室内定位数据分析与应用研究进展

现代人文地理学的研究越来越多地关注人的时空行为,而获取个体在出行活动中的时空位置数据是研究人类时空行为的前提。受数据获取技术的限制,之前对时空行为的研究主要集中在室外空间。随着室内定位技术的出现和应用,这类研究由室外空间扩展至室内空间。室内定位技术和方法较多,但从数据的角度来看,根据数据获取中使用定位方法的不同,可将室内定位数据分为几何位置数据、指纹位置数据和符号位置数据3类。目前,基于室内定位数据的研究可以归结为以下4个方面,即：人在室内的时空分布、人在室内的移动模式、人在室内的行为习惯及属性推断、人与室内环境的交互作用。然而,总体上目前的研究还处于探索阶段,理论和方法体系尚未成熟。本文认为后续的研究中需要关注以下问题：①数据获取方面。相对于蓝牙、射频识别、红外等定位技术,“智能手机+WiFi”模式的定位系统具有覆盖范围广、成本低廉、无需专门设备支持、易与用户交互等优势,是一种最具应用前景的室内定位技术;②研究内容方面。时空行为特征的研究是基础,个体属性推断及个体与环境的相互作用形式和机理研究将是重点,多时空尺度数据融合分析是一种趋势;③科学伦理方面。室内定位涉及微观尺度人类活动的记录,隐私保护问题需要高度关注。     

基于移动定位的行为数据采集与地理应用研究

微观个体行为的研究是人文地理学者解释人文地理现象的重要视角,而个体时空数据的获取是制约行为研究的重要瓶颈之一。随着手机的普及,移动定位服务为个体时空数据的获取提供了新的技术手段。通过与人口普查、交通调查等传统移动性数据获取方法的比较,基于移动定位的时空行为数据所具有特点包括:(1)采集个体位置和移动信息真实;(2)定位精度高、信号覆盖广;(3)可持续实时动态获取移动信息;(4)可减少行为数据编码过程的信息损失,适合大规模采集。详细介绍了基于移动通信网络和手机终端的移动定位技术原理,并通过微观个体行为分析和宏观城市动态空间规划的两个典型案例,实证基于移动定位的时空行为数据在城市规划等领域的可行性和适用性。移动定位方法显示出了巨大的技术优势和应用前景,但一些重要的基础性问题仍没有解决,特别是个人的隐私保护和移动定位的地理尺度问题。现有的研究成果表明,基于移动定位数据的地理应用仍处在试验和探索阶段,新的数据获取协议、数据分析方法、地理时空模式提取方法等研究亟待展开。     

基于社交媒体感知城市旅游活动类型——以苏州市为例

感知城市空间中的旅游活动特征,对优化旅游产品结构、促进城市旅游产业升级具有重要意义。该文根据社会感知的研究框架,提出了感知城市空间旅游活动动态特征的研究方法,从社交媒体中提取海量个体旅游时空行为,在聚合层面上统计和发掘旅游时空行为轨迹的时间和语义模式,通过组合两种模式发现城市旅游活动类型及其空间分布。选择苏州作为案例地,抓取了5 399 161条新浪微博数据,基于该方法得到苏州市的旅游活动类型及其空间分布,实验结果显示准确率达91.34%,证明该方法的分类准确度较高。     

面向活动地点推荐的个人时空可达性方法

如何在时空制约条件下合理安排个人活动与出行是现代社会中人们日常工作和生活的迫切需求。个人时空可达性研究以个人时空行为视角聚焦个人在时空条件下开展各种活动的自由度,长期以来一直受到人文地理学、社会学和交通工程学等领域的广泛关注。本文基于时间地理学理论,提出一种个人时空可达性方法,顾及活动地点开放时间、最短活动时长及个人活动偏好,实现个人时空可达性分析与评价。然后,利用城市餐饮类服务设施空间位置、营业时间、公众评级等多维时空属性信息及城市路网数据检验方法有效性。本文提出的个人时空可达性方法可为空间规划、时空行为研究提供方法支撑,同时,面向个性化活动地点推荐,可为个人智慧出行提供策略与指导,并且在公众位置信息服务及位置社交网络内容服务等方面具有良好的应用前景。     

个体时空行为的规律性与可预测性研究——以上海市居民工作日活动为例

理解居民日常行为的规律性和随机性是空间行为研究从行为描述向行为预测推进的基础,对空间政策的制定具有重要意义。论文从上海市10个工作日的手机信令数据中提取个体的时空轨迹,从规律性的视角展开多方面分析。首先,根据活动的周期重现、前后联系等特征界定了无出行(包括仅有短距离出行)、仅有随机出行、有规律工作出行和有其他规律出行4种时空行为模式,发现后2种强规律性模式的人数、出行次数、出行距离的占比分别为49.3%、83.6%、82.0%。然后,测度了个体时空轨迹的熵值,推算出个体时空位置的平均可预测性高达0.84。这些结果均表明居民工作日的时空行为整体上具有非常强的规律性。在此基础上,论文还分析了不同行为模式、个体时空位置可预测性的空间分布,发现了强规律性模式人群在外围郊区密集分布等一系列特征,体现了城市空间环境的差异对行为特征和规律性的影响。     

北京居民活动与出行行为时空数据采集与管理

本研究对传统活动日志调查与基于GPS、LBS的移动数据采集在居民活动—移动数据的获取和应用方面进行对比,并以2010年7月在北京进行的居民活动与移动调查为例,探讨了个体行为时空数据采集的方法、存在问题和处理方式。北京市的实验调查采取活动日志调查与基于GPS、GSM两种不同定位方式的移动数据采集相结合的方法,以定位设备为基础、以互动式调查网站为平台、以面对面和电话访谈为补充,对天通苑和亦庄两个郊区居住区的样本居民进行了为期一周的行为时空数据采集。针对时空轨迹和活动日志存在的问题分别进行处理,并对数据质量进行管理,旨在为城市活动—移动系统研究中的精细化的数据采集与管理提供理论、方法和实践经验。     

基于位置感知设备的人类移动研究综述

每个人在地理空间内的移动看似随机而没有规律,然而一个较大规模人群的移动却隐藏着特定的模式。为了研究某些地理问题,如交通、疾病传播等,可以从个体行为出发,在地理信息系统的支持下,发现人类移动模式,并构筑基于个体的模拟模型,从而建立微观和宏观之间的桥梁,并支持相应的决策过程。信息通讯技术的发展,一方面改变了人们的空间行为模式,另一方面使得基于位置感知设备获取海量人类移动数据成为可能。近年来,上述研究一直是地理信息科学及相关领域的热点,该文对此进行了总结和评述。     

基于GPS数据的城市居民通勤弹性研究——以北京市郊区巨型社区为例

通勤是居民出行行为的重要组成部分,受到地理、规划、交通等领域的广泛关注,已有对通勤的研究多利用问卷调查数据,定位技术与信息通信技术为个体行为时空数据的采集带来了新的契机。本研究关注个体在不同工作日中通勤的可变性,将活动弹性的概念引入对通勤行为的研究中,提出通勤弹性的概念,并界定了时间、空间、方式、路径4 个通勤弹性维度,通过探讨4 种弹性之间的相互作用关系,提出7 种基于弹性的理论通勤模式。研究以北京市天通苑与亦庄两个郊区巨型社区为案例,基于活动日志与GPS 定位数据相结合的为期一周的居民时空行为数据,分别利用传统方法和通勤弹性视角研究居民的通勤特征,验证通勤弹性现象的存在以及该视角透视城市居民通勤行为的合理性,并利用GIS 三维可视化技术对7 种理论通勤模式居民的活动—移动时空特征进行刻画,从而透视北京市郊区巨型社区居民的通勤特征及复杂模式,为北京市城市与交通问题的解决提供了独特的视角。     

时空行为数据的GIS分析方法

基于时间地理学的概念模型,建立时空路径分析的GIS数据模型,并通过GIS三维可视化工具,实现了个体时空路径的三维可视化.运用2007年北京城市居民日常活动调查数据,对所提出的数据模型和方法进行实验.结果表明,时空行为数据的GIS分析方法有效地集成了GIS的空间分析和三维可视化功能,为人类时空行为数据的直观表现和分析提供了有效的技术手段.最后,讨论和展望了时空行为数据GIS分析方法的研究方向.     

基于居民通勤行为分析的城市空间解读--以广州市典型街区为案例

行为研究是近年来人文地理研究中颇受关注的领域之一,对微观行为进行宏观归纳,进而解释人地关系是提升其理论价值的重要方向之一。GIS的应用在很大程度上解决了研究手段上的瓶颈问题。本文将GIS与传统的研究方法相结合,构建基于智能图的微观行为调查方法体系,并利用GIS实现微观行为及空间感知的宏观空间模拟,探讨基于城市居民通勤行为分析的空间解读方法。同时,将该方法运用于广州市,选择具有典型意义的街区进行研究。通过调查,获取典型街区实体空间信息、被调查者社会属性、通勤行为空间和对通勤沿路相关实体要素的感知等信息,进行分析与模拟。一方面,分析认为,居民通勤行为空间在很大程度上反映实体空间的现状及其演化,同时,与社会空间有一定的关系;另一方面,以调查获取的数据为实验基础,利用GIS进行基于个体对实体空间感知的宏观效果模拟实验,该方法能较好地解读实体空间的特征和存在的主要问题,并具有一定的可拓展性。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,