主能量脉冲反褶积

本文提出的主能量脉冲反褶积方法,旨在保持原反褶积相位特性的同时将有效频带拓宽为期望输出的主能量谱,以期获得更为可靠的地震分辨率.其首先根据地震波的有效频带范围设计出期望输出的主能量谱,然后通过主能量谱滤波获得主能量信号,并以其为输入求取初始的反褶积因子,再在保持初始反褶积因子相位特性的前提下以主能量谱为期望的振幅谱,求取1个优化的反褶积因子,最后即可通过褶积运算获得期望输出的地震信号.     

海洋地震资料相位控制处理——东海研究实例

为了满足定量解释的需要,地震资料处理必须是高分辨率、振幅保持和相位控制的.面向海洋地震资料的相位控制处理技术包括利用远场信号进行确定性零相位化、Q补偿、预测反褶积及剩余相位校正等.利用模拟远场信号求取确定性去气泡及零相位化算子.此文基于相位控制处理,讨论了海洋地震资料的相位和极性判别方法,探讨了大于24 ms算子长度的预测反褶积对于保持信号形状的必要性,介绍了东海三维地震资料相位控制流程.     

海上地震虚反射相位剔除法反褶积

在分析了虚反射的形成机制及其滤波器频谱特性的基础上，提出了一种在频率域剔除地震鬼波的新方法，该方法直接剔除的是虚反射滤波器相位谱的影响，而对于振幅谱，则是通过同时消除虚反射与地震子波两者共同的影响来拓宽地震记录的有效频谱，处理过程自动避免了鬼波滤波器的“零值点”问题，其最终结果是以获取反射生活费数为期望输出，因此，该方法在消除鬼波的同时可进一步提高地震剖而后 分辨率。实验表明，本文所提出的反褶积方法具有较好的容噪能力。且在鬼波延迟时以及虚反射界面反射系数存在一定误差的情况下仍能获得令人满意的处理结果。     

基于小波分频的Q值补偿技术在东海中深层油气勘探中的应用

东海陆架盆地是中国近海最大的边缘海盆地,其地下地质结构较为复杂,地震剖面的中深层地震资料品质较差,常规的地震波能量补偿技术很难获得有效的地层信息,从而制约了东海陆架盆地中深层构造结构研究及中深层油气勘探。基于此,本文利用基于小波分频的地层Q值补偿技术,该技术针对东海陆架盆地中深层地震资料的频率特点,逐点进行小波分频处理,得到目标频率信息的地震数据,在此数据基础上利用小波域谱比法计算地层Q值,避免了其他频率信息对提取Q值的影响,提高了Q值提取的稳定性,最后进行地层Q值的振幅和相位补偿。模型和实例分析表明,该方法有效地补偿了东海陆架盆地中深层地震资料的振幅和相位,提高了主频,展宽了频带,从而提高了中深层地震资料的质量,有利于后期地震资料的反演。     

基于HHT的舰船地震波信号实时检测算法

针对舰船地震波信号的非平稳性,将希尔伯特–黄变换(HHT)应用于舰船地震波信号处理中, 并基于 Hilbert 能量谱提出舰船地震波信号实时检测算法。首先,对实测地震波信号进行 HHT 分析,获得信号的时频谱、边际谱、瞬时能量谱以及 Hilbert 能量谱。然后,基于舰船地震波信号 Hilbert 能量谱的特点,选取 Hilbert 能量谱中特定频带内的能量作为检测特征量,利用滑动窗截取数据更新特征量和相应的自适应阈值。 最终,根据一定的检测规则,提出了舰船地震波信号的实时检测算法。实测数据和仿真数据表明：该检测算法能够实时地完成对目标信号的检测,具有较远的检测距离,且在信噪比为–10 dB 时,检测概率达到 100%。     

基于倒双谱的地震子波估计方法

根据倒双谱兼有倒谱和双谱优势的特点,利用地震记录的倒双谱估计地震子波。首先采用基于二维傅里叶变换的倒双谱计算方法,求取地震记录的倒双谱系数,再利用倒双谱系数分别得到地震子波的最大和最小相位分量,进而重构出地震子波。该方法避免了双谱法提取地震子波过程中的相位计算。合成数据实验和实际地震资料处理结果表明倒双谱法能较准确的估计地震子波,效果优于双谱法。     

海洋天然气水合物勘探地震处理的最小平方反滤波设计及其应用

地震勘探的BSR识别技术是发现海洋天然气水合物的最经济、快捷、方便、有效的方法.在地震处理识别上,对子波的精确处理是水合物地震资料处理中最关键的一个环节,采用最小平方误差准则,即利用实际输出与期望输出的误差平方和为最小的条件,来确定反滤波因子,因此又称为最小平方子波整形.在地震处理程序中引入三种期望输出,即俞氏子波、雷克子波、Buttworth子波,对子波零相位化有较好的效果.根据上面的原理,我们开发了一套最小平方反滤波地震处理软件,对天然气水合物地震勘探资料进行试处理的结果表明,该软件在提高分辨率的同时保持了较高的信噪比.     

数字检波器在地震勘探中的应用效果

随着地震勘探精度的要求和发展,对地震仪器和检波器的要求也不断提高,只有接收到来自地下的有效反射信号,尤其是深层的高频弱反射信号,才能通过室内处理达到提高勘探精度的目的。数字检波器具有直接输出数字、高保真矢量场、感应器倾斜校正等特点,其动态范围与目前最先进的地震仪器相匹配,对来自地下的地震波没有改造,真实地记录了地震波的特性。针对数字检波器的特性进行了系统试验,通过试验效果分析认为:在信噪比方面,单个数字检波器与单个普通检波器无明显的差别,但单个数字检波器的信噪比明显低于多个普通检波器组合的信噪比;在能量方面,单个数字检波器的能量相当于多个普通检波器组合的能量;在频率方面,教字检波器比普通检波器的频带宽,可以预测,数字检波器将广泛地应用于高分辨率地震勘探中。     

基于互谱分析的2DPSK解调方法及性能

针对2DPSK调制方式,提出了通过对相邻两个码元信号求互谱来获取相对相位信息的互谱解调法。该方法通过在频域进行FFT处理求得相邻两个码元信号的互功率谱,并将其峰值点相位与0及π进行比较,从而获得相应的传输比特信息。计算机仿真表明,在无多径干扰及存在一定多径干扰的水声信道条件下,互谱解调法的性能优于传统的差分解调法。     

实现地震道零相位化的子波相位谱消去法

子波相位谱消去法是通过话因式分解并以最大的方差模为准则求得子波相位港,然后将其从地震造的相位谱中消去。与常相住校正方法相比,该方法不要求于波各分频的初相位角为常数。模型实验表明,该方法具有良好的稳定性和对主频变化的适应性,首尾于波的主频相差30Hz时仍能得出很好的结果,这就使得我们对地震道可一次进行全道处理,而不必进行分段处理;对于最小相位地震道及接近最小相位的混合相位地震道,该方法具有较好的容噪能力。对于最大相位地震道及接近最大相让的混合相位地震道,当记录的信噪比较高时也有较好的效果。     

Strategies for waveform processing in sparker data

A sparker is a marine seismic impulsive source used for high-resolution seismic surveys. Sparker sources were very popular during the late 1960s and 1970s before being supplanted by small volume airguns. However, in the last 10 years there has been renewed interest in sparker technology because (1) it can be easily deployed at relatively low costs and (2) in certain areas the use of small airguns is restricted for environmental purposes. In this study a sparker source was used to assess the seismic stratigraphy of Quaternary deposits and to image the sediment/bedrock interface. Three different inverse filtering methods were tested (i.e., spiking deconvolution, match-filtering and vertical seismic profile (VSP) deconvolution) to correct the poor shot-to-shot repeatability of the source and to compress its reverberations. Results show that the matched-filter and VSP deconvolution methods, which design and apply one operator for each shot, produced comparable results, whereas the spiking deconvolution that used the same operator on all traces failed to compress the source signature properly.     

Seismic attenuation estimation using a complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition-based method

The frequency attenuation gradient method can provide important information for hydrocarbon detection. In this paper, a method using Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD), Hilbert transform and the least-squares curve-fitting is proposed for seismic attenuation estimation as an effective frequency attenuation gradient estimation approach. We first use CEEMD to obtain the different Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), which have a narrow band and can enhance the physical meaning of instantaneous attributes trace by trace. The time-frequency spectrum, which is computed using a Hilbert transform of each IMF, is represented as a spectrum with a single-peak that has narrow side lobes, which is conducive to frequency attenuation gradient estimation. Second, for each time sample, the frequency-amplitude spectrum of each IMF trace is extracted from the time-frequency spectrum to conduct the attenuation gradient computation. Then, the logarithm operation is performed for each IMF trace. Due to the very narrow bands of some IMFs in some seismic traces, a variable frequency window is adopted along the IMF trace according to the local data characteristics. Finally, the attenuation gradient for each IMF in a seismic trace can be computed using least-squares fitting. A different IMF reflects a seismic trace with a different spatiotemporal scale and can highlight different geologic and stratigraphic information. The correlation weighted average operation is used to highlight some useful details in seismic trace and obtains the attenuation gradient for each seismic trace. Field data examples demonstrate our method and its effectiveness. The proposed method can stably estimate the frequency attenuation gradient.     

A HIGH-EFFICIENCY TANDEM PISTON AIR GUN

The high-efficiency tandem piston air gun is a new pneumatic seismic source with simple structure, convenient operation and low cost. It can create high-energy acoustic pulse signals, and effectively attenuate bubble responses. This paper briefly introduces the air gun with 0.8 liter at a pressure of 140 kg/cm2. The measurement shows that the gun has reached a maximum peak-peak sound pressure up to about 11.7 bar-meters. The ratio (P1-P2) is about 2.79. The energy of the acoustic pulse is concentrated within 200 Hz and the main frequency corresponding to the spectrum value is about 30 Hz. Its lowest frequency is below 10 Hz.     

Dereverberation of marine reflection seismic data by a spatial combination of predictive deconvolution and velocity filtering

Contamination of seismic reflection records at early times by first-order water reverberations can be especially severe during survey operations over hard and flat sea floors on the continental shelf or in lake environments. A new dereverberation scheme based on two classical techniques — predictive deconvolution and velocity filtering — has been developed to address this problem. The techniques are combined spatially to take advantage of their complementary offset- and time-dependent properties. Stage I of the scheme consists of applying predictive deconvolution at short offset. The data are previously conditioned by a normal moveout correction with the water velocity which restores the periodicity of the reverberations in the offset-time plane and enhances the performance of deconvolution. Stage II of the scheme involves velocity filtering in the common-midpoint domain which is particularly effective at long offset where the moveout difference between primary reflections and reverberations is largest. The dereverberation scheme is well suited for the initial processing of large volumes of data due to the general availability of cost-effective deconvolution and velocity filtering algorithms in seismic processing software packages. Practical implementation issues are illustrated by a field example from the GLIMPCE survey in Lake Superior.Lithoprobe Publication No. 475.     

Bandwidth Scale for Frequency Spectrum of Sea Waves

It is well known that energy spectrum bandwidth should be able to reflect the degree of energyconcentration.However.the commonly used bandwidth factors defined by Longuet-Higgins could not fitthe concept satisfactorily.A new kind of spectrum bandwidth scale factor with a clear physical meaning isgiven in the present paper and a constant is obtained which reveals the intrinsic characteristics of seawaves.Thereby a universal relationship between significant wave height of sea waves and spectrumbandwidth is established.     

Optimum parameter selection in offset-dependent predictive deconvolution: testing on multichannel marine seismic data

Marine Geophysical Research - Predictive deconvolution is an effective way to suppress multiple reflections, especially short path multiples, in seismic data. However, the effectiveness of the...     

地震反演和分频技术在深水油气勘探中的应用

对于深水沉积盆地,由于高投入、高风险、高技术因素,有些区域内勘探程度低或无钻井,在此条件下如何更好地寻找有利区带,提高勘探成功率是最迫切的问题。为此,运用无井反演和地震分频技术对西非某深水盆地进行了研究。地震分频技术实现了在频率域内通过调谐振幅属性的对应关系来研究储层横向变化规律,经分频处理后的地震数据其解释分辨率高于常规地震主频所能达到的分辨能力,有利于确定含油气储集层边界、估算地层厚度。在无井地区开展波阻抗反演,和地震分频技术结果进行相互印证,预测了西非某深水盆地有利相带和储层的发育区带。     

Multiple seismic attribute analyses for determination of bottom simulating reflector of gas hydrate seismic data in the Ulleung Basin of Korea

The bottom simulating reflector (BSR), the boundary between the gas hydrate and the free gas zone, is considered to be the most common evidence in seismic data analysis for gas hydrate exploration. Multiple seismic attribute analyses of reflectivity and acoustic impedance from the post-stack deconvolution and complex analysis of instantaneous attribute properties including the amplitude envelope, instantaneous frequency, phase, and first derivative of the amplitude of seismic data have been used to effectively confirm the existence of a BSR as the base of gas hydrate stability zone. In this paper, we consider individual seismic attribute analysis and integrate the results of those attributes to locate the position of the BSR. The outputs from conventional seismic data processing of the gas hydrate data set in the Ulleung Basin were used as inputs for multiple analyses. Applying multiple attribute analyses to the individual seismic traces showed that the identical anomalies found in two-way travel time (TWT) between 3.1 and 3.2 s from the results of complex analyses and l ₁ norm deconvolution indicated the location of the BSR.     

叠后烃检方法在渤海海域PL稠油区块的应用

针对渤海海域PL油田新近系明化镇组原油密度大,常规叠后烃检方法效果不佳的特点,利用储层含油气后高频端能量吸收衰减原理,在高精度频谱分解基础上,采用能量系数法和高频斜率衰减地震属性预测油气,效果一般;结合研究区地质特点,以神经网络多种成熟算法为基础算法,优选对油水有不同响应的地震属性作为训练参数,以含油饱和度曲线作为目标曲线,对全区地震数据体进行反演,用验证井与饱和度数据体有效响应比对,主力油层含油砂体吻合率高达75％以上.利用该方法结合其它成藏条件优选了显示很好的多套砂体作为进一步勘探潜力靶区.     

Design of periodic signals using FM sweeps and amplitude modulationfor ocean acoustic travel-time measurements

A design procedure for an amplitude-modulated and nonlinear frequency-modulated (AM-NLFM) signal is introduced. The designed signal can drive a given transducer to its peak power to produce a sound pressure waveform into the water with a desired power spectrum and maximum possible energy. The signal can be formed either in the time domain or in the frequency domain. The frequency domain approach gives an output power spectrum precisely identical to a preferred shape. Therefore, the sidelobe levels after matched filtering are not raised by unwanted spectral magnitude ripples which exist when a time domain method is adopted. The absence of spectral ripples is desirable for applications requiring long range transmission and good multipath discrimination capability. An acceptable tradeoff between time resolution and sidelobe levels is achieved by properly choosing the desired power spectral shape. As the time resolution is usually the most critical specification for precision travel-time measurements, it is shown that by sacrificing some of the transducer's output power capability, a waveform with a considerably wider bandwidth can be transmitted, resulting in a significantly enhanced time resolution. A quasi-steady-state (QSS) approximation is used in the signal design, leading to a manageable and intuitive design procedure