历史结束,原有沉积遭受风化剥蚀、地形夷平;卡尼期末期-诺利期初期,地壳抬升速率骤然加剧、地形相对 高差变大、河流回春,对下伏地层快速下切。这种下切作用横向变化较大,剥蚀程度差异明显,从而形成在不 大的范围内下伏地层从无明显缺失 (王龙滩组与九里岗组接触)至大量缺失(王龙滩组与嘉陵江组接触)这一 特殊地质现象。总的看来,该沉积间断界面兼具古暴露剥蚀面、冲刷侵蚀面和河流回春作用面 3种性质,是对 印支运动第3幕(研究区内印支运动主幕)的沉积响应。     

河流相沉积中准层序与短期基准面旋回对比研究——以四川中部须家河组为例

通过详细分析曲流河沉积动力学特点,在四川中部须家河组建立了河流相沉积的准层序模式。曲流河沉积中可发育粒级向上变细准层序,也可以发育粒级向上变粗的准层序。辫状河准层序表现为粒级向上变细、河道水体向上变浅的准层序,而粒级向上变粗的准层序不发育。河流相准层序界面是河道砂体底部的冲刷侵蚀面,在粒级向上变粗的泛滥平原-决口扇或决口河道沉积中,准层序界面为暴露过泥岩与上部洪水期的暗色泥岩间的界面。将河流相准层序与短期基准面旋回进行精细的分析与对比认为,二者在层序地层学级次划分中时限相当,发育时间为0.01~0.05Ma;二者的界面是相同的,均为河道砂体底部的冲刷侵蚀面或者是暴露过泛滥平原泥岩、根土岩等。河流相中准层序与短期基准面旋回其实是相同时间内沉积的一套相同的沉积体,二者的不同只是分析的角度不同,其实质内容是一致的,即在曲流河短期基准面升降变化过程中,所保留下来的沉积物总是相对河水位是向上变浅的,由位于河水面以下的河道或边滩砂体向上变浅至河水面之上的天然堤、泛滥平原泥岩,此相序特征也正与准层序向上变浅的定义相同。     

三峡地区印支运动的沉积响应

三峡地区上三叠统王龙滩组(或须家河组)超覆在下三叠统嘉陵江组、中三叠统巴东组或上三叠统九里岗组等不同时代的地层之上,两者间存在一明显的沉积间断面。如何理解该界面的性质和发生时限,对于正确认识印支构造运动在该区的作用形式和过程具有关键作用。近年来,在长江三峡地区开展的基础地质调查研究工作中,对该界面的地质特征进行了全面观察和研究,对其有了更深入的认识:上三叠统王龙滩组(或须家河组)与下伏地层间的沉积间断面以发育冲刷构造和残存少量风化壳为特征,沉积间断发生在卡尼期中后期至诺利期初期(约225～216.5,Ma)。受印支运动影响,卡尼期中后期,地壳整体抬升,包括研究区在内的中扬子地区漫长的海相沉积历史结束,原有沉积遭受风化剥蚀、地形夷平;卡尼期末期—诺利期初期,地壳抬升速率骤然加剧、地形相对高差变大、河流回春,对下伏地层快速下切。这种下切作用横向变化较大,剥蚀程度差异明显,从而形成在不大的范围内下伏地层从无明显缺失(王龙滩组与九里岗组接触)至大量缺失(王龙滩组与嘉陵江组接触)这一特殊地质现象。总的看来,该沉积间断界面兼具古暴露剥蚀面、冲刷侵蚀面和河流回春作用面3种性质,是对印支运动Ⅲ幕(研究区内印支运动主幕)的沉积响应。     

川东北类前陆盆地须家河组盆 山耦合过程的沉积 层序特征

根据层序界面识别和沉积序列综合分析,将川东北地区须家河组划分为2个超长期和5个长期基准面旋回层序。此二个级别的层序结构和演化序列,较为清晰地反映了川东北前陆盆地晚三叠世须家河期盆山耦合过程,特点为：须二段—须三段“下成盆”期米仓山大巴山造山带以低幅隆升为主,对应的川东北坳陷沉降幅度小,物源供给与可容纳空间增长率稳定和基本持平,以发育辫状河三角洲湖泊沉积体系为主,其层序结构以上升与下降相域厚度近于相等的对称型为主,反映地层基准面相对稳定和均衡的盆山耦合过程;须四段—须六段“上成盆”期米仓山大巴山开始进入强烈逆冲推覆和构造隆升阶段,川东北前陆盆地坳陷幅度急剧加大,碎屑物供给量骤然和增多至远大于可容纳空间增长率,以发育冲积扇扇三角洲辫状河三角洲等粗碎屑岩为主的沉积体系为主,其层序结构以上升相域厚度大于下降相域的不完全对称型,在造山带前缘则以发育仅保留上升半旋回沉积记录的非对称型结构为主,反映地层基准面升、降变化大的非均衡盆山耦合过程。     

中生代济源盆地沉积充填特征及其对秦岭、 太行山隆升作用的响应

中生代是济源盆地形成并发展的重要时期。秦岭造山带在晚三叠世造山以及太行山在中侏罗世隆升对济源盆地的沉积格局产生了显著影响,这段时间,盆地始终处在一个盆山相互作用的阶段,将盆地与造山带的构造演化联系起来,有利于更好的认识这一构造沉积响应过程。本文通过对济源盆地中生代地层、沉积及其充填特征的研究,将盆地中生界划分为4个构造层序:TS1、TS2、TS3、TS4,其中TS1充填了下三叠统刘家沟组、和尚沟组和中三叠统二马营组、油房庄组,它是在扬子、秦岭及华北板块汇聚的背景下形成的内陆克拉通型层序。TS2、TS3分别充填了上三叠统椿树腰组、谭庄组和下侏罗统鞍腰组(义马组)、中侏罗统杨树庄组,它们都具有前陆盆地型充填特征,分别响应的是秦岭造山带造山作用沿洛南—栾川断裂以及三门峡—鲁山—舞阳断裂发生的逆冲推覆作用。TS4充填的是中侏罗统马凹组,受太行山隆升作用的影响,形成了厚层的磨拉石堆积。在此基础上,可将济源盆地盆山系统演化归为3个阶段:早—中三叠世大陆基底隆升与内陆克拉通型盆地,晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期秦岭造山与前陆盆地,中侏罗世晚期太行山隆升与山间盆地。显然,济源盆地响应了秦岭造山及太行山隆升,秦岭造山带晚三叠世造山表现为两次逆冲推覆作用,而太行山主体隆升应在中侏罗世晚期,标志着华北克拉通破坏进入高峰期。     

四川广元地区上三叠统小塘子组、须家河组层序地层研究

根据层序地层理论和研究方法，对四川北部广元地区上三叠统小塘子组和须家河组沉积地层露头剖面的详细研究，划分出2个二级层序和6个三级层序。平均每个三级层序的时限为2．9Ma。研究区上三叠统沉积地层从下到上由滨海相、三角洲相、辫状河相、冲积扇相组成，为印支期扬子地台西缘前陆盆地形成演化及其北西侧龙门山推覆造山作用的沉积响应。根据区域不整合面和其它层序界面特征，结合沉积盆地充填序列、沉积相和沉积体系域的时空配置，建立了该区晚三叠世地层格架和4个等时界面。     

川东北类前陆盆地须家河组盆-山耦合过程的沉积-层序特征

根据层序界面识别和沉积序列综合分析,将川东北地区须家河组划分为2个超长期和5个长期基准面旋回层序.此二个级别的层序结构和演化序列,较为清晰地反映了川东北前陆盆地晚三叠世须家河期盆-山耦合过程,特点为:须二段-须三段"下成盆"期米仓山-大巴山造山带以低幅隆升为主,对应的川东北坳陷沉降幅度小,物源供给与可容纳空问增长率稳定和基本持平,以发育辫状河三角洲-湖泊沉积体系为主,其层序结构以上升与下降相域厚度近于相等的对称型为主,反映地层基准面相对稳定和均衡的盆-山耦合过程;须四段-须六段"上成盆"期米仓山-大巴山开始进入强烈逆冲推覆和构造隆升阶段,川东北前陆盆地坳陷幅度急剧加大,碎屑物供给量骤然和增多至远大于可容纳空间增长率,以发育冲积扇-扇三角洲-辫状河三角洲等粗碎屑岩为主的沉积体系为主,其层序结构以上升相域厚度大于下降相域的不完全对称型,在造山带前缘则以发育仅保留上升半旋回沉积记录的非对称型结构为主,反映地层基准面升、降变化大的非均衡盆-山耦合过程.     

鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区下侏罗统高分辨率层序地层学分析

根据层序沉积时限以及基准面旋回界面识别标志,运用高分辨率层序地层学理论和方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地中南部甘泉地区下侏罗统进行了划分。识别出下侏罗统各级旋回层序界面,并将其划分为1个超长期、8个长期、32个中期、86个短期旋回层序。应用地层等时对比技术,以长期旋回层序为地层对比框架、中期旋回层序为地层对比单元,建立了研究区下侏罗统等时地层格架。下侏罗统沉积于盆地基底快速沉降、缓慢抬升的构造环境,在基底抬升速度周期性变化过程中,盆地边缘沉积了数层可采煤层,成为划分层序的重要依据。      

上扬子地区晚三叠世层序地层格架：扬子地台消亡与上扬子前陆盆地形成的地层学效应

发生在中、晚三叠世之交的印支运动,在中国南方表现为以下构造事件:1秦岭-大别造山带的形成与隆升,记录了华北板块与华南板块的对接碰撞;2中国南方东南部1300km宽的陆内造山带的强烈作用,以及由此造成的前陆褶皱逆冲带的北西向迁移。在上述构造事件的结果,结束了扬子地台自埃迪卡拉纪以来以作为一个稳定的古地理单元而且大多数时间发育浅水碳酸盐岩的沉积历史。在扬子地台消亡之后形成一个特别的上扬子前陆盆地(或四川前陆盆地),其中堆积了以河流沉积为特征的须家河组及其相关地层。以河流沉积为特征的须家河组及其相关地层,在川西地区覆盖在马鞍塘组台地碳酸盐岩和小塘子组陆棚至滨岸相砂页岩地层之上,向东、向南逐渐超覆尖灭,从而形成了一个特殊的上三叠统层序地层格架,这个特殊的层序地层格架记录了扬子地台的消亡和上扬子前陆盆地的形成和发育过程。就像黔西南地区在中三叠世台地边缘再生的晚三叠世前陆盆地以及该盆地中填充的特别的上三叠统一样,上扬子前陆盆地上三叠统层序地层格架,尤其是河流沉积为特征的须家河组特别的沉积趋势(从相对集中发育煤层的高可容纳空间低能河流沉积、演变到河道砂岩聚合作用为特征的低可容纳空间高能河流沉积的序列,所组成的沉积层序)所组成的冲积构架,以及逐渐从西向东、从北向南的逐渐超覆尖灭的空间分布,不但是了解扬子地台消亡和上扬子前陆盆地形成的重要物质记录,而且代表了前陆盆地充填序列中一种较为特别的河流相层序地层序列。     

鄂西秭归盆地中三叠世-早侏罗世沉积记录及其对秦岭印支碰撞造山作用的启示

随着印支期南秦岭勉略洋盆闭合,华南和华北两大块体最终拼贴、构成中国大陆的基本轮廓。普遍认为这一洋陆转换、碰撞造山发生在三叠纪,但具体时间和空间过程仍存在较多争议。秭归盆地位于秦岭逆冲褶皱带东段南缘,是扬子北缘前陆盆地系统的重要组成,在沉积序列和碎屑来源上与秦岭印支期造山作用密切相关。该盆地经历早中三叠世滨-浅海相到晚三叠世-早侏罗世三角洲-河流相的沉积转变,中三叠统巴东组和上三叠统九里岗组之间发育平行不整合。不整合面之上的上三叠统-下侏罗统砂岩在碎屑组分上不仅含有泥岩、粉砂岩等沉积岩岩屑和千枚岩、板岩和片岩等中-低级变质岩岩屑,而且还见有中酸性火山岩岩屑。结合碎屑锆石颗粒U-Pb定年和古流向数据,这些火山岩岩屑揭示北部的秦岭造山带源区在晚三叠世(225~200Ma)存在火山活动,与同期的花岗质侵入岩一起反映秦岭印支期的同碰撞造山岩浆活动。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.