贵州岩溶地区岩性与土地石漠化的相关分析

在构筑1：50万贵州岩溶地区岩石组合类型分布图的基础上,以GIS为分析手段,对贵州省石漠化分布图和地层岩性图进行了空间分析,探讨了各类岩性与不同级别石漠化之间的相关关系。石漠化与岩性具有明显的相关性,强度石漠化主要分布在纯质碳酸盐岩地区,尤其是纯质灰岩地区;中度石漠化在白云岩组合中的比例较灰岩组合中高;轻度石漠化在碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩夹层和互层中分布较广;石漠化与纯碳酸盐岩相关关系最明显。     

Knowledge-Driven and Data-Driven Fuzzy Models for Predictive Mineral Potential Mapping

In this paper, we describe new fuzzy models for predictive mineral potential mapping: (1) a knowledge-driven fuzzy model that uses a logistic membership function for deriving fuzzy membership values of input evidential maps and (2) a data-driven model, which uses a piecewise linear function based on quantified spatial associations between a set of evidential evidence features and a set of known mineral deposits for deriving fuzzy membership values of input evidential maps. We also describe a graphical defuzzification procedure for the interpretation of output fuzzy favorability maps. The models are demonstrated for mapping base metal deposit potential in an area in the south-central part of the Aravalli metallogenic province in the state of Rajasthan, western India. The data-driven and knowledge-driven models described in this paper predict potentially mineralized zones, which occupy less than 10% of the study area and contain at least 83% of the model and validation base metal deposits. A cross-validation of the favorability map derived from using one of the models with the favorability map derived from using the other model indicates a remarkable similarity in their results. Both models therefore are useful for predicting favorable zones to guide further exploration work.     

Fuzzy Weights of Evidence Method and Its Application in Mineral Potential Mapping

This paper proposes a new approach of weights of evidence method based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy probabilities for mineral potential mapping. It can be considered as a generalization of the ordinary weights of evidence method, which is based on binary or ternary patterns of evidence and has been used in conjunction with geographic information systems for mineral potential mapping during the past few years. In the newly proposed method, instead of separating evidence into binary or ternary form, fuzzy sets containing more subjective genetic elements are created; fuzzy probabilities are defined to construct a model for calculating the posterior probability of a unit area containing mineral deposits on the basis of the fuzzy evidence for the unit area. The method can be treated as a hybrid method, which allows objective or subjective definition of a fuzzy membership function of evidence augmented by objective definition of fuzzy or conditional probabilities. Posterior probabilities calculated by this method would depend on existing data in a totally data-driven approach method, but depend partly on expert's knowledge when the hybrid method is used. A case study for demonstration purposes consists of application of the method to gold deposits in Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada.     

荒漠植物花棒耐盐性的傅立叶红外光谱法研究

试验以荒漠植物花棒幼苗为材料,应用傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）法研究了NaCl胁迫下花棒叶片主要有机化合物含量和蛋白质结构的变化以及叶片K+和Na+含量。结果表明,叶片Na+、K+含量随着0~255 mM NaCl盐胁迫逐渐增强而变化,导致Na+/K+比值逐渐降低,显示出盐胁迫下花棒幼苗具有”吸钾排纳”特性。花棒幼苗再170 mM NaCl的高浓度胁迫下24 h,叶片中蛋白质、酯类和碳水化合物含量大幅度增加。花棒的蛋白质二级结构中1 665/1 638 cm-1比值的逐渐降低。揭示出花棒植株通过增强蛋白质、酯类和碳水化合物合成代谢调控能力抵御盐胁迫的损伤,而且花棒蛋白质二级结构更趋稳定,与叶片中Na+/K+比值的变化趋势显著相关。因此花棒为了适应高浓度盐胁迫,具有叶片蛋白质、酯类快速合成以及蛋白质构象更趋于稳定的积极响应。     

Generating Surface Models of Population Using Dasymetric Mapping*

Aggregated demographic datasets are associated with analytical and cartographic problems due to the arbitrary nature of areal unit partitioning. This article describes a methodology for generating a surface‐based representation of population that mitigates these problems. This methodology uses dasymetric mapping and incorporates areal weighting and empirical sampling techniques to assess the relationship between categorical ancillary data and population distribution. As a demonstration, a 100‐meter‐resolution population surface is generated from U.S. Census block group data for the southeast Pennsylvania region. Remote‐sensing‐derived urban land‐cover data serve as ancillary data in the dasymetric mapping.     

Determination of Predictive Variables in Mineral Prospectivity Mapping Using Supervised and Unsupervised Methods

Natural Resources Research - Machine learning methods have recently been used widely for mineral prospectivity mapping. However, few studies have focused on the determination of variables for...     

生物多样性遥感监测尺度选择及制图研究

利用基于空间变异理论的生物多样性遥感监测方法研究洛河流域植被生物多样性,结合半方差函数探讨植被指数用于生物多样性监测的最佳研究尺度,并分析各植被指数与生物多样性指数的相关性,据此制作洛河流域生物多样性等级分布图。研究表明:在研究生物多样性时,不同的植被指数对应不同的最佳尺度,NDVI、MSAVI和RVI的最佳尺度为3×3像元,ARVI、EVI和NLI为4×4像元,SAVI为7×7像元;通过制图研究得出该地区生物多样性水平较高,保护措施良好。     

原子吸收光谱法及其应用

综述了原子吸收光谱法的原理、测定技术、特点、联用、进展及其在各个领域中的应用。     

地球信息综合制图的基本原则和方法

论述地球信息综合制图的内涵与意义、理论依据、基本环节;阐述了单幅综合地图、综合系列地图与综合地图集的不同表现形式、设计原则与制图方法;论述了综合制图的统一协调的原则与方法,重点阐明了分类分级与图例和轮廓界线等科学内容方面的统一协调,以及其他统一协调的方法与措施,最后分析了在计算机制图与ＧＩＳ环境下综合制图在科学与技术方面的新发展。     

中文核心期刊的时空分异特征及影响因素

选取1992-2017年版中文核心期刊(简称核心期刊),运用Moore结构值测算其内部结构变化,利用重心模型计算重心位置,通过GIS可视化分析其时空分异特征,采用普通最小二乘法评估影响模型的合理性,通过地理探测器模型定量分析其时空分异的影响因素.结果 表明:1992-2017年版核心期刊数量经历“下降-上升-逐步稳定”...     

在GIS支持下的东南山区土壤景观监测与制图

本研究就土壤景观的监测方法、制图技术进行探讨,提出了以景观生态学分析和地物隶属关系分析为主的东南山区土壤景观制图技术。利用GIS和RS技术,通过图形叠加、图形-影象叠架而生成的双因素、三因素叠加图,不但反映了土壤景观变化,而且量化了土壤景观因素之间的关系。如1997年与1985年相比,中海拔地形中多样性指数下降,土壤景观结构的有序性增强;但低海拔和最高海拔的地形中多样性指标上升,土壤景观结构的有序性变差,同时优势度指数也有所下降。     

Mapping as a Means of Farmworker Education and Empowerment

Abstract

Mapping is a simple activity that can be effectively linked to popular education of non-students. Mapping exercises have the potential to contribute to profound shifts in thought because the activity simultaneously draws on and challenges deep-seated experiential knowledge. The transformative potential of mapping is illustrated with health-promoter workshops for Latino migrant farmworkers in Benson, North Carolina, that took place in 1998 and 1999. The workshops are part of a larger project designed to reduce pesticide exposure by using community participatory research to develop and disseminate culturally appropriate teaching materials among Latino workers.     

新时期区域规划的基本任务与工作框架

进入21世纪,中国新一轮区域规划蓬勃兴起并得到广泛开展,但研究人员对区域规划的基本任务及工作框架的认识并不统一、明确。在总结和梳理区域规划特点、国家需求及既有区域规划经验和成果的基础上,提出了新时期区域规划10项基本任务,即:区域整体功能定位,城镇体系建设布局,交通、能源等基础设施布局,产业分工与空间布局,水土资源开发、利用与保护,生态环境保护与治理,科教文卫资源整合与人力资源开发,区域发展的政策体系,区域规划实施的保障机制,需统筹协调解决的其他重大问题。根据上述基本任务,可以建立新时期区域规划的参考工作框架,该框架体系包括5个工作阶段:系统分析阶段,模拟和预测阶段,规划发展阶段,协调决策阶段,跟踪调控阶段。在此框架下,对区域规划各阶段工作目标和重点进行了深入阐述。     

遥感影象中居民地信息的自动提取与制图

如何自动获得居民地矢量信息是遥感和地理信息系统领域研究的热点问题。以南京市江宁区为研究区域,基于光谱特征分析,建立决策树模型进行居民地信息的自动提取。重点研究如何将已提取的居民地图斑进行形态综合,得到满足地理信息系统数据建库与更新、遥感制图等的可视化图形数据,为灾害评估、城镇扩展和环境变化研究等提供必要的基础信息。最后,给出文章方法的实验结果并做出讨论。     

基于土壤反射光谱特性的广东省稻田土壤快速分类

选择广东省215个村镇稻田的土壤样本,首先利用ASD Field Spec3测量土壤样本在350~2 500 nm的光谱,并采用S-G一阶导数平滑滤波降低样本测量中光照差异的影响,然后将遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm,GA）和支持向量机分类（Support Vector Machine,SVM）分别用于提取分类光谱特征和建立分类模型,分别在土纲、亚纲、土类3个层次进行土壤分类。结果表明：1）在不同的分类层次下,与铁氧化物密切相关的650~710以及900 nm附近光谱,与羟基矿物吸收有关的2 207~2 237和2 377~2 397 nm区间均被作为分类特征变量。2）随着土壤类型的细分,分类所需变量增多。在土类级,对有机质敏感的2 080 nm附近的光谱也被引入分类定标模型中,土纲和亚纲下分类精度＞67%,土类级分类精度为58.67%。利用遗传算法提取光谱特征,进行基于支持向量机的土壤分类具有一定优势。     

Classification of Soil Groups Using Weights-of-Evidence-Method and RBFLN-Neural Nets

Weights-of-Evidence (WofE) and Radial Basis Function Link Net (RBFLN) were applied to soil group mapping in eastern Finland. The data consisted of low altitude airborne geophysical measurements, Landsat 5 TM-satellite image, and digital elevation model (DEM) and slope information derived from it. Probability maps were constructed for each soil group one by one and combined into a prediction map of soil groups using maximum posterior probability (WofE) or pattern membership (RBFLN). Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and Sammon’s Mapping were applied for selecting the data sets for modeling and visualizing the data. The soil types belonging to each soil group used in the Arc-SDM modeling were defined by clusters revealed by the SOM and Sammon’s Mapping algorithms. The soil types with similar characters were collected in the same cluster. Numerical evaluation of the models’ performance was performed using the confusion matrix. The Ratio of Correct Classifications (RCC) for the best WofE model was 0.64 in the training area and 0.61 in the testing area. The RCC for the best RBFLN model was 0.62. Modeling of soil groups using Arc-SDM is time consuming because models need to be constructed for each soil group before combining them into a final prediction map. In this study a simple method was tested for combining the maps. In the future, more attention should be paid to combining the posterior probability models and also to selecting data sets used for modeling.     

On the Issues of Scale,Resolution, and Fractal Analysis in the Mapping Sciences*

Scale and resolution have long been key issues in geography. The rapid development of analytical cartography, GIS, and remote sensing (the mapping sciences) in the last decade has forced the issues of scale and resolution to be treated formally and better defined. This paper addresses the problem of scale and resolution in geographical studies, with special reference to the mapping sciences. The fractal concept is introduced, and its use in identifying the scale and resolution problem is discussed. The implications of the scale and resolution problem on studies of global change and modeling are also explored.     

黄旗海岩芯烧失量分析与冰后期环境演变

重建闭流型湖泊的水位及环境变化,可以为研究冰后期及全新世以来的气候变化及季风环流演变提供不可或缺的关键信息。对HQH4岩芯烧失量与川蔓藻化石种子的研究结果显示,黄旗海湖区在全新世到来之前的气候寒冷,湖面冰封期较长,夏季温度较低,致使湖泊的有机生产率和自生碳酸盐产量比全新世低很多。黄旗海从全新世早期起进入了稳定的湖泊发展阶段后有机生产率显著上升,自生碳酸盐产量同步大幅度增长。在10 200~6 800 a BP期间,烧失量出现显著波动,很大程度上反映了气候发生暖湿-冷干-暖湿-冷湿的变化。在6 800~3 800 a BP期间,烧失量较高而且波动较小,反映了中全新世黄旗海以稳定的温暖湿润气候为主,湖水水位变化不大,有机质和碳酸盐生产力较高。从3 800 a BP起,气候逐渐变凉,间有多次冷暖干湿的剧烈变化,水位波动频繁。