海河流域地下水生态水位研究

海河流域是我国水资源严重短缺的地区之一,由于长期不合理地开采地下水,引发了一系列生态环境问题,如地面沉降、地下水漏斗扩大、水质恶化、海水入侵等。恢复海河流域的生态环境对于区域的可持续发展意义重大,文章根据海河流域地貌单元将海河流域划分为3种类型:山前倾斜平原、中部平原和滨海平原,并确定了不同类型区地下水的生态水位。最后提出了恢复海河流域地下水生态水位的措施。     

海河流域地表水与地下水耦合模拟

近10年来海河流域地下水超采严重,急需加强流域地表水与地下水统一管理。地表水与地下水的耦合模拟研究是实现流域地表与地下水资源综合管理的重要支撑。本文探讨了当前3种不同的地表水与地下水耦合方式,基于现有数据条件和应用管理的需求,提出了将成熟的流域地表水SWAT与地下水MODFLOW模型进行松散耦合的技术框架,并构建了海河流域地表水与地下水耦合模型。在流域地表空间上,根据流域特性和管理需求,划分了283个子流域和2100个水文响应单元（HRU）;在平原区地下空间上,基于15个大的岩性分区剖分出若干个4km×4km网格。通过GIS平台,建立流域地表水与地下水计算单元的转换关系。并利用1995．2004年水文气象数据进行验证分析,取得较好模拟精度。该耦合模型不仅能够支撑流域现状管理,而且可用于气候变化与南水北调工程对流域水资源影响评估分析。     

黄土高原流域地下水更新时间估算

Groundwater residence time is an important indicator of hydrological cycle and essential for water resources development and utilization.In this paper,groundwater residence time in non-flood season,flood season and water year has been determined from daily streamflow hydrograph of ten hydrological stations in Wudinghe River Basin located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin.Results have showed that:baseflow recession constant in Wudinghe River Basin ranges from 0.72 to 0.94 with a larger recessio...     

基于同位素揭示艾比湖流域地下水特征

地下水对于调节干旱区水循环和生态系统具有重要意义,认识和管理地下水资源是防止河流基流减少,地面沉降和水质退化的关键。通过分析艾比湖流域地下水水化学参数和氢氧稳定同位素特征,结合线性回归、双端元混合模型和GIS空间分析等方法,探讨不同区域地下水补给来源和水化学组分动态变化。结果表明：(1)博尔塔拉河(简称博河)和精河中下游区域氢氧同位素(δ²H与δ¹⁸O)值最大,艾比湖周边区域次之,博河上游区域最小,流域地下水存在不同的循环过程。(2)地下水氘盈余(d-excess)和水化学特征反映了地下水不同的补给机制和影响因素,博河上游区域地下水主要受冰川积雪融水补给;博河和精河中下游地下水主要来源为地表水和降水,同时受岩层性质、农田开发和灌溉措施影响较大;艾比湖周边地下水主要来源于冰雪融水和降水。中下游区域和河湖交汇区地下水是防控和治理的重点区域。(3)地下水流动系统Ⅰ的电导率(Electrical conductance,EC)在210.00～2500.00μS·cm^-1之间,d-excess在6.47‰～9.70‰之间;流动系统...     

华北平原浅层地下水水位动态变化

利用中日合作项目在华北平原设置的自动监测设备KADEC-MIZU Ⅱ型地下水水位自计仪,对2004-2006年39处浅层地下水水位监测的结果,结合区域影响地下水宏观动态类型的主要因素,如地形地貌、地下水埋深、地下水开采程度、地下水漏斗以及河流湖泊等,叠加各影响因素分区图得到地下水动态影响因素综合分区图,结合观测孔地下水水位体现的动态特征,将华北平原地下水观测点分为山前开采型、山前侧向补给-径流-开采型、中部河道带补给-开采型、中部地下水浅埋区降水入渗-蒸发型动态、黄河影响带侧向补给-蒸发型动态和滨海平原区入渗-蒸发型6大地下水动态类型。在此基础上阐明了大区域范围内不同类型地下水水位年内及多年动态变化的特点,比较了不同类型区地下水动态所受影响因素的不同。     

贵州省南北盘江流域地下水污染现状研究

贵州省境内的南北盘江流域集中了省内大量煤矿、煤化工企业,流经该流域的地表水均受到不同程度的污染,由于地下水与地表水水力联系极为密切,直接接受地表水的补给,地下水在一定程度上也遭到了污染,综合运用单项指数法和综合指数法对地下水污染现状进行评价,把该流域地下水污染现状分为4个区,找出了地下水的主要污染物和污染规律。     

黑河流域土地利用变化对地下水资源的影响

Land use and land cover changes have a great impact on the regional hydrological process. Based on three periods of remote sensing data from the 1960s and the long-term observed data of groundwater from the 1980s, the impacts of land use changes on the groundwater system in the middle reach of Heihe River Basin in recent three decades are analyzed by the perspective of groundwater recharge and discharge system. The results indicate that with the different intensities of land use changes, the impacts on the groundwater recharge were 2.602 × 10^8 m^3/a in the former 15 years （1969-1985） and 0.218 × 10^8 m^3/a in the latter 15 years （1986-2000）, and the impacts on the groundwater discharge were 2.035 × 10^8 m^3/a and 4.91 × 10^8 m^3/a respectively. When the groundwater exploitation was in a reasonable range less than 3.0 × 10^8 m^3/a, the land use changes could control the changes of regional groundwater resources. Influenced by the land use changes and the large-scale exploitation in the recent decade, the groundwater resources present apparently regional differences in Zhangye region. Realizing the impact of land use changes on groundwater system and the characteristics of spatial-temporal variations of regional groundwater resources would be very important for reasonably utilizing and managing water and soil resources.     

基于GIS技术的石羊河流域地下水资源时空格局分析

以地下水取水许可数据为主,结合社会-经济等相关要素,在石羊河流域建立地下水取水许可GIS空间数据库,并对其进行分析、统计、查询和图表输出,辅助流域的取水许可管理程序,服务于流域的水资源综合管理。通过这一过程,对石羊河流域在水资源管理中存在的问题进行分析、研究,并提出了相应的管理对策,目的在于使水资源管理政策更为科学合理,具有一定的现实意义。     

青海湖沙柳河流域浅层地下水不同时期补给特征

地下水稳定同位素组成的时空变化特征可以反映不同时期、不同区域地下水补给来源的差异。通过青海湖沙柳河流域浅层地下水氢氧稳定同位素组成的时空变化特征以及地下水、河水与降雨之间的补给关系的分析,结果显示：季风时期,地下水主要受降雨入渗和河流侧向补给为主,在补给过程中蒸发作用是影响地下水稳定同位素值的主要因素;非季风期,冰雪融水对低值区的地下水影响显著,同时降水的快速入渗则是该时期高值区地下水的主要补给方式之一。地下水同位素高值区,地下水与河水间补给作用较弱,补给时间超过5个月;地下水同位素低值区,地下水与河水补给关系较为密切,补给时间在1~4个月间。本文所得结论可初步反映干旱半干旱内陆流域地下水稳定同位素特征以及补给方式的基本规律,在一定程度上可为流域地下水及其他水体间的转换研究提供科学依据,并为地下水资源管理和水环境治理提供一定理论指导。     

Quantitative Assessment of the Ecological Vulnerability of Baiyangdian Wetlands in the North China Plain

Quantitative assessment of vulnerability is a core aspect of wetland vulnerability research. Taking Baiyangdian (BYD) wetlands in the North China Plain as a study area and using the ‘cause-result’ model, 23 representative indicators from natural, social, sci-tech and economic elements were selected to construct an indicator system. A weight matrix was obtained by using the entropy weight method to calculate the weight value for each indicator. Based on the membership function in the fuzzy evaluation model, the membership degrees were determined to form a fuzzy relation matrix. Finally, the ecological vulnerability was quantitatively assessed based on the comprehensive evaluation index calculated by using a composite operator to combine the entropy weight matrix with the fuzzy relation matrix. The results showed that the ecological vulnerability levels of the BYD wetlands were comprehensively evaluated as Grade II, Grade Ⅲ, Grade IV, and Grade Ⅲ in 2010, 2011-2013, 2014, and 2015-2017, respectively. The ecological vulnerability of the BYD wetlands increased from low fragility in 2010 to general fragility in 2011-2013, and to high fragility in 2014, reflecting the fact that the wetland ecological condition was degenerating from 2010 to 2014. The ecological vulnerability status then turned back into general fragility during 2015-2017, indicating that the ecological situation of the BYD wetlands was starting to improve. However, the ecological status of the BYD wetlands on the whole is relatively less optimistic. The major factors affecting the ecological vulnerability of the BYD wetlands were found to be industrial smoke and dust emission, wetland water area, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, rate of industrial solid wastes disposed, GDP per capita, etc. This illustrates that it is a systematic project to regulate wetland vulnerability and to protect regional ecological security, which may offer researchers and policy-makers specific clues for concrete interventions.     

华北平原地下水动态变化

The groundwater level of 39 observation wells including 35 unconfined wells and 4 confined wells from 2004 to 2006 in North China Plain (NCP) was monitored using automatic groundwater monitoring data loggers KADEC-MIZU II of Japan. The automatic groundwater sensors were installed for the corporation project between China and Japan. Combined with the monitoring results from 2004 to 2006 with the major factors affecting the dynamic patterns of groundwater, such as topography and landform, depth of groundwater level, exploitation or discharge extent, rivers and lakes, the dynamic regions of NCP groundwater were gotten. According to the dynamic features of groundwater in NCP, six dynamic patterns of groundwater level were identified, including discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, lateral recharge-runoff-discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, recharge-discharge pattern in the central channel zone, precipitation infiltration-evaporation pattern in the shallow groundwater region of the central plain, lateral recharge-evaporation pattern in the recharge-affected area along the Yellow River and infiltration-discharge-evaporation pattern in the littoral plain. Based on this, the groundwater fluctuation features of various dynamic patterns were interpreted and the influencing factors of different dynamic patterns were compared. Foundation: National Natural Sciences Foundation of China, No.40671034; No.40830636 Author: Wang Shiqin (1981–), Ph.D., specialized in hydrology and water resources, water cycle of watershed.     

Shallow groundwater dynamics in North China Plain

The groundwater level of 39 observation wells including 35 unconfined wells and 4 confined wells from 2004 to 2006 in North China Plain (NCP) was monitored using automatic groundwater monitoring data loggers KADEC-MIZU II of Japan. The automatic groundwater sensors were installed for the corporation project between China and Japan. Combined with the monitoring results from 2004 to 2006 with the major factors affecting the dynamic patterns of groundwater, such as topography and landform, depth of groundwater level, exploitation or discharge extent, rivers and lakes, the dynamic regions of NCP groundwater were gotten. According to the dynamic features of groundwater in NCP, six dynamic patterns of groundwater level were identified, including discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, lateral recharge– runoff–discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, recharge–discharge pattern in the central channel zone, precipitation infiltration–evaporation pattern in the shallow groundwater region of the central plain, lateral recharge–evaporation pattern in the recharge-affected area along the Yellow River and infiltration–discharge–evaporation pattern in the littoral plain. Based on this, the groundwater fluctuation features of various dynamic patterns were interpreted and the influencing factors of different dynamic patterns were compared.     

Effect of Groundwater Level Fluctuation on Phragmites australis Evapotranspiration in the Baiyangdian Lake

Abstract:Hydrological regimes influence ecological patterns and processes as well as alter rates of wetland evapotranspiration.This study aimed to investigate the impact of groundwater fluctuation on evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis.Supported by field data obtained from the Baiyangdian Lake in northern China,the variations in groundwater levels were explored,and the changes in soil water and evapotranspiration of reed were analyzed to investigate different groundwater level scenarios using HYDRUS-1D model.The results showed that soil water content,recharged by groundwater,remained stable in the lower soil layer but varied strongly in the upper layer of the soil profile;in comparison to evaporation,Phragmites australis transpiration contributed significantly more to the overall evapotranspiration rate;the high levels of evapotranspiration could be maintained when groundwater levels vary between 1.0 m and 1.8 m,while it was reduced with an increase in groundwater levels as a result of water stress conditions.The results also indicated that the evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis could maintain higher evapotranspiration rates under natural water levels.The evapotranspiration,in other words,might be the main water consumer,but it nevertheless has little effect on water levels during water shortages.The evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis responded to the changes in groundwater levels could help researchers understand water requirements of the wetlands and establish suitable water levels for the wetlands.     

地下水模型MODFLOW和GIS在华北平原地下水资源评价中的应用

从MODFLOW源程序的角度出发,根据地下水模型计算需要的输入输出数据格式和我国GIS类数据以MAPGIS为主的特点,建立了二者之间的集成关系,并将其应用于华北平原地下水资源评价中。根据华北平原特定的水文地质条件,建立了适合本区的三维非稳定流地下水模型,结合2003年12月的实际流场以及随时间变化的动态观测资料对模型的渗透系数、给水度和释水系数等参数进行了校正。同时进行了水均衡分析,结果表明华北平原地下水在2002年1月至2003年12月总补给量为493.74×10⁸m³,总排泄量为565.30×10⁸m³,均衡差为-71.56×10⁸m³,为负均衡。集成了该地下水模型的信息系统,可以通过更新源汇项数据库资料而对地下水资源进行实时评价,为华北平原水资源可持续利用和管理提供依据。     

额济纳盆地浅层地下水演化特征与滞留时间研究

以地球化学和氚(3H)同位素测年技术相结合,通过额济纳盆地地下水、地表水地球化学及同位素的研究,探讨中国西北干旱区内陆河流域下游盆地地下水地球化学演化规律和平均滞留年龄.额济纳盆地浅层地下水状况主要受地表水补给状况的影响,离河道近的水样矿化度低;而离河道较远的戈壁区,地下水矿化度高.水体化学成分主要受岩盐、石膏、白云石等矿物的溶解及蒸发作用的影响.通过利用指数-活塞模型流模型(EPM),计算出额济纳浅层地下水年龄在13～58年之间.     

华北地下水超采区冬小麦退耕的生态补偿问题探讨

压减冬小麦种植面积是有效减少华北平原地下水用量最为有效的方法。近期,国家和地方政府均出台了土地休耕政策,拟在华北地下水超采区退耕冬小麦,实现“一季休耕、一季雨养”。然而,华北平原已经出现农户主动退耕冬小麦的现象。在此背景下,明确冬小麦退耕的瞄准目标、制订合理适度的补偿标准是土地休耕政策有效实施所面对的核心问题。本文利用农户问卷数据,构建多层次logit模型分析农户种植制度决策的影响因素,并计算冬小麦退耕的机会成本,旨在确定华北平原地下水超采区土地休耕政策的瞄准目标,并为农户补偿标准的制订提供建议。结果表明：① 地块层次的土地质量和灌溉条件是解释农户种植制度差异的关键因素,近70%的四等耕地和90%以上的旱地已退出冬小麦耕作,土地休耕政策应瞄准一、二、三等土地质量的水浇地;② 相似耕作条件的地块种植春、夏玉米的净收益大致相同,土地休耕的机会成本等于种植冬小麦的净收益;③ 仅考虑冬小麦对地下水资源的影响,土地休耕政策初期以地下水回升和地下水环境恢复为主要目标时,建议以350元/亩作为补偿标准参考值,后期目标转为维持地下水资源采补平衡时,可调整至280元/亩左右。     

Characterization of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, northwest China: hydrochemical and environmental isotopes approaches

To characterize the groundwater in the Ejina Basin,surface and groundwater samples were collected in May and October of 2002.On-site analyses included temperature,electrical conductance(EC),total alkalinity(as HCO 3) by titration,and pH.Chemical analyses were undertaken at the Geochemistry Laboratory of the Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou,China.The pH of the groundwater ranged from 7.18 to 8.90 with an average value of 7.72,indicating an alkaline nature.The total dissolved solids(TDS) of the groundwater ranged from 567.5 to 5,954.4 mg/L with an average of 1,543.1 mg/L and a standard deviation of 1,471.8 mg/L.According to the groundwater salinity classification of Robinove et al.(1958),47.4 percent of the samples were brackish and the remainder were fresh water.The ion concentration of the groundwater along the riverbed and near the southern margin of the basin were lower than those farther away from the riverbed.The groundwater in the study area was of Na +-HCO 3 type near the bank of the Heihe River and in the southern margin of the basin,while Na +-SO 4 2-Cl type samples were observed in the terminal lake region.In the desert area the groundwater reached a TDS of 3,000-6,000 mg/L and was predominantly by a Na +-Cl chemistry.Br/Cl for the water of Ejina Basin indicates an evaporite origin for the groundwater with a strongly depleted Br/Cl ratio(average 0.000484).The surface water was slightly enriched in Br/Cl(average 0.000711) compared with groundwater.The calculated saturation index(SI) for calcite and dolomite of the groundwater samples range from 0.89 to 1.31 and 1.67 to 2.67 with averaged 0.24 and 0.61,respectively.About 97 percent of the groundwater samples were kinetically oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite,and all the samples were below the equilibrium state with gypsum.Using isotope and hydrochemical analyses,this study investigated the groundwater evolution and its residence time.The groundwater content was mainly determi     

华北平原降水的长期趋势分析(英文)

The North China Plain (NCP) is the most important food grain producing area in China and has suffered from serious water shortages. To capture variation water availability, it is necessary to have an analysis of changing trends in precipitation. This study, based on daily precipitation data from 47 representative stations in NCP records passed the homogeneity test, analyzed the trend and amplitude of variation in monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation, annual maximum continuous no-rain days, annual rain days, rainfall intensity, and rainfall extremes from 1960 to 2007, using the MannKendall (M-K) test and Sen’s slope estimator. It was found that monthly precipitation in winter had a significant increasing trend in most parts, while monthly precipitation in July to September showed a decreasing trend in some parts of NCP. No significant changing trend was found for the annual, dry and wet season precipitation and rainfall extremes in the majority of NCP.A significant decreasing trend was detected for the maximum no-rain duration and annual rain days in the major part of NCP. It was concluded that the changing trend of precipitation in NCP had an apparent seasonal and regional pattern, i.e., precipitation showed an obvious increasing trend in winter, but a decreasing trend in the rainy season (July to September), and the changing trend was more apparent in the northern part than in the southern and middle parts. This implies that with global warming, seasonal variation of precipitation in NCP tends to decline with an increasing of precipitation in winter season, and a decreasing in rainy season, particularly in the sub-humid northern part.