长江口北槽南导堤越堤输沙运动的时空变化特征研究

通过现场观测对长江口北槽南导堤越堤输沙运动的时空变化特征进行的研究表明:(1)南导堤沿程各测点各涨落潮过程单宽越堤净输沙量存在良好的线性相关关系;(2)S4—S7和S2—S3区段越堤输沙强度大,是主要输沙通道;(3)南导堤年平均越堤净输沙量约为296.6 Mt,其中洪季、枯季分别占年均越堤净输沙量的62.24％和37.76％.     

长江口深水航道治理工程：一期工程Se标段施工简介

长江口水航道治理工程,是我国建国以来最大的水上基础设施项目,也是世界上罕见的河口航道治理工程,它采用双导堤、丁坝结合疏浚的工程措施,分期将原依靠疏浚维护的７ｍ航首对１２．５ｍ。全工程各类堤坝总长约１３３ｋｍ,航槽疏浚土方近２．５亿ｍ＾３,计划总工期８年左右,工程总投资约主１５５亿人民币,其中一期工程工期为３年,约３２．５亿元开工以来工程顺利。     

长江口深水航道整治一期工程南导提丁坝群头局部冲刷试验研究

采用双向稳定水流、清水定床、局部动床的试验方法，用正态模型研究长江口深水航道整治一期工程南导堤丁坝群坝头局部冲刷问题。结果表明，航道开挖和双本坝的存在使得下游流速有所增加，影响程度落潮大于涨潮。坝头局部冲刷主要受落潮流控制，在沿深度为单一砂粉底质情况下，坝头冲刷坑深度分别达到27m和29m；考虑到原状底质下部为极难起动的粘土，实际冲刷坑底界到达粘土层后就不再刷深，此时冲刷坑深度为7．4m和4．7m，冲刷坑的平面范围有所加大。工程设计提出的护坦尺度能较好地保护坝头前沿滩地，适当缩小护坦尺度也能起到保护作用，但冲刷范围明显增大。     

长江口深水航道数学模型信息系统研究

利用GIS二次开发软件ArcView，完成数学模拟所需的计算网格生成及线边界法中地形数据提取的优化。集成ArcView、Visual Basic及长江口潮流数学模型，实现了数值模拟计算成果的三维可视化及实时互动的动态演示。所开发的长江口数学模型信息系统能根据整治工程需要，提交各类工程数据库。     

长江口深水航道工程对航道附近海域波浪分布特征的影响研究

本文针对长江口深水航道工程建设前后航道内波浪特征的变化进行了分析研究,首先基于对长江口历史波浪资料分析,确定了E、NE和SE3个浪向为航道内典型代表,采用第3代波浪模型SWAN对工程建设前后的波浪进行模拟计算。研究表明,航道工程建设后航道内的有效波高和周期明显减小,但是其变化的规律基本一致。在不同天文潮影响时,航道内的有效波高和周期大不相同。E向和NE向的浪在大潮期间有效波高和周期均高于小潮时,SE向浪却相反。对于NE向的浪,航道工程对有效波高的影响大致呈现出从右向左逐渐减弱。对于E向和SE向的浪,航道工程对有效波高的影响大致呈现出从右向左先增强再减弱。航道工程对不同方向的浪在不同分段上也有所不同,在右段对NE向的消弱最强,对SE向最弱,在中段和左段对E向消弱最强,对NE向最弱。航道内流场与水位对波要素的影响也略有差别。     

长江口深水航道工程不同阶段对洪季盐度场影响分析

基于FVCOM模型建立三维数值模型,对长江口深水航道整治工程的水动力和盐度进行三维数值模拟。在采用盐度实测数据对建立的数学模型进行验证的基础上,采用相同的洪季潮位边界及洪季河流边界,对比不同工期,长江口海域洪季盐度场分布情况,特别是南北槽的盐淡水交汇区域的变化情况。进一步分析深水航道沿程盐度垂向分布变化,说明不同工期盐水楔差异及变化规律。     

长江口深水航道治理一期工程实施对北槽拦门沙的影响

介绍了长江口拦门沙发育及其特点和北槽航道拦门沙形成机理，利用长江口深水航道治理一期工程实施后的地形资料分析治理工程对北槽航道拦门沙影响。结果表明：治理工程建成后，增加了主槽流速，减少了航道回淤，打通北槽航道拦门沙，增加了航道水深，治理工程效果明显。     

长江口北槽深水航道工程对九段沙冲淤影响研究

根据1989～2003年长江口九段沙附近地形图,在地理信息系统软件MapInfo的支持下,分析了北槽深水航道工程对九段沙冲淤演变的影响。在长江来沙减少总的情势下,九段沙总的淤积速率在明显下降,但北槽深水航道工程使局部冲淤形势发生逆转：九段沙顶端到江亚南沙大片区域淤积速率显著增强,沿北槽深水航道南导堤外缘形成一个10km长的淤积带;九段沙东侧水下三角洲受工程的影响不大,淤积速率持续降低并底端发生冲刷。     

基于数字高程模型定量分析长江口深水航道工程治理效果

长江口深水航道工程于1998年开工建设,2002年和2005年一期和二期工程先后竣工,分别达到8.5和10.0 m通航水深。自2006年三期工程实施以来,北槽航道中段连续4a发生严重淤积,年疏浚维护量平均达6×107m3,影响三期工程目标的如期实现。通过自主开发的数字高程模型定量分析平台,建立时间序列的空间分布属性数据库,对长江口深水航道工程治理过程前后的河床冲淤变化规律和工程效果进行量化分析,分析结果揭示了长江口南港北槽深水航道近期淤积的泥沙来源、淤积过程、主要淤积原因和淤积部位,从而为工程治理对策提供科学依据。     

长江口深水航道三维泥沙数值模型相关问题探讨

基于近年来长江口三维水沙盐数值模型及水沙运动机理的研究进展,系统梳理了在长江口实际应用中面临的若干理论和技术难题,其中包括长江口物质输运模拟计算格式的守恒性和稳定性、河口区域河床切应力的准确计算、拦门沙区域近底高浓度泥沙形成机理及数值模型模拟、长江口近底高浓度泥沙横向入槽模式等问题,通过对于上述问题的梳理和总结,表明在长江口这类巨型河口进行三维水沙盐数值模型和水沙机理研究的复杂性,并针对此类区域的模型技术研发和水沙运动理论研究,提出了有科学意义和研究价值的方向和思路。     

基于解析解的长江口南港悬沙侧向捕集特征分析

为探讨长江口南港的水动力结构及悬沙侧向输运特征,本文从解析解的角度构建了潮汐河口水沙输运数学模型,并将其应用到长江口南港某横断面上。南港水动力主控于半日潮流,余流主要由陆相径流及本地非线性对流项驱动,悬沙分布上北侧副槽远大于南侧主槽,水沙分布的计算结果与实测结果在结构上基本一致。通过输沙函数进一步分析表明,潮流输沙和余流输沙是南港侧向输沙函数的两个主要部分。南港中强劲径流削弱了涨潮流,增强了落潮流,使得向河槽南侧的涨潮流输沙小于向河槽北侧的落潮流输沙,潮流输沙指向河槽北侧。径流驱动的南港侧向余流在涨潮流方向上为一逆时针环流结构,余流输沙指向河槽北侧。扩散输沙指向南侧主槽,因其总是指向悬沙浓度梯度的负方向。在各输沙因子的综合作用下,南港中大量悬沙捕集于河槽北侧,使得河槽北部底层潮平均含沙量值达到最大值。     

Hydrodynamic Effect of the Regulation Project of Yangtze River Deepwater Channel Downstream of Nanjing

A two-dimensional flow numerical model of the tidal reaches, which total length is more than 700 km, is established from Datong to the Yangtze River estuary. The tidal levels, velocities, diversion ratios and dynamic axes before and after the separate regulation of each reach and combined regulation of all reaches are obtained. The comparative analysis shows that the regulation project of a separate reach basically has no impact on velocity distributions and variations of diversion ratios of upper and lower reaches, the variations of dynamic axes are only within the local scope of the project. The regulation project of a separate reach also has less impact on the water level in the lower adjacent reaches, but will make the water levels in the upper reaches rise. After the implementation of the regulation projects for all reaches, the rise of water level in the upstream reaches will have a cumulative impact.     

Fractal Characteristics and Prediction of Backsilting Quantity in Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel

Fractal interpolation has been an important method applied to engineering in recent years. It can not only be used to fit smooth curve and stationary data but also show its unique superiorities in the fatting of non-smooth curve and non-stationary data. Through analyzing such characteristic values as average value, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis of measured backsilting quantities in the Yangtze Estuary 12.5 m Deepwater Channel during2011–2017, the fractal interpolation method can be used to study the backsilting quantity distribution with time.According to the fractal interpolation made on the channel backsilting quantities from January 2011 to December2017, there was a good corresponding relationship between the annual(monthly) siltation quantities and the vertical scaling factor. On this basis, a calculation formula for prediction of the backsilting quantity in the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel was constructed. With the relationship between the predicted annual backsilting quantities and the vertical scaling factor, the monthly backsilting quantities can be obtained. Thus, it provides a new method for estimating the backsilting quantity of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel.     

Morphodynamic Characteristics and Medium-Term Simulation of the North—South Passage Under the Impact of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Navigation Channel Project

The morphological evolution characteristics of the North-South Passage area since the construction of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Navigation Channel Project(DNCP) are analyzed on the basis of the measured data. A twodimensional morphodynamics numerical model of the Yangtze Estuary is established to verify the morphological evolution of the North-South Passage under the influence of the DNCP and to predict the future evolution in the next 40 years. Data analysis shows that the North Passage has experienced rapid adjustment stages and adaptive stages after the construction of the DNCP. Slow erosion occurred along the main channel, and slow siltation could be observed in the area between the groins. The South Passage showed a state of upper section erosion and down section deposition. At present, the whole South Passage is in a slight erosion state. According to the numerical model, the eroding and silting speed of the North Passage will slow down in the future. The present state that erosion occurs in the main channel and siltation occurs between the groins will continue. The South Passage will still maintain upper section erosion and down section deposition in the future. Due to the main channel erosion of the North Passage and siltation of the South Passage, the sediment division ratio of the North Passage will increase in the future but still be smaller than 50%. After morphological evolution of 40 years, the direction of residual sediment transport caused by M2 and M4 tidal components in the North Passage has not changed, but the transport rate will decrease. It is considered that the morphological evolution of the North-South Passage could reach a relatively stable state after 40 years.     

Tripod measured residual currents and sediment flux: Impacts on the silting of the Deepwater Navigation Channel in the Changjiang Estuary

Four bottom-mounted instrument-equipped tripods were deployed at two sections spanning the region characterized by severe sedimentation rates in the Deepwater Navigation Channel (DNC) along the North Passage of Changjiang Estuary in order to observe currents, near-bed suspended sediment, and salinity. Seaward residual currents predominated in the up-estuary section. In contrast, a classical two-layered estuarine circulation pattern occurred in the down-estuary section. Flow moved seaward in the upper layer and a heavier inflow, driven by the salinity gradient, moved landward in the lower layer. The near-bed residual currents in the up-estuary section and the down-estuary section acted in opposing directions, which implies that the region is a convergence zone of near-bed residual currents that trap sediment at the bottom. The maximum salinity gradient at the maximum flood current indicates the presence of a strong front that induces sediment trapping and associated near-bottom convergence of sediment, which explains the high sedimentation rates in this section of the estuary.     

特大洪水期间长江口浑浊带分粒级输沙特征

基于2020年7月特大洪水期间长江口浑浊带南槽、北槽和北港多站位同步实测水沙动力数据,研究了河口浑浊带分粒级输沙时空特征及其对泥沙来源响应的指示意义,结果表明：1）北港和北槽是流域泥沙净向口外输移的主要输沙通道,南槽是海域泥沙净向口内输移的主要输沙通道,主槽内粉砂是主要输沙组分,占比63.2%,口外粉砂和黏土是主要输沙组分,分别占43.2%、40.9%;2）大潮粉砂输运占比高于小潮,黏土输运占比低于小潮,口外测站砂组分在大小潮期间在横沙浅滩和九段沙间沿岸输移,横沙浅滩附近大、小潮离岸输沙分别是北港口外的1.7倍和8倍,不利于横沙浅滩淤涨;3）当前流域减沙高达70%,此次特大洪水期间黏土、粉砂和砂三组分近底净向口内输移为减沙背景下的口外供沙提供了有力的佐证。     

长江口悬沙沉速室内试验研究

在充分认识传统沉降筒缺陷的基础上提出了"大型可温控自动搅拌沉降试验筒"。通过室内系列试验发现:(1)含沙量对长江口细颗粒沉降速度影响最大;(2)温度上升,沉速增加,但不同阶段影响程度有所不同;(3)含沙量越高,盐度对沉速的影响越小,含沙量相同情况下,长江口北槽悬沙枯季水温下盐度对沉速的影响在1.8~5.7倍左右;洪季水温下盐度对沉速的影响在1.5~2.2倍左右。(4)枯季最佳絮凝盐度在7左右,最佳絮凝含沙量为7 kg/m3;洪季最佳絮凝盐度在10~12左右,最佳絮凝含沙量为4.5kg/m3。本研究成果可望加深我们对细颗粒泥沙动力过程相关机理的认识,同时可为相关港口、航道的淤积机理分析,数学模型、物理模型研究工作提供一定技术参考。     

长江口深水航道一、二期工程建设以来北槽河段的冲淤演变

利用长江口深水航道治理一、二期工程实施前后的水下地形资料,在GIS软件及相关的统计分析软件的支持下,分析了治理工程对北槽拦门沙河段的影响。结果表明:整治工程使得河道平均水深增加,河床上下平顺相接,河床横断面形态趋于均匀,河势趋于稳定。至2005年初,北槽河道上段水深比工程前的1998年初平均增加了1.34m,中段则淤浅0.63m,下段刷深0.81m,河床纵向上变得和缓、平顺;丁坝段的冲刷南侧的强度较北侧大,中下段河槽北偏,深泓从原来的东南-西北走向改呈东西向,全槽形成了一条上下段平顺相接的微弯自然深泓线,河槽的形态也从工程前的宽缓或陡峭形变为均匀的“V”字形;下游河段没有产生新的航道拦门沙。     

长江口北港口门海域悬沙输运机制分析

根据2012年10月24日至11月1日在长江口北港口门海域获取的沉积动力学数据,采用输运通量分解方法分析水沙输运机制。结果表明,长江口北港口门附近海域涨、落潮期间底部悬沙浓度与近底部流速呈显著线性相关,存在显著的再悬浮作用;潮周期内的悬沙输运具不对称特征,涨潮悬沙浓度大于落潮悬沙浓度,悬浮泥沙有向陆输运的趋势。拉格朗日平流输运是影响悬沙输运的主要贡献项;潮泵效应(尤其是潮汐捕捉效应)以及河口垂向环流作用是两个次要影响因素,在影响程度上前者比后者略大。观测发现,长江口北港口门海域潮流除了具有涨落潮流速、历时等不对称现象外,还具有流速结构不对称的特征,进而导致涨、落潮底部湍流混合程度不对称与输沙不对称,这可能是造成悬沙向河口内输运形成最大浑浊带的重要因素。