近30 年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征

在20 世纪70 年代中后期MSS 图像、90 年代初期TM 图像和2004 年TM/ETM 图像支 持下, 通过三期遥感影像的直接对比分析, 获得了三江源地区草地退化空间数据集, 并在此 基础上分析了70 年代以来青海三江源地区草地退化的主要时空特征。结果表明: 三江源地区 草地退化是一个在空间格局上影响范围大, 在时间过程上持续时间长的连续变化过程。研究 发现, 三江源草地退化的格局在70 年代中后期已基本形成, 70 年代中后期至今, 草地的退 化过程一直在继续发生, 总体上不存在90 年代至今的草地退化急剧加强现象。草地退化的过 程在不同区域和地带有明显不同的表现, 如在湿润半湿润地带的草甸类草地上, 发生着草地 破碎化先导, 随后发生覆盖度持续降低, 最后形成黑土滩的退化过程; 在干旱、半干旱地带 的草原类草地上, 发生着覆盖度持续降低, 最后形成沙地和荒漠化草地的退化过程。三江源 地区草地退化具有明显的区域差异, 草地退化可以分为7 个区, 各区草地退化在类型、程度、 范围与时间过程方面具有明显不同的特点。     

伊犁河流域乌孙山北坡植被垂直分布格局的定量判断

 结合野外调查结果,以1 410~2 960 m海拔梯度上的群落物种重要值和个体数为数量指标,采用游动分割窗技术定量判定了伊犁乌孙山北坡植被垂直分布格局。结果表明,平方欧式距离、马氏距离和Bray-Curtis距离系数均能较好指示群落交错带的变化类型、位置和宽度,其中,平方欧式距离和马氏距离更能直观而准确地反映植被沿海拔梯度的变异,且8个取样单位为游动分割窗最适窗体宽度。利用游动分割窗技术的定量分析,可以将伊犁乌孙山植被沿海拔梯度划分为11个植被带,从低到高依次为:荒漠草原、荒漠草原与山地草原交错带、山地草原、山地草原与亚高山草甸交错带、亚高山草甸、亚高山草甸与高山草甸交错带、高山草甸、高山草甸与针叶林交错带、针叶林、针叶林与高寒草甸交错带以及高寒草甸。荒漠草原与山地草原交错带、山地草原与亚高山草甸交错带、亚高山草甸与高山草甸交错带为渐变型过渡带,宽度分别为250、100、100 m,高山草甸与针叶林交错带和针叶林与高寒草甸交错带为急变型过渡带,宽度分别为150 m和100 m。     

封面照片说明:青藏高原高寒草甸

高寒草甸(Alpine meadow)又称为高山草甸,是发育在高原和高山地带的一种草地类型。由于处在寒冷的环境条件下,其植被组成主要是冷中生的多年生草本植物。在青藏高原东部及其周围海拔3 000 m以上的高海拔山地,广泛分布着由蒿草等高寒植被组成的草甸,是青藏高原高寒生态系统的主要草地类型,分布面积约70×104km2,占青藏高原可利用草场的近50%。作     

半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地面层微气象特征——以吉林省通榆为例

利用2003-2005年"通榆长期观测实验站"的近地面层气象要素和湍流观测资料,分析了吉林省通榆县半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面的近地面层风速、温度和湿度变化规律;分别用梯度法和湍流法估算了退化草地和农田的地表动力学粗糙度(z0m),退化草地的z0m全年变化不大,而农田的z0m随着作物的生长有增加趋势;全年平均的z0m值,退化草地为0.003 4 m;农田生长季为0.054 m,非生长季为0.001 7 m.农田和退化草地下垫面的近中性整体输送系数Cd分别为(4.9±2.1)×10-3和(2.6±1.4)×10-3,Cb分别为(3.6±1.9)×10-3和(2.6±1.6)×10-3.     

生物与土壤

5812.2 2004010167不同利用方式对亚高山草甸草地土壤性质和微生物的影响 二The effeet of different utilization on 5011 ProPerty and miero-。rganism in su卜alnine 1lleadow按登第,何毅…//草业科学一2003,20(6)一1一3 以祁连山亚高山天然草场为对象,研究了控制放牧、自由放牧、耕作3种不同利用方式和退化秃斑的草地产量和土壤性质;并以研磨、液氮冻融法提取土壤微生物的总DNA,对其进行了初步分析.结果表明:随草地利用强度的增加,草地产草量相应减少,植被中优势种发生变化,土壤有机物含量下降,pH值稍有提高,总N与总P含量同步下降,…     

围栏对新疆山区草地植被下土壤动物多样性的影响

通过对新疆典型山区草地———高山草甸、亚高山草甸、高山草原和亚高山草原野外实地监测,比较了草原围栏内外土壤动物的类群组成、个体数量及生态分布,讨论了围栏这一人为手段对山区草地植被下土壤动物的影响:土壤动物多样性为围栏内高于围栏外,但是受构建时间的限制,围栏内外差异不显著。土壤动物类群数和个体数的分布主要取决于草原植被、土壤有机质、土壤含水率等因子。     

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗草地退化时空分布特征分析

本文以位于大兴安岭中山山地向科尔沁沙地过渡带的阿鲁科尔沁旗为研究对象,以1990年、2000年和2014年三期遥感影像数据为基础、结合阿鲁科尔沁旗统计年鉴、气象气候等资料,借助ENVI5.1和ARCGIS10.2软件,对阿鲁科尔沁旗草地退化现状特征、时空变化规律进行了研究,研究表明:2014年阿鲁科尔沁旗草地退化指数(GDI)为2.99,属于中度退化等级,研究区各个乡镇(苏木)草地退化指数(GDI)值在2.65~3.3之间,区域之间有一定的差异性,但整体上均处于中度退化的状态。草地退化状况空间分布特征为,南部和中南部地区草地退化较为严重,主要以中度退化草地为主,伴有重度退化草地;中部和中北部地势偏高的林牧区草地退化状况相对较轻,主要以轻度退化草地与中度退化草地相间分布,草地整体状况相对较好;最北端基本形成了无明显退化草地、轻度退化草地和中度退化草地相间分布的格局。     

滇西北亚高山草甸退化梯度上马蹄黄地上形态特征变化

马蹄黄(Spenceria ramalana)是滇西北亚高山草甸的旅游景观资源,其地上形态特征随草甸退化梯度的变化趋势尚少见报道。于2018年7月在香格里拉市调查、对比了3个退化梯度(一级退化,DI;二级退化,DII;无退化对照,CK)上马蹄黄的植株高度、展度、叶片数量、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积、叶片长宽比和生存状态。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,DI和DII梯度上马蹄黄的植株高度、展度、叶片数量、叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积均显著减小(P<0.05);(2)DII梯度上马蹄黄的叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积显著高于DI梯度(P<0.05);(3)CK、DI和DII中马蹄黄的叶片长宽比分别为3.5±0.3、2.9±0.4和2.3±0.1,叶片形状由倒披针形向倒卵形过渡;(4)DI、DII和CK中马蹄黄的生存状态指数分别是0.12、0.23和0.63。     

甘肃省肃南县草地过度放牧的社会经济成因分析

我国草地资源位居世界第二位,但目前退化情况非常严重,已经成为牧区生态环境保护和经济发展的主要制约因素。导致草地退化的原因多种多样,其中自然因素是不可调控因素,但在近50年内并非为导致我国草地大面积退化的主要原因,实际上,人为因素才是最为主要的原因。在导致草地退化的诸多人为因素中,过度放牧被认为是造成草地退化的主要因素。通过对肃南县草地退化进行的农户问卷调查,结合有关统计资料,从农户角度阐释过度放牧行为产生的外在机制和内在机制,认为农户追求更高的家庭收入与现实经济状况之间的矛盾是导致其过度放牧行为产生的根本原因。     

藏北高寒草地退化现状、原因与恢复模式

藏北高寒草地系统生态脆弱且区位重要,草地退化和沙化的治理是目前学者们重点关注的领域之一。本文采用遥感解译、模型模拟、地面取样验证等相结合的方法,分析了藏北高寒草地生态系统退化的现状、趋势和原因,以实验为基础,总结了退化草地恢复的几种重要模式。数据分析表明：藏北羌塘高原轻度退化草地占62．0％,中度和重度退化草地占15．1％,1991年以来,退化面积快速增加,2000年以来重度退化面积增加趋势明显。藏北西部的草地轻度退化可能由气候暖千化所引起,而中部、东部的重度退化主要由超载过牧引起。总结出轻度退化草地的“封育”、中度退化草地的“施肥＋封育”、重度退化草地的“补播＋施肥＋封育”三种草地恢复模式。提出了退化草地恢复和保护的间接途径“南草北上”生态工程的战略构想。     

秦岭黄淮平原交界带自然地理特征

The features of physical geography in the transitional region between Qinling Mountains and Huanghuai Plain possess transitional characters evidently in two directions： one is from the western mountain to the eastern plain and the other is from southern subtropical zone to northern temperate zone. Torrential rain, especially strong torrential rain is frequent in the transitional region, and there are many torrential rain centers. A majority of torrential rain is distributed among 100-200 m asl. The winter temperature at 100-400 m asl is higher than that in Huanghuai Plain whose altitude is lower than that of the transitional region, and the highest temperature in January appears at 350-400 m asl.The thickness of warm slope belt in the transitional region varies from 100 m to 250 m asl. The formation of torrential rain and warm slope belt is the result of joint action of atmospheric circulation and local terrain. Frequent torrential rains and warm slope belt had tremendous influences on the soil properties, plant distribution and local climate in the transitional region.     

The features of physical geography in the transitional region between Qinling Mountains and Huanghuai Plain

1IntroductionThe transitional region of physical geography is the transitional zone with unique characteristics formed by the interaction of the adjacent systems of physical geography, which have different properties. Study on the transitional region of physical geography is favorable for developing synthetic theories and methods in physical geography. It is one of the sensitive regions for studying global change, and it may provide scientific basis for exploiting natural resources, alleviatin…     

The features of physical geography in the transitional region between Qinling Mountains and Huanghuai Plain

The features of physical geography in the transitional region between Qinling Mountains and Huanghuai Plain possess transitional characters evidently in two directions: one is from the western mountain to the eastern plain and the other is from southern subtropical zone to northern temperate zone. Torrential rain, especially strong torrential rain is frequent in the transitional region, and there are many torrential rain centers. A majority of torrential rain is distributed among 100-200 m asl. The winter temperature at 100-400 m asl is higher than that in Huanghuai Plain whose altitude is lower than that of the transitional region, and the highest temperature in January appears at 350-400 m asl. The thickness of warm slope belt in the transitional region varies from 100 m to 250 m asl. The formation of torrential rain and warm slope belt is the result of joint action of atmospheric circulation and local terrain. Frequent torrential rains and warm slope belt had tremendous influences on the soil properties, plant distribution and local climate in the transitional region.     

青藏高原自然环境的演化与分异

青藏高原的强烈隆起导致其本身自然环境的巨大变化和自然区域的明显分异。本文阐明上新世以来青藏地区由低海拔亚热带环境向高寒环境的演化以及因全球气候冷暖波动所引起的变化。对山地垂直自然带结构类型的划分和此较研究,揭示了与山体效应密切相关的分布模式。在自然地域分异规律的背景上,探讨了水汽通道、干旱河谷和寒旱核心等高原山地独特的地生态现象。     

应对青藏高原东部的草地退化:政府和当地牧民有何差异(英文)

In the last decade, there has been increasing interest in climate change, pasture degradation and its driving forces, and innovations in nomadic pastoralism on the Tibetan Plateau. However, little is known of indigenous strategies of adaptation to pasture degradation, which limits the effectiveness of adaptation strategies planned by local government. This paper analyzes nomads’ strategies of adaptation to pasture degradation on the basis of a field survey of three townships of Dalag County in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. Pastures there have evidently degraded, with pastures in Wasai mainly in a state of slight or medium degradation and those in Manzhang and Jianshe in a state of medium or severe degradation. With the degradation of pasture, the grazing time is reduced, which affects the livelihoods of nomads. Although the Four-Package Project has commenced in this region, there is still severe fodder shortage in winter and spring. The traditional hay storage strategy does not work because of pasture degradation, and few nomads establish fenced and artificial pastures. Therefore, nomads have employed other strategies, such as renting pasture, providing supplementary feed, and diversifying their livelihoods. Local strategies taken by nomads can provide valuable insights into ecological restoration and livelihood improvement in the region and suggest changes to means promoted by local government. It is necessary to seek new means that combine the best aspects of nomadic pastoralism with modern stockbreeding technologies to help nomads adapt to pasture degeneration and improve their livelihoods.     

2000-2010年黄河源玛曲高寒湿地生态格局变化

玛曲湿地作为黄河上游重要的水源涵养以及补给区之一,对于调节黄河水量与泥沙量、维持生物多样性和区域生态平衡以及实现社会经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。为揭示和分析近10 年来玛曲高寒湿地系统动态变化特征及其区域差异性,应用2000 年、2010 年两期Landsat TM卫星影像提取玛曲景观类型信息,对玛曲湿地分布格局变化进行分析;利用S-G 滤波以及最大值合成法处理后的2000-2010 年MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,进行一元线性回归分析,模拟湿地生态系统的空间演变趋势;运用长期气候观测数据,采用最小二乘法对玛曲湿地变化与气候之间的相关关系进行分析与探讨。结果表明：近10 年来玛曲夏季年际NDVI值呈现波动减小的趋势,“黄河第一弯”玛曲腹地的阿万仓处NDVI减少明显,且存在沼泽草甸向亚高山草甸类型转化趋势。另外,玛曲高寒湿地变化与降水量及温度的年际变化均有关系,但与降水量的相关关系更强。     

Dynamics of the Alpine Treeline Ecotone under Global Warming: A Review

The alpine treeline ecotone is defined as a forest-grassland or forest-tundra transition boundary either between subalpine forest and treeless grassland, or between subalpine forest and treeless tundra. The alpine treeline ecotone serves irreplaceable ecological functions and provides various ecosystem services. There are three lines associated with the alpine treeline ecotone, the tree species line (i.e., the highest elevational limit of individual tree establishment and growth), the treeline (i.e., the transition line between tree islands and isolated individual trees) and the timber line (i.e., the upper boundary of the closed subalpine forest). The alpine treeline ecotone is the belt region between the tree species line and the timber line of the closed forest. The treeline is very sensitive to climate change and is often used as an indicator for the response of vegetation to global warming. However, there is currently no comprehensive review in the field of alpine treeline advance under global warming. Therefore, this review summarizes the literature and discusses the theoretical bases and challenges in the study of alpine treeline dynamics from the following four aspects: (1) Ecological functions and issues of treeline dynamics; (2) Methodology for monitoring treeline dynamics; (3) Treeline shifts in different climate zones; (4) Driving factors for treeline upward shifting.     

试论伏牛山南坡土壤垂直分异规律——兼论亚热带北界的划分

在野外土壤调查和室内土壤理化分析的基础上,开展了伏牛山南坡土壤组成和性质垂直分异、土壤类型划分以及亚热带北界问题的讨论。研究表明：(1) 调查断面上土壤表层HA/FA随高度增加而增大,且均小于1,海拔900 m左右土壤胡敏酸的芳构化程度最低;随高度增加土壤pH和盐基饱和度先下降后上升;海拔900 m以下的土壤中均有明显的黏化层,向上土壤黏粒淋溶淀积逐渐减弱;海拔900 m以下的土壤土体风化程度高,大部分氧化物的平均迁移系数和土体淋溶率小于1,土体Saf小于5.06,淀积层游离铁含量大于20 g·kg-1,铁游离度大于40%,具有弱富铁铝作用,剖面中出现明显的铁锰新生体,而向上土体风化程度减弱,不发生富铁铝作用,剖面中不出现铁锰新生体。(2) 伏牛山南坡海拔550 m以下出现黏磐黄褐土 (饱和黏磐湿润淋溶土),550~950 m出现普通黄棕壤 (普通铁质湿润淋溶土),950~1900 m出现棕壤 (普通简育湿润淋溶土或暗沃简育湿润雏形土),1900 m以上出现暗棕壤性土或草甸暗棕壤 (暗沃冷凉湿润雏形土)。(3) 伏牛山南坡亚热带北界约在海拔950 m。     

我国北方地区后备耕地资源开发的特点、问题及对策

我国北方地区后备耕地资源的开发对缓解人地关系紧张趋势,平衡耕地总量具有重要作用。但也存在着严重的生态环境问题,尤其是农牧交错地带。本文从北方地区整体角度并结合农业部利用美国陆地卫星1:10万TM图象所作的典型调查区资料分析了北方地区后备耕地资源开发的时空特点,并在综合评价的基础上提出后备耕地资源开发的对策和建议。