跨海高程传递方法的评价

针对跨海高程传递的最新进展,介绍了几种高程传递的实用方法,对优缺点和适用范围进行了分析与评价。初步试验结果分析表明,对于10km内的高程传递,几种方法均满足三等水准的精度要求,对于更远距离的跨海高程传递还需进一步研究。     

跨海高程传递三角高程数据处理及质量分析

对跨河水准测量和跨海高程传递三角高程测量的观测方法和数据处理进行了比较.简单介绍了4处跨海高程传递测区的概况,并提出一种针对“光段差互差”的评估方法.对4处跨海点三角高程实测数据进行质量分析和平差计算,结果表明:除实验区外,跨海三角高程测量的偶然中误差可以达到二等水准测量的精度;数据质量分析结果表明,满足二等水准限差的外业观测数据的有效率为50％左右;满足三等水准限差的数据有效率为90％左右.     

海上中距离跨海高程传递方法比较

远离岸线的中距离(30~50 km)海域缺少测绘基础资料,高程传递尚未形成相应的作业体系。为满足海上工程建设的精度要求,采用同步验潮平均海面传递法、GNSS/水准传递法以及DTU18全球平均海面模型传递法,在山东省半封闭海域与开阔海域进行了中距离海上高程传递实验。实验结果表明,15天同步验潮平均海面传递法与GNSS/水准法的精度相当(厘米级),与DTU18全球平均海面模型传递法进行直接传递的差异在15 cm内,可为不同测绘基础条件下海上风电高程基准传递提供作业参考。     

远距离海岛礁高程基准统一方法研究

综合利用水准测量和卫星定位测量,给出了基于三角高程测量的高精度远距离海岛礁高程基准的统一方法和实施方案.利用我国沿海12处海岛的跨海高程基准统一方法、测量方案、技术手段、数据处理要求和实测数据,对远距离海岛礁高程基准统一的经验做法、成果精度和数据质量进行了分析和总结,并针对此方案给出了一些跨海三角高程需要注意和值得借鉴的参考意见.     

基于三角高程测量的跨海高程传递方法

对黄岛试验区实测数据进行最小二乘平差和抗差估计解算,结果表明,对于10km以内的跨海距离,基于三角高程测量的跨海正常高程传递精度为2mm/km,达到二等水准的要求.基于三角高程测量的跨海正常高差与直接观测的水准高差和EGM08模型的计算高差互差均小于3mm/km,与天文重力水准计算的高差互差为5mm/km.     

短期同步验潮高程传递精度分析

短期同步验潮具有操作简单、容易实施的优点,可以达到厘米级高程传递精度,是一种非常有效的高程传递技术。利用国家海岛(礁)测绘工程临时验潮站水深测量数据,对相距较远的验潮站之间海水面变化的相关性进行了分析研究,给出了部分海岛同步验潮水深、水深差以及水深差与均值之差的变化规律和波动幅度,通过与三角高程的高差结果比较,外符合核精可达到5cm,对于利用短期同步验潮实现高程传递的工程实践具有重要的参考作用。     

远距离海岛礁高程基准统一方法研究

综合利用水准测量和卫星定位测量,给出了基于三角高程测量的高精度远距离海岛礁高程基准的统一方法和实施方案。利用我国沿海12处海岛的跨海高程基准统一方法、测量方案、技术手段、数据处理要求和实测数据,对远距离海岛礁高程基准统一的经验做法、成果精度和数据质量进行了分析和总结,并针对此方案给出了一些跨海三角高程需要注意和值得借鉴的参考意见。     

同步验潮法在刘公岛跨海高程传递中的应用

阐述了短期同步验潮法在跨海高程传递测量中的基本原理与应用,通过试验介绍了短期同步验潮法传递高程的实施流程与数据处理。根据短期同步验潮法在山东省刘公岛跨海高程传递测量中的试验,结果表明,在短距离跨海时,短期同步验潮法能达到三等以上水准测量精度要求。     

超长距离跨海二等水准测量的数据处理与应用

为验证改进的精密三角高程法在10 km级超长距离跨海二等水准测量的可行性,参照规范的观测要求和限差规定,采取每时段分组观测的方法,通过合理限制各组间的高差互差值来筛选出合格测段,计算得到跨海段的高差值.以15 km的海湾构成跨海大地四边形进行应用试验,结果表明跨海高差与陆地常规水准高差之间的互差值分别为1.5、0.2、...     

Approach to Calculating Methods of Wave Breaking Depth and Height

- Engineers in coastal engineering have been paying much attention to the research subject on wave breaking. In this paper, previous research results on the calculating methods of wave breaking depth and height are enumerated, the laws of wave transformation before and after wave breaking are investigated, an adequate supposition is made, and the effect of beach slope, bed friction and breaking turbulence on wave breaking is considered. By applying the theory of wave energy dissipation rate and combining with proper formulas of solitary waves, a new calculating formula of wave breaking depth and height on the movable bed is derived and examined with the data from experimental pools of different sizes, and it is proved to be of practicability.     

GPS RTK高程拟合方法研究

介绍了全球定位系统实时动态测量(GPS RTK)高程的理论方法和数学模型，基于工程实例和实验数据研究了起算点的空间分布、起算点数量和拟合方法对高程拟合精度的影响，提出了提高水准拟合精度的有效措施。     

Estimation of Tsunami Run-up Height by Three Artificial Neural Network Methods

Tsunami run-up height is a significant parameter for dimemsions of coastal structures.In the present study,tsunami run-up heights are estimated by three different Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models,i.e.Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP),Radial Basis Functions (RBF) and Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN).As the input for the ANN configuration,the wave height (H) values are employed.It is shown that the tsunami run-up height values are closely approximated with all of the applied ANN methods.The ANN estimations are slightly superior to those of the empirical equation.It can he seen that the ANN applications are especially significant in the absence of adequate number of laboratory experiments.The restdts also prove that the available experiment data set can he extended with ANN simulations.This may be helpful to decrease the burden of the experimental studies and to supply results for comparisons.     

高程异常模型的已知点框架约束

在确保GPS/水准点成果可靠的前提下,用其对重力法计算所得的高程异常模型进行框架约束,以削弱重力系统与高程和坐标系统间的系统差,实现系统转换,提高最终模型的精度。通过对不同离散数据网格化方法的比较,给出相对计算快捷、精度高的框架约束方法。     

平均海面传递方法的比较与选择

给出了常用平均海面传递方法的假设条件.以中国沿岸典型验潮站为例,统计不同同步时长下各传递方法的精度.统计分析表明,同步时长在7d内时应慎用回归分析法;最小二乘拟合法的假设条件缺乏相关的理论支持,只适用于潮差变化较小的区域;同步改正法在同步7d时基本能保证极值误差在10cm内,而同步15d与同步30d的精度相当,能达到厘米级.基于分析结果给出了传递方法的选择建议,为提高中短期验潮站的平均海面确定精度提供了依据.     

Height and period distributions of extreme waves

The paper derives probability distributions for height and period for the highest wave occurring at a fixed location when the sea state varies. Short-term distributions of height and period are derived using a data base of waverider data from the Norwegian Sea. The derived theoretical relationships are illustrated by various examples of measured long-term statistics of the sea state.     

一种三角高程测量新方法

三角高程测量是目前常用的一种高程测量方法,但在实际工作中,由于过程麻烦,要求实地施测数据较多,因而测量结果误差较大,存在明显的不足。根据作业中的实际,通过对三角高程原理的分析,提出一种三角高程测量的新方法,分析了其测量原理、使用过程以及优势,并应用于实践。     

大西洋波高熵的分布变化规律研究

使用1992年10月-1998年12月连续75个月、230个重复周期的Topex／Poseidon卫星高度计有效波高资料，对南北大西洋波高熵的空间分布特征和时间变化规律进行了研究，统计分析了大西洋波高熵的多年的空间分布特征和多年各月的时间变化规律。结果表明，大西洋波高熵呈现出中间低、南北高的马鞍形空间分布特征和明显季节变化的规律，与大西洋的平均有效波高、气候的地理分布以及大气活动分布特征和变化规律相一致。     

Long-Term Validation of Wave Height Measurements from Altimeters

Since July 1991, six altimeter missions have been launched successfully, and they have provided almost continuous wave height measurements for more than 12 years. Long-term series of wave height measurements are of major interest for climatology and oceanic wave modeling. Before using such data, the measurements have to be validated, and the homogeneity of the data from various satellites has to be checked. Significant wave height measurements from ERS, TOPEX/Poseidon, GEOSAT Follow-on, Jason-1 and ENVISAT altimeters are validated using cross-altimeter and buoy comparisons. Emphasis is put on the two recent missions Jason-1 and ENVISAT. Corrections for biases and trends are proposed for the six altimeters, allowing the generation of consistent and homogeneous data. Tests of these corrections are performed over global ocean simple statistics.     

Long-Term Validation of Wave Height Measurements from Altimeters

Since July 1991, six altimeter missions have been launched successfully, and they have provided almost continuous wave height measurements for more than 12 years. Long-term series of wave height measurements are of major interest for climatology and oceanic wave modeling. Before using such data, the measurements have to be validated, and the homogeneity of the data from various satellites has to be checked. Significant wave height measurements from ERS, TOPEX/Poseidon, GEOSAT Follow-on, Jason-1 and ENVISAT altimeters are validated using cross-altimeter and buoy comparisons. Emphasis is put on the two recent missions Jason-1 and ENVISAT. Corrections for biases and trends are proposed for the six altimeters, allowing the generation of consistent and homogeneous data. Tests of these corrections are performed over global ocean simple statistics.