热带气旋变性过程客观判别方法在“海马”变性过程中的应用

介绍了一种判别热带气旋变性过程的客观方法.此客观方法使用三个判别参数: 对流层低层热力非对称参数B、高低层的热成风、对变性过程进行诊断判别.此方法使用格点的数值预报产品,计算简单、使用方便,便于业务化.同时针对2004年影响我国的0421号热带风暴"海马",使用NCEP再分析资料对其变性过程进行了分析验证,结果表明:此客观方法所定义的三个判别参数B、、在"海马"的变性过程中有很好的指示作用.     

北上变性热带气旋对辽东半岛降水的影响

9711(Winnie)和0509(Matsa)是两个登陆北上影响辽东半岛的变性台风,Matsa直接登陆辽东半岛,但降水量仅为穿过渤海间接影响辽东半岛的Winnie的一半.分析其变性过程与辽东半岛热带气旋降水的关系发现,Winnie和Matsa的降水差异与其北上期间与西风带系统的相互作用密切相关.Winnie变性北上期间被中纬度西风槽"捕获",发生耦合,高层正湿位涡扰动下传,西风带冷空气与热带气旋暖湿气流相互作用,有利于对流云团的生成、发展,在半岛地区产生大暴雨的降水雨带由多个β中尺度云团组成.Matsa在北上变性过程中,只是靠近高空槽底,没有发生耦合,高层正湿位涡扰动不强,没有与低层环流相互作用,冷空气偏南偏弱,变性过程中半岛地区只有1个β中尺度云团生成,降水量较小.     

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE EVOLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION

Fifty-eight extratropical transition (ET) cases in the years 2000-2008, including 2,021 observations (at 6-hour intervals), over the western North Pacific are analyzed using the cyclone phase space (CPS) method, in an effort to get the characteristics of the structure evolution and environmental conditions of tropical cyclones (TCs) during ET over this area. Cluster analysis of the CPS dataset shows that strong TCs are more likely to undergo ET. ET begins with the increment of thermal asymmetry in TCs, along with the generation and intensification of an upper-level cold core, and ends with the occurrence of a lower-level cold core. ET lasts an average duration of about 28 hours. Dynamic composite analysis of the environmental field of different clusters shows that, in general, when TCs move northward, they are gradually embedded in the westerlies and gradually transform into extratropical cyclones under the influence of the mid- and higher-latitude baroclinic systems. As for those TCs which complete ET, there is always much greater potential vorticity gradient in the northwest of them and obvious water vapor transport channels in the environment.     

A CLIMATOLOGY OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

Based on best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis, a climatology of western North Pacific extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) is presented in this paper. It was found that 35% (318 out of 912) of all TCs underwent ET during 1979–2008. The warm-season (June through September) ETs account for 64% of all ET events with the most occurrence in September. The area 120°E–150°E and 20°N–40°N is the most favorable region for ET onsets in western North Pacific. The TCs experience ET at latitudes 30°N–40°N and have the greatest intensity in contrast to other latitude bands. The distribution of ET onset locations shows obviously meridional migration in different seasons. A cyclone phase space (CPS) method was used to analyze the TC evolution during ET. Except for some cases of abnormal ET at relatively high latitudes, typical phase evolution paths—along which TC firstly showed thermal asymmetry and an upper-level cold core and then lost its low-level warm core—can be used to describe the main features of ET processes in western North Pacific. Some seasonal variations of ET evolution paths in CPS were also found at low latitudes south of 15°N, which suggests different ET onset mechanisms there. Further composite analysis concluded that warm-season ETs have generally two types of evolutions, but only one type in cold season (October through next May). The first type of warm-season ETs has less baroclinicity due to long distance between the TC and upper-level mid-latitude system. However, significant interactions between a mid-latitude upper-level trough and TC, of either approaching or being absorbed into the trough, and TC’s relations with downstream and upstream upper-level jets, are the fingerprints for both a second type of warm-season ETs and almost all the cold-season ETs. For each type of ETs, detailed structural characteristics as well as precipitation distribution are illustrated by latitude.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INTENSIFYING AND WEAKENING LANDFALL TROPICAL CYCLONES DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OVER CHINA

Based on the Tropical Cyclone(TC) Yearbooks data and JRA-25 reanalysis data from the Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) during 1979-2008, dynamic composite analysis and computation of kinetic energy budget are used to study the intensifying and weakening TCs during Extratropical Transition over China. The TCI shows strong upper-level divergence, strengthened low-level convergence and significantly enhanced upward motion under the influence of strong upper-level troughs and high-level jets. The TCI is correspondingly intensified after Extratropical Transition(ET); TCW exhibits strong upper-level divergence, subdued low-level convergence and slightly enhanced upward motion under the influence of weak upper-level troughs and high-level jets. It then weakens after ET. The increase(decrease) of the generation of kinetic energy by divergence wind in TCI(TCW) at low level is one of the major reasons for TCI’s intensification(TCW’s weakening) after transformation. The generation of kinetic energy by divergence wind is closely related to the development of a low-level baroclinic frontal zone. The growth of the generation of kinetic energy by rotational wind in TCI at upper level is favorable for TCI’s maintenance, which is affected by strong upper-level troughs. The dissipation of the generation of kinetic energy by rotational wind in TCW at upper level is unfavorable for TCW’s maintenance, which is affected by weak upper-level troughs.     

发生在中国大陆的台风变性加强过程分析

通过对登陆台风Winnie(1997)的演变过程分析，发现登陆后的台风经历三个阶段：衰减阶段、变性阶段、重新加强阶段。其变性过程类似于Sekioka等人提出的复合型，变性后逐渐演变为Shapiro—Keyser气旋模型。通过对物理量的诊断分析发现，对流层中高层冷空气的下沉入侵以及对流层低层的暖平流是热带气旋变性的原因。冷空气的入侵使具有暖心结构的热带气旋演变为斜压结构的温带气旋。变性后气旋得到了重新发展，低层维持的较明显暖平流以及与高空急流相对应的散度区和高空涡度平流是导致气旋重新发展的重要物理因子。     

IMPACTS OF TWO TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION DURING NORTHWARD PROGRESSIONON THE RAINFALL OF LIAODONG PENINSULA

Both of Typhoon Winnie (9711) and Matsa (0509) underwent an extratropical transition (ET)process when they moved northward after landfall and affected Liaodong Peninsula. However, Matsaproduced half as much rainfall as Winnie, although it struck Liaodong Peninsula directly while Winniepassed through the Bohai Sea. The relations between the ET processes and the precipitation over LiaodongPeninsula are examined. The result shows that the precipitation difference between Winnie and Matsa wasclosely related to the interactions between the westerly systems and typhoons during their ET processes.Winnie was captured by the upper westerly trough and then coupled with it when moving to themid-latitudes, and the positive anomaly of moist potential vorticity (MPV) was transported downward fromthe upper troposphere over the remnant circulation of the tropical cyclone (TC). It was favorable to theinteraction between tropical warm and wet air and westerly cold air, causing convective cloud clusters toform and develop. The rain belt composed of several meso-β cloud clusters over the Liaodong Peninsula,resulting in heavy rainfall. On the other hand, Matsa did not couple with any upper trough during its ETprocess and the positive anomaly of MPV in the upper troposphere and its downward transfer were weak.Only one meso-β cloud cluster occurred in Matsa’s rain belt during its ET process that tended to lessenrainfall over Liaodong Peninsula.     

DIAGNOSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISM OF THE EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE USING POTENTIAL VORTICITY INVERSION OF FRONTOGENESIS

This paper diagnoses and analyses the developmental mechanism of a process of extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone which occurred over West Pacific Ocean based on a diagnosis method of potential vorticity inversion of frontogenesis.The study diagnoses quantitatively the role and effect of dynamic influence of westerly cold troughs,middle-latitude baroclinic frontal zones,cyclone cycles and unbalanced wind fields during the different stages of the extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone,and also discusses the interaction between them and the developmental mechanism.The results show that there are different developmental mechanisms during each stage of the extratropical transition and the processes are also unbalanced.     

台风Faxai(1403)低纬变性的结构演变特征分析

利用气旋相空间法(cyclone phase space,CPS)对1403号台风Faxai变性前后的环境场及结构演变特征进行分析。结果表明:相空间法能够很好地指示低纬变性台风Faxai的变性起止时间。此次过程是由减弱的台风环流与TC西北侧的短波槽结合发展产生,分析台风Faxai的结构演变特征可知,变性阶段TC低层厚度场由均匀对称分布转为非均匀分布,增大了环境斜压性,变性后B值最大达30 m,为弱的斜压非对称结构。Faxai东侧的偏南风暖湿气流与偏北风气流相交汇,使得经向位温梯度增加从而在TC东北象限形成一带状锋区,锋区正好位于南北两大风圈之间的位置。整个变性阶段Faxai西侧几乎无明显冷锋锋生,只在环流东北侧有一定程度的暖锋锋生,这与典型的锋面气旋的发展过程有所不同。变性前,TC呈现对称分布的暖核结构;变性阶段,冷空气从热带低压西侧对流层中低层下沉入侵,TC呈现左侧冷、右侧暖的非对称斜压结构,中层增温可能与槽后强的下沉气流有关。对锋生函数各分量分析发现,散度场主导了气旋周围的标量锋生,倾斜项的贡献次之,涡度场是引起旋转锋生的主要因素,其余两项可忽略不计。     

APPLICATION OF AN OBJECTIVE DISCRIMINATING METHOD IN THE EVOLUTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE“HAIMA” DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION

An objective method for discriminating the process of extratropical transition (ET) in tropical cyclones is introduced. With this method, the gridpoint output data of NWP are used to calculate three parameters: storm-relative thickness symmetry (B), low-level ( L-VT ) and upper-level thermal wind ( U-VT ). This objective method is easy to calculate and convenient for operational use. To verify the method, this paper uses the NCEP reanalysis data to identify the evolution of ET for “Haima”, a tropical storm (0421) that affected the eastern part of China in 2004. The result shows that the three parameters defined with the objective method are good indicators of the ET process.     

COMPARISONS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC BASED ON DIFFERENT DATASETS

The differences in the climatology of extratropical transition(ET) of western North Pacific tropical cyclones(TCs) were investigated in this study using the TCs best-track datasets of China Meteorological Administration(CMA),Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC). The results show that the ET identification, ET completion time, and post-ET duration reported in the JTWC dataset are greatly different from those in CMA and JMA datasets during 2004-2010. However, the key differences between the CMA and JMA datasets from 1951 to 2010 are the ET identification and the post-ET duration, because of inconsistent objective ET criteria used in the centers. Further analysis indicates that annual ET percentage of CMA was lower than that of JMA, and exhibited an interannual decreasing trend, while that of JMA was an unchanged trend. The western North Pacific ET events occurred mainly during the period June to November. The latitude of ET occurrence shifted northward from February to August,followed by a southward shift. Most of ET events were observed between 35°N and 45°N. From a regional perspective,TCs tended to undergo ET in Japan and the ocean east to it. It is found that TCs which experienced the ET process at higher latitudes were generally more intense at the ET completion time. TCs completing the ET overland or offshore were weaker than those finishing the ET over the ocean. Most of the TCs weakened 24 h before the completion of ET.In contrast, 21%(27%) of the TCs showed an intensification process based on the CMA(JMA) dataset during the post-ET period. The results presented in this study indicate that consistent ET determination criteria are needed to reduce the uncertainty involved in ET identification among the centers.     

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFERENT FEATURES OF TC EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OVER LAND AND OCEAN

The extratropical transitions(ETs)of tropical cyclones(TCs)over China and the ocean east to 150°E are investigated by the use of best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis spanning 1979-2008.The ET events occurring north of 25°N and in the warm season(from May to October)are extracted from the reanalysis to emphasize the interaction between TC and midlatitude circulation.Statistical analysis shows that 18.5%of the warm-season TCs go through land ETs north of 25°N in the western North Pacific.And 20.5%of the ET events occur over the ocean east of 150°E.Most(62.2%)ET TCs over China gradually die out after ET,but more(70.7%)ocean ET cases have post-ET reintensification.The evolutions in cyclone phase space and the composite fields for land and ocean ETs,as well as the ET cases with and without post-ET reintensification,are further analyzed.It is found that most TCs with ET over China and those without post-ET reintensification evolve along the typical ET phase path as follows:emergence of thermal asymmetry→losing upper-level warm core→losing lower-level cold core→evolving as extratropical cyclone.The TCs undergoing ETs over ocean and those with post-ET reintensification form a high-level cold core before the ET onset.The TCs with land ET have long distance between the landing TC and a high-level trough.That makes the TC maintain more tropical features and isolates the TC flow from the upstream and downstream jets of the midlatitude trough.The structure of circulation leads to weak development of baroclinicity in land ET.On the contrary,shorter distance between ocean TC and high-level trough makes the high-level trough absorb the TC absolutely.Under that baroclinicity-favorable environment,strong cold advection makes the TC lose its high-level warm core before ET onset.The composite fields confirm that the TC with ocean ET has stronger baroclinic features.Generally,the TC at land ET onset is located to the south of the ridge of the subtropical high,which tends to prevent the TCs from interacting with midlatitude circulation.But for the ocean ET,the situation is just the opposite.Similar analyses are also carried out for the TCs with and without post-ET reintensification over both land and ocean east of 150°E.The results further prove that the TC with stronger baroclinic characteristics,especially in the circumstance favorable to its interaction with high-level midlatitude systems,has more opportunity to reintensify as an extratropical cyclone after ET.     

热带气旋"黄蜂"登陆过程诊断分析

应用了高分辨率的卫星TRMM资料以及多种类资料的同化资料对登陆广东吴川的强热带风暴"黄蜂"进行了诊断分析.分析了登陆前阶段和登陆阶段"黄蜂"风场的不对称性、降水分布、热力结构的变化特征,讨论了北方干冷气流和南方西南季风相互作用对"黄蜂"增强和减弱的影响作用.结果表明,热带气旋"黄蜂"在风速分布、降水分布、对流活动等方面存在不对称性.在登陆前阶段"黄蜂"经历了一次强对流云团发展为螺旋云带的过程,降水增加;"黄蜂"登陆阶段,对流迅速减弱,降水明显减少.登陆前阶段的发展与北方小股干冷气流从中层进入,影响了"黄蜂"内部的热力结构,其位势不稳定得到加强有关;登陆阶段,北方干冷气流进入"黄蜂"内部低层以及西南季风水汽输送减弱,导致"黄蜂"迅速减弱.     

1949-2007年登陆我国变性热带气旋的特征统计及合成分析

利用1949-2007年热带气旋年鉴等资料,统计分析登陆中国并在我国或附近变性的热带气旋的特征,着重分析不同区域及路径的变性气旋特征.分析结果得出,登陆我国的热带气旋很多,但在我国及附近沿海变性的却较少,大多数热带气旋变性后不发展或迅速衰减,只有约17％的变性热带气旋继续发展.热带气旋变性大多发生在114°E以东,移动...     

THE STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL CYCLONE BY TOVS AND ITS APPLICATION IN NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION

The TOVS data are used to study the structure of a number of tropical cyclones for the year 2000. Differences are found to some extent between what is found and classic conceptual models in that (1) the horizontal structure is asymmetric and variable so that the low-value centers at low levels of the geopotential height field (or the high-value centers at high levels) do not necessarily coincide with the high-value centers of the temperature field; (2) the vertical structure is also variable in the allocation of the anomalies of the geopotential height field between low values at low levels and high values at high levels. It is especially noted that the centers of the anomalies are tilting at both high and low levels or the high level is only at the edge of a high-pressure zone. There is not any significant high-value anomalous center in a corresponding location with the tropical cyclone. The structure of tropical cyclone in the TOVS is also used as reference to modify the structure of typhoon BOGUS in the numerical prediction model system of tropical cyclones. It is found that the modified BOGUS performs better in coordinating with the environment and predicting the track of the tropical cyclone. The demonstration is two-fold — the structure of the typhoon BOGUS is such that it means much in the track prediction and the use of the TOVS-based tropical cyclone structure really helps in improving it. It provides the foundation for modification and evolution of typhoon BOGUS.     

综合评估环境场影响的热带气旋路径客观相似预报模式

提出一个综合评估环境场影响的热带气旋路径客观相似预报模式。模式应用热带气旋参数、初始和未来环境场，构造客观的相似判据。通过定义非线性的相似指数综合评估历史热带气旋样本在多元判据下的相似程度，从而找到相似样本。应用相似样本的历史路径进行坐标变换和相似指数的权重综合，得到预报路径。模式检验和预报试验表明该模式具有预报技巧。     

理想热带气旋增强过程中的多尺度涡度收支特征分析

基于中尺度WRF模式,研究了无背景气流环境假设条件下理想热带气旋中低层大气多尺度涡旋运动的发展演变特征。精确的尺度分离是基于傅里叶变换实现的,且原始涡度场被划分为三个尺度范围：系统尺度(大于150 km)、中间尺度(50～150 km)、对流尺度(小于50 km)。研究结果表明：热带气旋的非轴对称本质主要是由于中间尺度和对流尺度上的运动造成的,且中间尺度涡度演变特征与热带气旋增强的阶段性有很好的对应关系,尤其是其快速增强阶段;全尺度涡度收支特征主要表现为两两抵消效应：STR/HAD和TIL/VAD,且前者的净贡献明显强于后者;系统尺度涡度收支特征与全尺度基本一致,但中间尺度涡度收支表现出明显不同特征：积分70 h之前,各收支项均表现出了与系统尺度相反的贡献,之后,各收支项的符号转变与系统尺度相同,但收支项净贡献明显大于系统尺度。总的来说,水平分辨率5 km下模拟的理想热带气旋的快速增强主要与中间尺度上STR/HAD净贡献的快速增长有关。此外,进一步研究了特定时段中间尺度涡度收支项的空间演变,结果表明：在热带气旋增强阶段,各收支项均在涡旋内核的轴对称化中有不可忽视的作用,且TIL在中心负...     

APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES WITH NWP PRODUCTS FOR OBJECTIVE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

Statistical study is first performed of the efficiency of the technique of statistical interpretation using the products of NWP. The result shows that the application of the technique has improved the predictabilily of predictors in objective forecasting of tropical cyclone motion, increased the forecasting skill of models and extended the valid period of forecast. Then a discussion is made of some technical problems in the application in the motion forecasting, suggesting: a large sample of data and perfect forecast method be employed in constructing objective forecast models for tropical cyclone motion, predictors be included that are so finely built that they reflect all synoptic features and physical quantity fields and NWP products be used and corrected that are available at multiple times. It is one of the effective ways to improve the skill and stability of the forecast by composite use of outcomes from various forecasting models.     

K-均值聚类法用于西北太平洋热带气旋路径分类

热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,简称TC)路径分类是获得TC特征和影响评估的重要途径。采用联合台风警报中心(Joint Typhoon Warning Center,简称JTWC)近45年最佳台风路径资料,基于TC位置、强度、路径长度和方向等主要信息的特征参数,利用K-均值聚类法建立了西北太平洋TC路径的客观分类方法,并对分类得到的7个路径类型TC在生命史、能量、活动季节和登陆概率等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明各类TC的这些特征量具有明显的差异。从近20年的变化趋势看,西转向类(占总样本的21.3%)的频数为增加趋势,其生命史呈小幅增长趋势,和其余各类(或全部TC)的减小趋势或变化很小不一致。各类TC的年PDI(能量耗散指数)变化趋势主要取决于强度和频数的变化,多数类别的年PDI和强度的变化趋势一致,但西北行转向类和远海西-西北行类的年PDI变化趋势主要取决于频数的变化。      

基于OLR的热带气旋移向预报方法研究

运用GMS-5气象卫星的OLR资料,研究了2001～2002年6月10日～8月10日西北太平洋上15个热带气旋的移动方向。选取多个OLR特征值因子及热带气旋中心最低海平面气压,结合《热带气旋年鉴》资料,采用统计回归的方法,得到热带气旋未来6、12、24小时移向的客观预报算式,其结果与年鉴中移向之间的复相关系数分别达到0．954、0．945、0．914。用预留的2001年6号台风作检验,结果很好。该方法可在日常的业务预报中试用,有助于提高热带气旋移向的预报水平,尤其是对移向突变的热带气旋具有较强的预报能力。