Genesis of carbonates from the Parnok ferromanganese deposit,Polar Urals

The Parnok deposit is made up of stratiform lodes of iron (magnetite) and manganese (oxide-carbonate, carbonate, and carbonate-silicate) ores localized among terrigenous-carbonate sediments (black shales) on the western slope of the Polar Urals. The lithological study showed that ore-bearing sediments were accumulated in a calm hydrodynamic setting within a relatively closed seafloor area (trap depressions). Periodic development of anaerobic conditions in the near-bottom seawater was favorable for the accumulation of dispersed organic matter in the terrigenous-carbonate sediments. Carbon required to form calcium carbonates in the ore-bearing sediments was derived from carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater. In the organic-rich sediments, carbonates were formed with the participation of carbon dioxide released by the destruction of organic matter. However, δ¹³C values (from 0.5 to ?4.4‰ PDB) suggest a relatively low fraction of the isotopically light biogenic carbon in the host calcite. The most probable sources of Fe and Mn were hydrothermal seepages at the seafloor. The Eh-pH conditions during stagnation were favorable for the precipitation of Fe and accumulation of Mn in a dissolved state. Transition from the stagnation regime to the concentration of oxygen in near-bottom waters was accompanied by oxidation of the dissolved Mn and its precipitation. Thus, fluctuations in Eh-pH parameters of water led to the differentiation of Fe and Mn. Initially, these elements were likely precipitated as oxides and hydroxides. During the subsequent lithification, Fe and Mn were reduced to form magnetite and rhodochrosite. The texture and structure of rhodochrosite aggregates indicate that manganese carbonates already began to form at the diagenetic stage and were recrystallized during the subsequent lithogenetic stages. Isotope data (δ¹³C from ?8.9 to ?17.1‰ PDB) definitely indicate that the oxidized organic matter of sediment served as the main source of carbon dioxide required to form manganese carbonates. Carbonates from host rocks and manganese ores have principally different carbon isotopic compositions. Unlike carbonates of host rocks, manganese carbonates were formed with an active participation of biogeochemical processes. Further processes of metagenesis (T ≈ 250–300°C, P ≈ 2 kbar) resulted in the transformation of textures, structures, and mineral composition of all rocks of the deposit. In particular, increase in temperature and pressure provided the formation of numerous silicates in manganese ores.     

新疆霍什布拉克铅锌矿床地质、地球化学特征研究

新疆霍什布拉克铅锌矿床的矿体和含矿地层的产状一致,主矿体的矿石具有条带状、纹层状构造,矿石中大量发育霉球状、管状和环带状生物结构,显示出层控、热水沉积成因的特点。含矿地层和矿石样品的主量元素PER图解显示含矿碳酸盐岩以含石膏的灰岩为主,围岩的白云岩化微弱,矿化与硅化关系密切。矿石、含矿碳酸盐岩和页岩、粉砂质灰岩和泥质粉砂岩等碎屑岩具有各自鲜明的微量元素分布特征,上层矿体矿石中较强的富集过渡族元素Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、非活动性元素Zr、Hf及大离子亲石元素Sr和Pb,亏损活动性元素Na、K、Rb、Ba和非活动性元素Nb、Th。其围岩重结晶泥晶灰岩富集Ti、Mn、Ni、Sr和Pb,亏损Na、K、V、Fe、Rb、Ba、Zr、Hf、Nb和Th。下层矿体的围岩页岩和泥质、粉砂质灰岩样品的微量元素分布在平均上地壳线附近,部分样品较明显的富集Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Rb、Y、Zr和Hf,亏损Na、Fe、Sr、Nb。上层矿体矿石和下层矿体围岩中的部分碎屑岩富集强亲岩浆元素Cr、Co、Ni,且上层矿体矿石的稀土元素分布模式具有强的正Eu异常,部分下层矿体围岩具有较明显的正Eu异常。地质和地球化学特征显示该矿床属于热水沉积矿床中的SEDEX型矿床。     

湘中南华系大塘坡组锰矿地球化学特征及其意义

湘中湘潭盆地大塘坡组锰矿是湖南重要的锰矿基地。盆地内发育一组NNE向同沉积断裂,形成了一系列凹陷带（断陷槽）,控制了沉积岩相的分布,锰矿主要产于盆地凹陷带的黑色页岩夹碳酸锰矿微相内。矿石中Co、Zn、Pb、Mo和Ba等元素丰度较高,Co/Ni、SiO2/Al2O3、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Al/(Fe+Mn+Al)比值以及Co/Zn-(Cu+Ni+Co)和Fe-Mn-(Cu+Ni+Co)图解都揭示锰矿成矿过程中有海底热水的参与;稀土元素分布模式、Ce、Eu异常表示锰矿形成于被动大陆边缘环境,并具有热水沉积特征;碳同位素结果显示出富集碳的轻同位素的特征,反映了湘中地区锰矿中碳同位素热水沉积的特征;氧同位素计算古温度为湘中地区锰矿的低温热水沉积成因提供了有利的佐证。     

贵州水城二叠系茅口组含锰岩系地质地球化学特征与锰矿成因分析

贵州水城二叠系茅口组内发现新锰矿。通过对含锰岩系的地质地球化学研究,其富集Zn,Ni,As,Sb,Sr,Ba,Ga,Ag,V,U元素;锰含量较高层位,Th/U比值小于1,锰含量较低层位,Th/U比值往往高达4～5。Co/Ni比值小于1。含锰岩石的(Fe+Mn)/Ti均大于47,高于20,特别是含锰高的岩石,其(Fe+Mn)/Ti值在300以上。含锰岩石的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)均远远低于0.35,一般为小于0.02。稀土配分模式与峨眉山玄武岩相似,∑REE较高,LREE/HREE值偏低等特征。根据锰岩系地球化学和区域构造特征分析,水城二叠系茅口组含锰岩系属于热水喷流沉积的产物。     

海南石碌铁矿北一南六矿体地球化学特征

北一、南六矿体是海南石碌铁矿床最主要的2个铁矿体,赋矿围岩同为二透岩,铁矿石主要为赤铁矿加少量磁铁矿.研究两矿体赋矿围岩和富铁矿石的地球化学特征,比较其物质组成差异性,可以为本矿床深部和外围找矿提供有用信息.研究表明,北一、南六2个矿体二透岩、富铁矿的主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素配分曲线差异明显;北一矿体二透岩除CaO和Co含量低于南六矿体样品外,其余氧化物及微量元素含量均高于南六矿体样品;北一矿体二透岩及富铁矿有Eu弱负异常,南六矿体二透岩及富铁矿Eu正异常;所有样品均表现Ce的弱负异常和轻稀土相对亏损、重稀土相对富集的特征.研究结果表明两矿体成矿环境或受后期热液影响不同.     

Ferruginous and manganiferous haloes around massive sulphide deposits of the Urals

Proximal brecciform ferruginous and manganiferous rocks related to VMS deposits of the Urals are subdivided into jasperites, gossanites, and umbers, in addition to thin-bedded jaspers and cherts. The coherence of host rock composition and Mn–Fe-fertility of the sediments have been established. Fe-poor pink hematitic and gray sulphidic chert are typical of the felsic class of VMS deposits. In contrast the contents of Fe vary from high to moderate in ferruginous rocks enclosed in basaltic units associate with VMS deposits. Fe- and Mn-rich ferruginous rocks and umbers occur in association with limestones and calcareous sedimentary rocks in both types of volcanic sequences. A common feature of jasperites and umbers is the abundance of replacement textures of hyaloclastites and carbonates by hematite and silica. In addition, replacement of clastic sulphides by hematite and magnetite is a characteristic genetic feature of gossanites. All of these sedimentary rocks are accompanied by pseudomorphs of hematite and quartz formed after bacterial filaments. The abundance of replacement textures are supportive of the halmyrolysis model, in addition to hydrothermal sedimentary and sub-seafloor hydrothermal replacement theories. Study of chemical zonation of altered hyaloclasts shows depletion of their rims, not only in mobile Na, K, Mg, but also in immobile Al, Ti, and REE; whereas Si and Fe are concentrated in situ. The halmyrolysis model presented here, involving organic-rich calcareous hyaloclastic sediments, resolves the problem of subtraction of Al, Ti, REE and other elements, which are commonly immobile under hydrothermal conditions. The evolution of the halmyrolysis process from acidic reducing to alkaline oxidized conditions infers a possible range in transformation from Fe^II–Mg smectites to Fe-silicates and Fe-Si oxides as precursors of brecciform jasperite and thin-bedded jasper. The higher acidic, initial stage, of gossanite formation seems to be required for oxidation of organic matter and/or pyrite. The acidic condition facilitates the temporal preservation of “immobile” elements (Al, Ti, REE) in “immature”chlorite–hematite gossanites. Another peculiarity of the gossanite-forming processes is the likely sorption of P, U and V by iron hydroxides displacing sulphides. The general evolution of all ferruginous sediments results in complete Fe²⁺ oxidation and silicification accompanied by subtraction of other elements. The vertical diagenetic differentiation leads to concentration of Mn-carbonates, silicates and oxyhydroxides into the tops of jasperite and gossanite layers. Mn oxyhydroxides scavenge positively charged hydrated cations like Co and Ni. Near-vent bacterial communities may activate the processes of volcanic glass and sulphide degradation. The proposed processes of halmyrolysis followed by silicification, in situ, may resolve the enigma of silica-rich sediment formation in a silica undersaturated ocean. The discrimination between gossanite and jasperite is useful for elaboration of new criteria for local exploration of VMS- and Mn-deposits. Halo dispersion of gossanites covering an area about two to three times that of the massive sulphide deposit is a good vector for ore body discovery. Proximal gossanites can be differentiated from jasperites by presence of relic sulphide clasts or elevated contents of chalcophile elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Bi, Te, As, Sb, Ba), noble metals (Au, Ag) and distinct REE patterns with La and Eu positive anomalies. The development of halmyrolysis and biomineralization models merit further elaboration and testing in on-going research, in order to add or revise theories of iron and manganese deposit formation.     

桂西南早-中三叠世东平-足荣大型锰矿床地球化学、年代学及成因研究

广西东平-足荣大型锰矿床位于桂西南锰矿带上,是广西重要的锰矿富集区。其含矿地层为三叠系北泗组,是一套以硅-泥-灰为主浅海台盆相含锰碳酸盐岩沉积,含锰矿物主要为钙菱锰矿、锰方解石和锰白云石。本文对矿区锰矿层顶部的沉凝灰岩及含锰岩系开展了详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,进而对锰矿成矿时代、成因、沉积环境、沉凝灰岩源区和大地构造背景进行了探讨。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果显示,3件沉凝灰岩样品的锆石呈自形-半自形板柱状,发育良好的岩浆锆石振荡环带结构。~(206) Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值分别为250.8±2.1Ma(MSWD=0.98)、250.6±2.2Ma(MSWD=0.49)和243.6±2.3Ma(MSWD=0.44)。进一步限定了"东平"式锰矿的成矿时代为早-中三叠世(不晚于241～246Ma的范围内)。沉凝灰岩的构造环境判别图解及微量、稀土元素特征显示其岩浆可能形成于与俯冲消减作用相关的碰撞-弧相关或活动大陆边缘相关背景,推测东平-足荣锰矿的形成可能受到广西凭祥-东兴火山作用的影响。含锰岩系的U、V和Mo元素含量及U/Th、V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)、Ni/Co 比值显示东平-足荣锰矿形成于氧化-次氧化的沉积环境。logU-logTh、Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)图解及微量元素Ba含量、Ba/Sr值均指示成矿作用受到热水作用的影响。综合矿床地质研究,东平-足荣锰矿形成于弧后盆地拉张构造背景中,锰成矿受同期火山及海底热液作用影响,水体沉积环境为氧化-次氧化条件。     

新疆西天山莫托萨拉热水沉积型铁锰矿床矿物学与地球化学特征

莫托萨拉铁锰矿床位于西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带东端,研究程度相对薄弱,在矿床成因方面存在热水沉积、沉积-热液改造、胶体化学沉积等争论。本文详细研究了莫托萨拉最上层锰矿及其围岩的矿物组成、结构构造和地球化学特征,并综合前人资料对整个铁锰矿床的成因做了进一步探讨。本研究首次在矿区发现了热液长石岩,其主要由钠长石、钾长石以及少量重晶石、霓石、锌铁黄长石等矿物组成,类似于"白烟型"热水沉积岩。莫托萨拉最上层锰矿主要由锰橄榄石、褐锰矿、红硅锰矿、磁锰铁矿以及少量重晶石、方铁锰矿等矿物组成,发育有典型的热水内碎屑结构,指示其沉积于海底热液喷流口附近。该层锰矿的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值很低(0～0.02)、Si/Al值较高(7.9～10.9)、Fe/Ti值很高(428～1353),通过UCC标准化后发现明显富集Zn、Ba、Pb等元素,而Co、Ni、Cu等元素未见富集,以上地球化学特征与现代海底热液成因铁锰沉积物一致。在Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Si O2-Al2O3、10×(Co+Ni+Cu)-Fe-Mn、100×(Zr+Ce+Y)-15×(Cu+Ni)-(Fe+Mn)/4等判别图中,莫托萨拉的锰矿层和铁矿层样品均落在海底热液沉积区。锰矿层和铁矿层的稀土元素经PAAS标准化后具有明显的Ce负异常、Eu正异常和Y正异常,与现代海底热液成因铁锰沉积物的稀土配分模式非常相似。综合分析本次研究的矿物学、岩石学、地球化学特征以及前人资料,本文认为莫托萨拉铁锰矿床为海相热水沉积成因,成矿与同期海底火山的间歇性活动密切相关,海底热液的化学组分、温度高低和活动强弱都具有明显的脉动性。莫托萨拉矿区铁锰共存但各自独立成矿,且铁锰分离程度较高,这在显生宙沉积型锰矿中独具特色。鉴于前人曾报道莫托萨拉铁矿石中存在菌藻类微生物化石,我们推测,该矿床的铁锰分离过程除了受控于沉积环境的氧化还原条件变化外,微生物的选择性氧化沉淀可能也发挥了重要作用,值得开展深入研究。     

The Bikkulovskoe manganese deposit (South Urals): Geological setting,composition of metalliferous rocks,and formation model

The results of investigation of the Bikkulovskoe manganese deposit confined to volcanosedimentary piles of the Magnitogorsk paleovolcanic belt are presented. The paper characterizes the geological setting of the deposit and mineral-chemical compositions of ores and enclosing rocks (volcanomictic sandstones; ferruginous, manganiferous, and ferruginous-siliceous tuffites; and jasperites). Analysis of the data obtained made it possible to identify four sequential stages of deposit formation: (1) accumulation and diagenesis of ore-bearing sequences (D_2–3); (2) burial and low-grade (T = 200–250°C, P = 2 to 3 kbar) regional metamorphism of rocks (D_2–3-C₁); (3) tectonic deformations of volcanosedimentary piles (C₂-P); and (4) hypergenesis and partial denudation of rocks (MZ-CZ). According to the model proposed for the accumulation of ore-bearing rocks, the productive member was formed in a zone of hydrothermal solution outflow to the seafloor surface. Discharge of solutions and precipitation of Fe and Si began below the seafloor surface (rather than above the surface) in the near-bottom sequence of volcanomictic sediments. Upon reaching the seafloor, the impoverished solutions mixed with seawater and gave up metals completely: Fe and Mn were transferred to sediments to make up the ore-bearing bed. Thus, zonal sediments with ferruginous tuffites at the base and manganese ores at the top were formed.     

陕南屈家山锰矿热水沉积成因:元素地球化学和C-O同位素证据

陕南屈家山锰矿属于"巴山锰矿带"中段,赋存于上震旦统陡山沱组第3岩性段(Z2d3)紫红色钙质页岩中.矿石具有粒状(纤维)变晶、微粒泥质、微晶质(含碎屑)、胶状及条带状、微细纹层理、顺层揉皱、脉状、网脉状等热水同生沉积组构.含矿岩系中矿石的Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值依次为14.53～2...     

鄂尔多斯盆地煤成烃潜力与成气热模拟实验

鄂尔多斯盆地煤的Ｒｏｃｋ Ｅｖａｌ分析结果表明，在肥煤—焦煤阶段，Ｓ１＋Ｓ２达最大值，随后生烃潜力减弱。煤的Ｐｙ ＧＣ分析及热模拟成气实验结果证实煤成气具有３个生气高峰，分别相应于Ｒｏ，ｍ０５％～０７％、１０％～１４％及２５％，表明煤成气具多阶段性的特点。这一规律性的认识有助于煤成气的勘探和开发。同时，随煤级增高，煤成烃特征亦发生有规律的变化：异构烃减少，正构烃增加；类异戊二烯烷烃分布亦存在多变性或多阶段的演化特点；苯系化合物具波动性变化特征。     

贵州遵义二叠纪锰矿地球化学特征与沉积环境分析：以遵义谢家坝富锰矿床为例

为分析贵州遵义二叠纪锰矿的沉积环境,对谢家坝锰矿床进行常量元素、微量和稀土元素地球化学研究。研究认为：谢家坝锰矿赋存于茅口组顶部含锰岩系中,可分为下矿层豆状、角砾状菱锰矿、似层状菱锰矿,以及上矿层碎屑状、块状菱锰矿的二元结构矿石类型组合,可广泛代表遵义锰矿的矿石特征。谢家坝锰矿上下矿层之间主量元素和稀土元素含量差异较大,常量元素SiO2、TiO2、S、Fe2O3含量上矿层均大于下矿层,MnO、MgO与 Al2O3之间均呈负相关关系;上矿层Fe/Mn值较高,属高Fe低P型锰矿,而下矿层Fe/Mn值较低,属中低Fe低P型锰矿。上矿层稀土元素PAAS标准化配分后呈现较明显的重稀土亏损、弱的轻稀土富集、右倾配分的特征,具有弱的Ce正异常,类似海底铁锰结核稀土元素特征;下矿层呈现弱的中稀土富集,轻、重稀土亏损,弱的帽式分配特征,具明显的Ce负异常,类似典型深部海水沉积稀土元素特征。微量元素Th/U、Ni/Co、V/Cr、V/（V+Ni）、AU等沉积环境古氧相分析指标和稀土元素PAAS标准化配分模式指示,谢家坝锰矿下矿层是在贫氧-厌氧条件下Mn2+与CO32-直接形成菱锰矿,上矿层在常氧-贫氧环境下Mn3+、Mn4+以氧化物或氢氧化物形式沉淀。     

Iron in Precambrian rocks: implications for the global oxygen budget of the ancient Earth

Banded iron formations (BIF) are prominent in sediments older than 2 Ga. However, little is known about the absolute abundance of BIF in Archean and Early Proterozoic sediments, and the source of the Fe is still somewhat uncertain. Also unknown is the role that Fe may have played in the maintenance of low oxygen pressures in the Archean and Early Proterozoic atmosphere. An analysis of the chemical composition of Precambrian rocks provides some insight into the role of Fe in Precambrian geochemical cycles. The Fe content of igneous rocks is well correlated with their Ti content. Plots of Fe vs. Ti in Precambrian sandstones and graywackes fall very close to the igneous rock trend. Plots of Fe vs. Ti in Precambrian shales also follow this trend but show a definite scatter toward an excess of Fe. Phanerozoic shales and sandstones lie essentially on the igneous rock trend and show surprisingly little scatter. Mn/Ti relations show a stronger indication of Precambrian Mn loss, perhaps due to weathering under a less oxidizing early atmosphere. These data show that Fe was neither substantially added to nor significantly redistributed in Archean and early Proterozoic sediments. Enough hydrothermal Fe was added to these sediments to increase the average Fe content of shales by at most a factor of 2. This enrichment would probably not have greatly affected the near-surface redox cycle or atmospheric oxygen levels. Continued redistribution of Fe and mixing with weathered igneous rocks during the recycling of Precambrian sediments account for the excellent correlation of Fe with Ti in Phanerozoic shales and for the similarity between their Fe/Ti ratio and that of igneous rocks.     

青海东昆仑洪水河铁矿床新元古代含铁建造铁同位素特征及其成因意义

青海省东昆仑造山带洪水河铁矿床为一中型铁矿床,其含铁建造产于狼牙山组千枚岩中,矿石类型主要为块状磁铁石英岩型,少量为条带状磁铁石英岩型,前人一般认为其属于沉积变质型铁矿床。本文在前人研究基础上,对洪水河铁矿区含铁建造中块状铁矿石进行了铁同位素、主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素分析。结果显示：除1件样品外,其余含铁建造样品的铁同位素δ56FeIRMM014均介于0.97‰~1.97‰之间,和全球典型新元古代含铁建造的Fe同位素特征基本一致;铁矿石的SiO₂+Fe₂O₃质量分数高达78.56%~98.06%,具有极低的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值（0.00~0.06）,为典型的化学沉积岩;总稀土元素（w (∑REE)）变化范围为(16.49~80.89)×10^-6,没有明显的Ce异常(Ce/Ce*为0.93~1.05),轻稀土元素轻微亏损,显示出类似新元古代含铁建造型的特点。综合对比洪水河铁矿区含铁建造的Fe同位素组成、沉积时代和地球化学特征,推断洪水河铁矿区含铁建造的沉积环境为新元古代柴达木—东昆北陆块的被动大陆边缘构造环境,铁等成矿物质主要来源于海相热液流体;富含Fe²+的海相热液流体上涌并逐渐演变为低温热液后在亚氧化水体环境中与含氧海水混合,最后导致Fe²+被部分氧化并形成氢氧化铁,氢氧化铁逐渐沉积在大陆斜坡上最终形成含铁建造。洪水河铁矿的成因类型可划归为拉皮坦型新元古代含铁建造。     

甘肃北山红山铁矿区硅质岩地球化学特征及其成因意义

甘肃北山地区红山铁矿区硅质岩与铁矿体紧密伴生,且有些硅质岩本身就是铁矿石。常量元素分析表明:硅质岩普遍具有高Si、高Fe、低Al特征,K2O含量普遍高于Na2O,且Fe/Ti值为57.14～218.74,(Fe+Mn)/Ti值为57.54～224.16,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值为0.05～0.14,均符合热水沉积硅质岩的特征,但存在少量陆源物质介入。稀土微量元素分析表明:硅质岩大部分微量元素相对于克拉克值亏损,稀土元素总量低,经北美页岩标准化后,Ce异常明显或微明显,Eu呈现明显的正异常,重稀土相对轻稀土富集;δCe值为0.93～1.05,平均为0.99;La/Ce值为0.43～0.49,平均为0.44,更接近于大陆边缘硅质岩的特征。综合以上地球化学特征,硅质岩具有明显的热水沉积成因属性,同时有陆源组分的加入,进而得出红山铁矿为与热水沉积成因有关的铁矿床,当时形成环境为大陆边缘环境。     

Geological and Geochemical Investigation of Three Ophiolite‐Hosted Manganese Prospects,Southeast of Birjand,South Khorasan,East of Iran

The studied ophiolite‐hosted manganese prospects are located in southeast of Birjand, South Khorasan, in the east of Iran. The manganese ores within the ophiolitic sequence in this region occur as small discrete patches, associated with radiolarian chert and shale. Manganese ores in the host rocks are recognizable as three distinct syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic features. The syngenetic manganese ores occurred as bands associated with light‐red radiolarian chert. The diagenetic Mn ores occurred as lenses accompanied by dark‐red to brown radiolarian chert. The epigenetic Mn ores occurred as veins/veinlets within the green radiolarian shale. The major manganese ore minerals are pyrolusite, braunite, bixbyite, ramsdellite, and romanechite showing replacement, colloidal, and brecciated textures. The high mean values of Mn/Fe (15.32) and Si/Al (15.65), and the low mean concentration values of trace elements, such as Cu (85.9 ppm), Ni (249.9 ppm), and Zn (149 ppm), as well as the high concentration values of Si, Fe, Mn, Ba, Zn, Sr, and As in the studied manganese ores furnished sufficient evidence to postulate that the sea‐floor Mn‐rich hydrothermal exhalatives were chiefly responsible for the ore formation, and the hydrogenous processes had negligible role in generation of the ores. The further geological and geochemical evidence also revealed that the ores deposited on the upper parts of the ophiolitic sequence by submarine exhalatives. The intense hydrothermal activities caused leaching of elements such as Mn, Fe, Si, Ba, As and Sr from the basaltic lavas (spilites). After debouching of the sea‐floor exhalatives, these elements entered the sedimentary basin. The redox conditions were responsible for separation of Fe from Mn.     

湖南桃江响涛源锰矿地球化学特征及其成因意义

湖南响涛源锰矿位于湘中桃江成锰盆地。盆地内发育一组NNW向同沉积断裂,形成了一系列断陷槽,控制了沉积岩相的分布,其中黑色页岩、含锰灰岩、碳酸锰矿为成矿最佳的岩性组合。矿石的化学组分多样,Co、Ni、Pb、Mo和Ba等丰度较高,Co/Ni、SiO2/Al2O3、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Al/(Fe+Mn+Al)、Fe/Ti比值以及Co/Zn-(Cu+Ni+Co)和Fe-Mn-(Cu+Ni+Co)图解揭示锰矿成矿过程中有海底热水的参与;稀土元素配分模式、Ce、Eu异常表示锰矿形成于被动大陆边缘环境,并具有热水沉积特征;碳同位素结果显示出富集碳的轻同位素的特征,反映了响涛源锰矿成矿过程中深部热水沉积及生物作用的特征;氧同位素计算古温度为湘中响涛源锰矿床的低温热水沉积成因提供了有利的佐证。     

Petrological and Geochemical Constraints on the Protoliths of Serpentine‐Magnetite Ores in the Zhaoanzhuang Iron Deposit,Southern North China Craton

The uncommon Mg-rich and Ti-poor Zhaoanzhuang serpentine-magnetite ores within Taihua Group of the North China Craton(NCC) remain unclear whether the protolith was sourced from ultramafic rocks or chemical sedimentary sequences. Here we present integrated petrographic and geochemical studies to characterize the protoliths and to gain insights on the ore-forming processes. Iron ores mainly contain low-Ti magnetite(TiO_2 ~0.1 wt%) and serpentine(Mg#=92.42–96.55), as well as residual olivine(Fo=89–90), orthopyroxene(En=89–90) and hornblende. Magnetite in the iron ores shows lower Al, Sc, Ti, Cr, Zn relative to that from ultramafic Fe-Ti-V iron ores, but similar to that from metamorphic chemical sedimentary iron deposit. In addition, interstitial minerals of dolomite, calcite, apatite and anhydrite are intergrown with magnetite and serpentine, revealing they were metamorphic, but not magmatic or late hydrothermal minerals. Wall rocks principally contain magnesian silicates of olivine(Fo=83–87), orthopyroxene(En=82–86), humite(Mg#=82–84) and hornblende [XMg=0.87–0.96]. Dolomite, apatite and anhydrite together with minor magnetite, thorianite(Th-rich oxide) and monazite(LREE-rich phosphate) are often seen as relicts or inclusions within magnesian silicates in the wall rocks, revealing that they were primary or earlier metamorphic minerals than magnesian silicates. And olivine exists as subhedral interstitial texture between hornblende, which shows later formation of olivine than hornblende and does not conform with sequence of magmatic crystallization. All these mineralogical features thus bias towards their metamorphic, rather than magmatic origin. The dominant chemical components of the iron ores are SiO_2(4.77–25.23 wt%), Fe_2O_3 T(32.9–80.39 wt%) and MgO(5.72–27.17 wt%) and uniformly, those of the wall rocks are also SiO_2(16.34–48.72 wt%), Mg O(16.71–33.97 wt%) and Fe_2O_3 T(6.98–30.92 wt%). The striking high Fe-Mg-Si contents reveal that protolith of the Zhaoanzhuang iron deposit was more likely to be chemical sedimentary rocks. The distinct high-Mg feature and presence of abundant anhydrite possibly indicate it primarily precipitated in a confined seawater basin under an evaporitic environment. Besides, higher contents of Al, Ti, P, Th, U, Pb, REE relative to other Precambrian iron-rich chemical precipitates(BIF) suggest some clastic terrestrial materials were probably input. As a result, we think the Zhaoanzhuang iron deposit had experienced the initial Fe-Mg-Si marine precipitation, followed by further Mg enrichment through marine evaporated process, subsequent high-grade metamorphism and late-stage hydrothermal fluid modification.     

秦岭热水沉积铅锌矿床中硅质岩特征及成因

硅质岩是秦岭中泥企世铅锌矿床中的主要含矿层,呈层状与围岩整合接触,但因受海底同生断裂控制呈线状延伸。化学成分及其Fe、Ti、Al、Mn比值变化范围与现代或古代热水沉积物一致或相似。稀土元素以总量低、LREE>HREE、有明显的Ce亏损和中等的Eu正异常为显著特征。氢氧同位素测试数据表明,形成硅质岩的介质水主要为原生建造水。锶初始比及铅单阶段演化模式年龄反映硅质主要来自硅铝质地壳基底地层或岩石。     

贵州遵义二叠系锰矿区硅质岩成因及成矿意义

贵州遵义二叠系锰矿底部发育一套特殊的硅质岩建造,该套硅质岩环绕锰矿富集区呈墙状产出,习称“白泥塘层”硅质岩或“城墙式”硅质岩,其与锰矿成矿作用之间有着紧密的成因联系。详细地野外地质调查发现,该套硅质岩具有条带状、角砾状和块状构造,其中钢灰色、黑色锰质细脉穿插于条带硅质岩之中,角砾状构造硅质岩多沿锰矿体周边分布。10 件硅质岩样品元素地球化学分析表明 ,硅质岩具有较高的 SiO₂（80.55% ～99.56%）和Fe₂O₃（0.47%～13.76 %）, 较低的Al₂O₃（0.05%～4.06%）和TiO₂（0～0.49%）, 指示其形成过程中陆源碎屑物质参与较少。（La/Ce）比值和Ce 异常值特征指示硅质岩形成于深水裂陷盆地中,环N 境条件为还原状态。Fe-Mn-Al 和SiO₂-Al₂O₃ 图解显示, 硅质岩主要落入热水沉积区内或其附近区域。硅质岩Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）均值为0.26、（La/Ce）_N 值为1.51～2.34、 Y/Ho 值为 30.64～43.91,Eu/Eu^* 值为0.96～1.67,且硅质岩稀土配分模式与热水沉积硅质岩类似,这些特征集中表明硅质岩成岩过程中有明显的热水物质参与,属于热水成因硅质岩,这为遵义二叠系锰矿床热水喷流沉积成因提供了新的佐证。