跨海高程传递方法的评价

针对跨海高程传递的最新进展,介绍了几种高程传递的实用方法,对优缺点和适用范围进行了分析与评价。初步试验结果分析表明,对于10km内的高程传递,几种方法均满足三等水准的精度要求,对于更远距离的跨海高程传递还需进一步研究。     

基于三角高程测量的跨海高程传递方法

对黄岛试验区实测数据进行最小二乘平差和抗差估计解算,结果表明,对于10km以内的跨海距离,基于三角高程测量的跨海正常高程传递精度为2mm/km,达到二等水准的要求.基于三角高程测量的跨海正常高差与直接观测的水准高差和EGM08模型的计算高差互差均小于3mm/km,与天文重力水准计算的高差互差为5mm/km.     

跨海高程传递三角高程数据处理及质量分析

对跨河水准测量和跨海高程传递三角高程测量的观测方法和数据处理进行了比较.简单介绍了4处跨海高程传递测区的概况,并提出一种针对“光段差互差”的评估方法.对4处跨海点三角高程实测数据进行质量分析和平差计算,结果表明:除实验区外,跨海三角高程测量的偶然中误差可以达到二等水准测量的精度;数据质量分析结果表明,满足二等水准限差的外业观测数据的有效率为50％左右;满足三等水准限差的数据有效率为90％左右.     

同步验潮法在刘公岛跨海高程传递中的应用

阐述了短期同步验潮法在跨海高程传递测量中的基本原理与应用,通过试验介绍了短期同步验潮法传递高程的实施流程与数据处理。根据短期同步验潮法在山东省刘公岛跨海高程传递测量中的试验,结果表明,在短距离跨海时,短期同步验潮法能达到三等以上水准测量精度要求。     

基于GNSS水准拟合法的海岛高程传递

针对舟山无人岛"担峙岛"和"茶山岛"缺乏高程基准这一问题,结合测区的特殊地形分布,采用GNSS水准拟合法实现了这两座岛屿的跨海高程基准传递,拟合模型为2次曲面拟合。实验结果表明,GNSS水准拟合法内符合精度在±2 mm范围内,其与三角高程测量法对比的外符合精度为±4.5 mm,本次跨海高程传递质量合格、可靠。     

远距离海岛礁高程基准统一方法研究

综合利用水准测量和卫星定位测量,给出了基于三角高程测量的高精度远距离海岛礁高程基准的统一方法和实施方案.利用我国沿海12处海岛的跨海高程基准统一方法、测量方案、技术手段、数据处理要求和实测数据,对远距离海岛礁高程基准统一的经验做法、成果精度和数据质量进行了分析和总结,并针对此方案给出了一些跨海三角高程需要注意和值得借鉴的参考意见.     

超长距离跨海二等水准测量的数据处理与应用

为验证改进的精密三角高程法在10km级超长距离跨海二等水准测量的可行性,参照规范的观测要求和限差规定,采取每时段分组观测的方法,通过合理限制各组间的高差互差值来筛选出合格测段,计算得到跨海段的高差值。以15km的海湾构成跨海大地四边形进行应用试验,结果表明跨海高差与陆地常规水准高差之间的互差值分别为1.5、0.2、1.3、0.7cm,成果满足国家二等水准测量精度要求。该方法能为10km级超长距离的高等级跨海水准测量提供应用参考。     

远距离海岛礁高程基准统一方法研究

综合利用水准测量和卫星定位测量,给出了基于三角高程测量的高精度远距离海岛礁高程基准的统一方法和实施方案。利用我国沿海12处海岛的跨海高程基准统一方法、测量方案、技术手段、数据处理要求和实测数据,对远距离海岛礁高程基准统一的经验做法、成果精度和数据质量进行了分析和总结,并针对此方案给出了一些跨海三角高程需要注意和值得借鉴的参考意见。     

跨海高程基准传递方法及其精度研究

利用GPS水准法和同步改正法实现了跨海高程基准的传递。GPS传递结果与同步改正法传递结果相差3cm。结果表明,GPS结合大地水准面精化技术实现跨海高程基准传递省时省力、方便可靠。     

沿海岛屿国家高程基准的建立

沿海岛屿建立国家高程基准,统一海岛与大陆的高程系统,是海洋测绘研究的重要课题之一。GPS技术在测量上的应用,为此课题开创了一个新的探索路径。本文结合海道测量熟悉的潮汐理论和常用的潮位传递方法,采用水面水准与GPS高程相结合,通过在我国沿海地区的具体实践,比较两项作业的最后成果,相互验证,说明了依这种传递高程的方式建立的沿海岛屿国家高程基准,在理论上是成立的,精度也是能满足需要的,因此,是目前连接海岛和大陆之间高程关系较有效的办法。     

Route height connection across the sea by using the vertical deflections and ellipsoidal height data

Distance between the main land and island is so long that it is very difficult to precisely connect the height datum across the sea with the traditional method like the trigonometric leveling,or it is very expensive and takes long time to implement the height transfer with the geopotential technique.We combine the data of GPS surveying,astro-geodesy and EGM2008 to precisely connect the orthometric height across the sea with the improved astronomical leveling method in the paper.The Qiongzhou Strait is selected as the test area for the height connection over the sea.We precisely determine the geodetic latitudes,longitudes,heights and deflections of the vertical for four points on both sides across the strait.Modeled deflections of the vertical along the height connecting routes over the sea are determined with EGM2008 model based on the geodetic positions and heights of the sea segmentation points from DNSC08MSS model.Differences of the measured and modeled deflections of the vertical are calculated at four points on both sides and linearly change along the route.So the deflections of the vertical along the route over the sea can be improved by the linear interpolation model.The results are also in accord with those of trigonometirc levelings.The practical case shows that we can precisely connect the orthometric height across the Qiongzhou Strait to satisfy the requirement of order 3 leveling network of China.The method is very efficient to precisely connect the height datum across the sea along the route up to 80 km.     

Quasi-Geoid Near Xisha Islands by the Geo-Potential Propagating Technique

Height datum is an important part of national geodetic network. Establishment of a unified national land and sea elevation benchmarks and implementation of height datum connection between the Chinese mainland and offshore islands are issues that need to be resolved in geomatics and marine sciences. Derived from basic definition of elevation datum and relationship between geo-potential and normal height, the scientific theory and algorithm for transferring height datum from mainland to islands with geo-potential are elaborated. The accuracy of geo-potential difference is discussed using a numerical analysis method. We also give criteria to choose virtual leveling routines and algorithm to give optimized results. One experiment in the China seas, among 26 tidal gauge stations in the sea coast of the mainland with known normal height, has confirmed the reliability and accuracy of the method developed in this paper. Further optimizations for improving accuracy of island elevation are also introduced. Distribution of quasi-geoid near Xisha Islands is also given with this method.     

北冰洋80°～85°N浮冰区对流层大气的垂直结构

利用2008年夏季中国第3次北冰洋考察所获取的GPS探空资料对北冰洋(79°～85.5°N,144°～170°W)浮冰区对流层大气的垂直结构进行了研究.结果表明:北冰洋浮冰区对流层中部大气的平均温度递减率为6.47℃/km;对流层顶高度为8.0～10.7 km,平均为9.3 km,对流层顶温度为-59.4～-43.5℃...     

Probabilistic Distribution of the Maximum Wave Heigh

A new method of treating maximum wave height as a random variable in reliability analysis of breakwater caissons is proposed. The maximum wave height is expressed as the significant wave height multiplied by the so-called wave height ratio. The proposed wave height ratio is a type of transfer function from the significant wave height to the maximum wave height. Under the condition of a breaking wave, the ratio is intrinsically nonlinear. Therefore, the probability density function for the variable cannot be easily defined. In this study, however, it can be derived from the relationship between the maximum and significant waves in a nonbreaking environment. Some examples are shown to validate the derived probability density function for the wave ratio parameter. By introducing the wave height ratio into reliability analysis of caisson breakwater, the maximum wave height can be used as an independent and primary random variable, which means that the risk of caisson failure during its lifetime can be evaluated realistically.     

Probabilistic distribution of the maximum wave height

A new method of treating maximum wave height as a random variable in reliability analysis of breakwater caissons is proposed. The maximum wave height is expressed as the significant wave height multiplied by the so-called wave height ratio.The proposed wave height ratio is a type of transfer function from the significant wave height to the maximum wave height.Under the condition of a breaking wave, the ratio is intrinsically nonlinear. Therefore, the probability density function for the     

利用高频雷达海面回波中奇异峰估计浪高的方法

The popular methods to estimate wave height with high-frequency(HF) radar depend on the integration over the second-order spectral region and thus may come under from even not strong external interference. To improve the accuracy and increase the valid detection range of the wave height measurement, particularly by the smallaperture radar, it is turned to singular peaks which often exceed the power of other frequency components. The power of three kinds of singular peaks, i.e., those around ±1,±2~(1/2) and ±1(2~(1/2)) times the Bragg frequency, are retrieved from a one-month-long radar data set collected by an ocean state monitoring and analyzing radar,model S(OSMAR-S), and in situ buoy records are used to make some comparisons. The power response to a wave height is found to be described with a new model quite well, by which obvious improvement on the wave height estimation is achieved. With the buoy measurements as reference, a correlation coefficient is increased to 0.90 and a root mean square error(RMSE) is decreased to 0.35 m at the range of 7.5 km compared with the results by the second-order method. The further analysis of the fitting performance across range suggests that the peak has the best fit and maintains a good performance as far as 40 km. The correlation coefficient is 0.78 and the RMSE is 0.62 m at 40 km. These results show the effectiveness of the new empirical method, which opens a new way for the wave height estimation with the HF radar.     

一种区域似大地水准面模型拟合方法分析

GPS技术结合(似)大地水准面模型,可快速高精度的获取测点正常高,因此精化区域(似)大地水准面成为各国家和地区建立现代高程基准的重要任务。利用GPS水准进行区域似大地水准面拟合,通过实验比较分析了二次多项式、三次多项式、多面函数、移动曲面模型,论证了各自模型的特点,实验结果表明:对于地势较平坦的实验区,以上几种方法拟合的区域似大地水准面精度都在4cm以内,都能满足一般工程应用的精度要求,其中移动曲面模型拟合的实验区似大地水准面最佳。     

Quality evaluation and calibration of the SWIM significant wave height product with buoy data

The significant wave height (SWH) is one of the main parameters that describe wave characteristics and is widely used in wave research fields. Wave parameters measured by radar are influenced by the offshore distance and sea state. Validation and calibration are of great significance for radar data applications. The nadir beam of surface wave investigation and monitoring (SWIM) detects the global-ocean-surface SWH. To determine the product quality of SWIM SWH, this paper carried out time-space matching between SWIM and buoy data. The data qualities were evaluated under different offshore distances and sea states. An improved calibration method was proposed based on sea state segmentation, which considered the distribution of the point collocation numbers in various sea states. The results indicate that (1) the SWIM SWH accuracy at offshore distances greater than 50 km is higher than that at distances less than 50 km, with an root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.244 4 m, scatter index (SI) of 0.115 6 and relative error (RE) of 9.97% at distances greater than 50 km and those of 0.446 0 m, 0.223 0 and 18.66% at distances less than 50 km. (2) SWIM SWH qualities are better in moderate and rough sea states with RMSEs of 0.284 8 m and 0.316 9 m but are worse in slight and very rough sea states. (3) The effect of the improved calibration method is superior to the traditional method in each sea state and overall data, and the RMSE of SWIM SWH is reduced from the raw 0.313 5 m to 0.285 9 m by the traditional method and 0.198 2 m by the improved method. The influence of spatiotemporal window selection on data quality evaluation was analyzed in this paper. This paper provides references for SWIM SWH product applications.     

OSMAR-S100便携式高频地波雷达海浪和海面风探测性能分析

OSMAR-S系列便携式高频地波雷达系统采用单极子/交叉环紧凑型天线阵,通过单站雷达即可实现有效探测距离约10km内海浪和海面风的单点观测。为了更好地了解OSMAR-S100雷达系统海浪和海面风的综合探测性能,于2013年1月29日至3月7日在台湾海峡西南部海域进行了雷达与浮标观测的对比试验,得到了有效波高、有效波周期、平均风速和平均风向数据。对比结果表明,OSMAR-S100便携式高频地波雷达可有效观测距雷达10km以内有效波高0.5m以上的海浪平均状况和平均风速5m/s以上的海面风,雷达反演有效波高和有效波周期的均方根误差分别为0.60m和1.60s,反演平均风速和平均风向的均方根误差为1.83m/s和16.7°。在未经区域化标定的情况下,此结果说明了该型雷达产品已初步具备了海浪和海面风的业务化观测水平。