南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域溶解有机碳的分布

中国南极科学考察第16航次期间(1999年11月～2000年4月),在南极普里兹湾及邻近海域的不同站位与水深采集海水样品用于溶解有机碳测定,通过高温催化氧化法完成样品的分析.结果表明,在调查期间,南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域各测站上层水体(0～100m)溶解有机碳浓度的变化范围为14.3～181.1μmol/dm3,平均为52.5μmol/dm3,该变化幅度比Ross海、太平洋等海域的相应值略大.溶解有机碳垂直分布的特征是0大于25大于50大于100m,即随深度的增加溶解有机碳浓度逐渐减小,与生物活动在垂直方向上的强弱变化相关.根据200m以深水柱溶解有机碳的垂直分布,可确定研究海域难降解溶解有机碳的浓度为40.4μmol/dm3,与其他研究所报道的数值(～42μmol/dm3)相近.上层水体(0～100m)过剩溶解有机碳的空间分布显示,64°S以北海域溶解有机碳过剩较多,而64°S以南海域则过剩溶解有机碳较少.溶解有机碳浓度与分布特征显示,普里兹湾及其邻近海域溶解有机碳浓度与南大洋其他海域相当,具有低溶解有机碳的一般特征.溶解有机碳浓度的空间分布呈现由西南向东北方向逐渐增加的趋势,这可能与南极陆架夏季上层水的北向扩展有关.生物活动及水体运动是研究海域溶解有机碳分布的主要影响因素.     

东山沿岸海域春秋季溶解态铜,镉的分布特征

１９９０年５月东山沿岸海域溶解态Ｃｕ，Ｃｄ的深度范围分别为０．２５－１．７３和０．００８－０．０６７μｇ／ｄｍ＾３，１１月的分别为０．４１－２．０３和０．０１４－０．２６３μｇ／ｄｍ＾３。Ｃｕ，Ｃｄ含量分布５月和１１月具有明显不同的特征，这除了与春、秋季不同水系消长的影响有关外，还与陆源输入、生物影响有关。，     

湄洲岛海域溶解态铜,铅,镉的研究

１９９０年５月湄州海域溶解态Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ的含量范围分别为０．５１－１．６８、０．０３７－０．９６４和０．０１０－０．０７３μｇ／ｄｍ＾３，１０月的对应值分别为０．４８－１．２５，０．０１９－０．９８９和０．０２０－０．０４５μｇ／ｄｍ＾３。５月和１０月Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ含量的分布除了与不同水系消长的影响有关外，还与人类活动和生物因素的影响有关。     

闽江口溶解态镉,铜,铅的行为及其与营养盐的关系

研究了１９９０年６月和１０月闽江口溶解态镉、铜、铅的行为及其与营养盐的关系。结果表明，在６月和１０月镉呈添加行为，铜呈保地行为，而铅呈除去行为。镉的添加主要源自浮游生物碎屑的再矿化作用，而铅去除受非生物无机过程控制。     

湄洲湾海域夏秋季溶解铜,镉,镍的分布特征

１９９２年６月湄洲湾海域溶解态Ｃｕ、Ｃｄ、Ｎｉ的含量范围（平均值）分别为０．３７￣３．２７（０．９０）、０．００９￣０．１３３（０．０２６）和０．４３￣１５．２０（２．０８）μｇ／ｄｍ＾３,１０月分别为０．４６￣１．９７（１．０８）、０．０１５￣０．８１（０．０２９）和０４６￣１３．０４（３．１５）μｇ／ｄｍ＾３。６月和１０Ｃｕ、Ｃｄ、Ｎｉ含量分布,除了与夏秋季不同水系消长和潮汐的影响有关外,还与     

南极普里兹湾沉积物中的糖类分布及意义

利用中国第18和21次南极考察获取的南极普里兹湾沉积物样品,分析了其中的有机碳和糖类物质的含量及组成,结果表明糖类和有机碳的分布受上层水体的初级生产、地形条件和水体垂直稳定度等多种因素的控制。表层沉积物中糖类物质的平均含量为3.03 mg/g,最高值为5.60mg/g,出现在湾内的毗邻陆架区。沉积物有机碳含量与表层海水叶绿素a具有良好的相关性,能够反映上层水体初级生产的变化。单糖组分的研究可以判定其生源母质,沉积物中有机质的来源主要是海洋上层生物。糖类是易被降解利用的有机质,通过糖类物质中六碳糖的比重及其垂直分布的变化可以判断出不同站位沉积速率的相对快慢。     

闽江口溶解态镉、铜、铅的行为及其与营养盐的关系

研究了１９９０年６月和１０月闽江口溶解态镉、铜、铅的行为及其与营养盐的关系。结果表明，在６月和１０月镉呈添加行为，铜呈保守行为，而铅呈除去行为、镉的添加主要源自浮游生物碎屑的再矿化作用，而铅的去除受非生物无机过程控制。     

秋季东海溶解态和颗粒态氨基酸的组成与分布

本文对2012年秋季中国东海31个站位的海水样品中溶解态氨基酸(THAA)和颗粒态氨基酸(PAA)的组成与分布进行了研究。结果表明:表层海水中溶解游离氨基酸(DFAA)的平均浓度为(0.12±0.04)μmol/L(0.06—0.19μmol/L),溶解结合氨基酸(DCAA)的平均浓度为(0.61±0.51)μmol/L(0.15—1.79μmol/L),PAA的平均浓度为(0.11±0.06)μmol/L(0.02—0.27μmol/L)。THAA的水平分布特点大致为近岸高、远岸低;PAA的水平分布特点是近岸海域向远海海域分布呈现逐渐减小的趋势。THAA的垂直分布特点是由表层向底层逐渐降低。DCAA、PAA与chl a有很好的相关性,而DFAA与chl a的相关性不明显。东海表层海水中THAA的主要组分是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸及丙氨酸,PAA的主要组分是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸及亮氨酸。在表层海水中氨基酸是作为一个整体而对海洋生物地球化学过程产生影响的。     

南极普里兹湾海域不同水团的D含量

研究了南极普里兹湾海域不同水团的D含量，按照温盐指标划分的水团，给出表层水，陆架水，深层水和底层水的δD值分别为-2--5，-3--5.6,0.4--2.0和-1--2.7。     

南极普里兹湾区环流与混合的研究

Mosby(1934)指出,如果南极区的陆架水由于海冰的形成而变得足够咸,那么该陆架水将因其密度较大而沿着大陆坡下沉,并因此而形成底层水。当然,在南极周围的海域中，由于较高密度的海水下沉而引起的混合过程是十分复杂的。由于南极底层水( Antarctic Bottom Water,AABW)的主要源区在威德尔海,故以往研究者对于这种混合过程的研究多数集中于威德尔海( Foster et al.,1987)。 至于位于印度洋扇形区的普里兹湾及其邻近海区,一般认为这种类型的海水混合过程实际上并不强烈。Smith et al.,(1984)曾经根据1980-1981年澳大利亚对普里兹湾区的考察资料,分析了这一区域的水团和环流。他们认为,在这一区域中,南极底层水的主要部分源于威德尔海和罗斯海。Middleton and Humphries (1989)利用澳大利亚1981-1985年夏天对普里兹湾海区的考察资料,分析了那里的混合过程,他们认为那里的绕极深层水(CDW)在周期性的上升流过程(它与潮汐和陆架波有关)的参与下与陆架上较冷的陆架水(SW,它与陆架上的海冰形成有关)相混合,形成了低温、高盐的混合水,这种混合水被称为普里兹湾底层水(PBBW),他们认为在多数年份中,这一混合过程可能对普里兹湾中活跃的底层水的形成起主导作用。 在上一篇文章(乐肯堂等,1996:以下简称“上文”)中,我们以中国第六次(CNARE-Ⅵ)和第七次(CNARE-Ⅶ)南极考察中所获得的温、盐资料为基础,并结合有关的化学要素资料,对普里兹湾区的水团分布特性进行了分析。分析结果表明,1991年1月,在普里兹湾外的陆架底部确实存在着上述的PBBW,且这一较重(密度较大)的水有可能沿着大陆坡下滑而达到800m以下的水层。 在本文中,我们仍以上述考察资料为基础,对普里兹湾区的环流和混合过程进行分析,进一步探讨普里兹湾区底层水形成的可能方式。本文所用的考察资料和站位均与“上文”相同,故相同部分不再赘述。     

Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in and near the Prydz Bay, Antarctica

INTRODUCTIONDissolvedorganiccarbon (DOC)makesupthesecondlargestofthebioactivepoolsofcar bonintheocean ,secondtothelargestpoolofdissolvedinorganiccarbon .Theglobaldissolvedorganiccarbonpoolisestimatedtobe 6 85Gt,avaluecomparabletothemassofCO2 intheat mosphere (Hedges,1 992 ) .Thesizeofthereservoir,aswellasitsdynamics ,indicatesthatDOCplaysacentralroleintheoceancarboncycle .AsitrelatestogreenhousegasessuchasCO2 andassociatesclimatecycle ,oceanicDOCbiogeochemicalcycleshavebeenoneoftheh…     

南极普里兹湾1.5万年来气候演变的沉积记录

南极普里兹湾两沉积柱样代表了1.5万年来的沉积记录.其粒度特征、矿物成分、硅藻分布和地球化学等沉积特征表明,沉积记录对气候变化的反应十分敏感,尤其是发现14310aBP前后的Heinrich事件,据此将该区1.5万年来的古气候演化划分为8个阶段.     

夏季南极普里兹湾氮吸收受融冰调控

本研究将稳定同位素（¹⁵N）与放射性核素（²²⁶Ra）示踪相结合,探讨了2006年夏季南极普里兹湾融冰过程对氮吸收的调控作用。硝酸盐及铵盐的比吸收速率均与浓度呈正相关关系,表明底物浓度效应的存在。开阔洋区具有较高的f比值,而在埃默里冰架附近f比值低得多。f比值与冰融水份额之间存在负相关关系,暗示融冰过程在调控水体氮吸收方面起着重要作用。融冰改变了当地上层水体的层化条件,显著地影响南大洋的生物泵效率及对大气二氧化碳的吸收。本研究为南大洋上层水体碳、氮动力学的调控机制提供了新的认识,且有助于对历史记录的解读及对未来气候变化的预测。     

东南极普里兹湾陆架区大型底栖动物群落结构

To explore the spatial pattern of macrobenthic communities and their response to environmental factors in the Prydz Bay,samples were collected using a 0.25-m2 box corer at 10 stations from November 2012 to April 2013.A total of 50 species of macrobenthos belonging to 8 phyla and 33 families were identified,of which polychaetes(e.g.,Maldane sarsi)and sponges(e.g.,Halichondria sp.and Leucosolenia sp.)were the most prominent groups.The macrobenthos in study area were categorized into five functional groups based on the feeding type,and the detritivorous group represented by polychaetes showed the highest average abundance,while the planktophagous group represented by sponges showed the highest average biomass.Macrobenthos abundance(0–592 ind./m2)and biomass(0–1155.5 g/m2)in the Prydz Bay were relatively lower than those of other Antarctic shelf soft-bottom waters,although the compositions of the dominant species and functional feeding groups were similar.The results of the Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that the average biomass of the macrobenthos and the biomass of the planktophagous group in the study area were negatively correlated with the water depth,sediment grain size and silt percentage.However,these variables were clearly not strong determinants of macrobenthos assemblage structure.Many factors not measured in the study,e.g.,sediment organic matter and iceberg interference,have probably influenced the spatial distribution of macrobenthic community structure in the Prydz Bay.     

南极普里兹湾邻近海域海冰生消发展特征分析

利用美国冰雪数据中心发布的2003—2008年高分辨率海冰密集度数据,分6个阶段对普里兹湾区域海冰季节性变化的空间分布特征进行了研究,并根据普里兹湾海区的地形和环流对这些特征的成因进行了分析。结果表明,普里兹湾海冰冻结过程和融化过程分别经历7个月和5个月,海冰融化速度最快月份是10月和11月,主要表现形式为海冰密集度的减少;海冰冻结速度4月和6月最快,海冰外缘线向北扩展。由于普里兹湾近岸达恩利角冰间湖、普里兹湾冰间湖和Barrier湾冰间湖的存在,海冰的融化呈现大洋区由北向南、近岸区由南向北的双向融化特征;而在普里兹湾口、弗拉姆浅滩和四女士浅滩均存在不易融化的冰舌,两者之间的低密集度海冰区,则对应于暖水侵入普里兹湾的通道。南极绕极流在流经凯尔盖朗海台中部时向北偏转,造成此处在盛冰期较其它经度的海冰外缘更靠北,可达57°S。南极辐散带的表层流场和上升暖流抑制海冰冻结和聚集,形成了低海冰密集度区域。     

2000年夏季南极普里兹湾及邻近海域浮游植物研究

报道了2000年夏季(1月)在62°~69°S,70°30'~75°30'E的南极普里兹湾邻近海域浮游植物种类组成、丰度分布、叶绿素a浓度及其环境调控.结果表明,调查海区共有浮游植物4门33属65种、变种和变型.浮游植物平均细胞丰度为32.67×103个/dm3.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度高值均出现在水体较稳定的近岸海湾和冰间湖及毗邻陆架,在大陆坡和深海区它们的值明显减小.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度在0~50m水层最大,100m以下水层随深度的增加而减小.浮游植物丰度呈昼夜变化,在13:00丰度最高.浮游植物优势种为短菱形藻(Nitzschiacurta),占总丰度的24.8%.浮游植物种类组成和细胞丰度与浮冰和水团稳定性有关.经回归分析,浮游植物细胞丰度与水温、溶解氧成显著正相关,与无机磷(PO_{43--P)和无机氮(NO3--N)成显著负相关.}     

An isotopic perspective on the correlation of surface ocean carbon dynamics and sea ice melting in Prydz Bay (Antarctica) during austral summer

The stable carbon isotope composition of particulate organic carbon (δ¹³C_POC) and naturally occurring long-lived radionuclide ²²⁶Ra (T_1/2=1600 a) were applied to study the variations of upper ocean (<100 m) carbon dynamics in response to sea ice melting in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica during austral summer 2006. Surface δ¹³C_POC values ranged from −27.4‰ to −19.0‰ and generally decreased from inner bay (south of 67°S) toward the Antarctic Divergence. Surface water ²²⁶Ra activity concentration ranged from 0.92 to 2.09 Bq/m³ (average 1.65±0.32 Bq/m³, n=20) and increased toward the Antarctic Divergence, probably reflecting the influence of ²²⁶Ra-depleted meltwater and upwelled ²²⁶Ra-replete deep water. The fraction of meltwater, f_i, was estimated from ²²⁶Ra activity concentration and salinity using a three-component (along with Antarctic Summer Surface Water, and Prydz Bay Deep Water) mixing model. Although the fraction of meltwater is relatively minor (1.6–11.9%, average 4.1±2.7%, n=20) for the surface waters (sampled at ~6 m), a positive correlation between surface δ¹³C_POC and f_i (δ¹³C_POC=0.94×f_i−28.44, n=20, r²=0.66, p<0.0001) was found, implying that sea ice melting may have contributed to elevated δ¹³C_POC values in the inner Prydz Bay compared to the open oceanic waters. This is the first time for a relationship between δ¹³C_POC and meltwater fraction to be reported in polar oceans to our knowledge. We propose that sea ice melting may have affected surface ocean δ¹³C_POC by enhancing water column stability and providing a more favorable light environment for phytoplankton photosynthesis, resulting in drawdown of seawater CO₂ availability, likely reducing the magnitude of isotope fractionation during biological carbon fixation. Our results highlight the linkage of ice melting and δ¹³C_POC, providing insights into understanding the carbon cycling in the highly productive Antarctic waters.     

Annual cycle of fCO2 under sea-ice and in open water in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

The annual cycle of dissolved nutrients and the fugacity of CO₂ (fCO₂), calculated from the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH, was studied over a 14-month long period (December 1993 to February 1995) at a site in Prydz Bay near Davis Station, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Significant spring decreases in fCO₂ began under the sea-ice in mid-October, when both water column and sea-ice algal activity resulted in the removal of nutrients and DIC and increased pH. Minimum fCO₂ (<100 μatm) and lowest nutrient and DIC concentrations occurred in December and January. The low summer fCO₂ values were clearly the result of biological activity. The seasonal depletion of dissolved nitrate reached 85% in mid-summer when chlorophyll-a concentrations exceeded 15 mg m⁻³. Oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, calculated from the fugacity difference and daily wind speeds, averaged more than 30 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ during the summer ice-free period. This exchange replaced approximately half of the DIC consumed by biological activity. Apparent nutrient utilisation ratios (C/N/P) were close to Redfield values. In autumn fCO₂ began to rise, continuing slowly well into winter, and reaching a maximum close to modern atmospheric values between July and September. This increase can be attributed to a combination of local remineralisation of organic carbon in the water column and the steady increase in the mixing depth of the water column. At first glance, this suggests that air–sea equilibration occurred in winter despite the sea-ice cover, perhaps by horizontal circulation from regions outside the pack ice, or through openings in the ice. However, the persistent 15 to 20% undersaturation of dissolved oxygen throughout the winter suggests an alternate explanation. The late winter fCO₂ level may represent a characteristic established by global circulation, so that as a result of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, these Antarctic waters are in transition from being a winter-time source of CO₂ to the atmosphere to becoming a sink. Our fCO₂ observations emphasize the need to address seasonal variations in assessing Antarctic contributions to the oceanic control of atmospheric CO₂.