砂岩试验强度与强度准则预测结果对比分析

对山西大同煤峪口矿巷道砂岩进行了巴西劈裂、单轴和常规三轴试验,分析了其变形和强度特性,以整体平方根误差最小为依据拟合确定了5种强度准则参数,比较各准则的整体拟合效果以及抗拉强度和抗压强度预测值与试验值之间的差异。结果表明：砂岩单轴和低围压下的脆性特征显著,随着围压增大屈服段明显增加,逐渐由脆性向延性转变;对试验数据的整体拟合效果,Mohr-Coulomb准则最不理想,指数强度准则最好,Hoek-Brown准则和Bieniawski准则相接近;对抗拉强度的预测,Mohr-Coulomb准则明显高估了砂岩的抗拉强度,不适合预测抗拉强度,指数强度准则最为理想,Bieniawski准则不能反映岩石抗拉特性;单轴和不同围压下砂岩强度,直线型Mohr-Coulomb准则偏离了大多数试验数据点,特别是高围压下偏离显著结果失真,Hoek-Brown准则和Bieniawski准则预测结果几乎一致,Sheorey准则高围压下预测结果稍有偏高,指数强度准则接近大多数试验数据,预测效果最佳。     

基于不同初始含水量的软粘土抗剪强度的试验研究

基坑开挖采取的降水措施会引起土体内部含水量的变化，进而影响其抗剪强度参数的变化，文章结合试验结果分析了含水量因素对土的强度影响，并提出粘聚力及内摩擦角的具体计算公式，对于边坡稳定以及地基承载力计算具有一定实践意义。     

结构性黄土的双曲线强度公式及其破坏应力修正

抗剪和抗拉强度是结构性土体力学特性的两个方面。通过试验研究了结构性黄土原状土和重塑土的抗拉和抗剪强度。结合抗拉和抗剪强度的试验结果,建立了适用于结构性黄土的双曲线强度公式,进一步研究了相应的破坏应力的修正算法,并将应力比结构性参数引入到结构性黄土的双曲线强度公式中。研究结果表明,建立的结构性黄土双曲线强度可以克服在Mohr-Coulomb强度理论中夸大了的土体抗拉强度缺陷,可为结构性黄土地区的工程灾害评价提供更加切合实际的强度理论。     

Validity of uniaxial compression tests for indirect determination of long term strength of rocks

Summary The validity of using laboratory uniaxial compression tests to determine the long-term strength of rock is considered. Results of an experimental study on three types of rocks are analysed, and the usefulness and limitations of the approach are discussed. Different methods of estimating strength are used and the results compared.     

预测岩石单轴抗压强度的神经网络方法

本文提出一种根据岩石点荷载强度、密度、岩石类型、孔隙率和粒度预测单轴抗压强度(Rc)的神经网络方法.以反向传播算法和包含96个样本的训练集训练网络模型,以包含71个样本的试验集检验网络.最后,以本模型预测黑沟铁矿钙质千枚岩的30个试件的抗压强度.结果表明,对于预测的单轴抗压强度,神经网络模型能给出比回归模型高得多的精度,比试验方法节省成本和时间.     

基于一种脆性指标确定岩石残余强度

岩石的残余强度是岩石力学的重要指标,准确地评价岩石残余强度对于评价地下工程的稳定性以及优化岩体支护设计具有重要意义。基于岩石的三轴力学特性提出一种表征岩石峰后强度衰减行为的力学指标--岩石强度衰减系数,该指标可反映岩石的脆性程度,并提出岩石强度衰减系数与围压关系的幂函数模型。对22组不同成因的岩石常规三轴压缩试验数据进行幂函数模型参数拟合,发现不同岩石拟合所得参数离散性较大,分析其原因主要与岩石矿物组成和岩石结构特征等因素相关。在此基础上提出基于强度衰减方法确定岩石残余强度的方法,分析表明,该方法能够很好地拟合岩石残余强度试验数据,并能反映岩石结构性质对残余强度的影响。     

Considerations on strength of intact sedimentary rocks

This study presents the results of laboratory testing of sedimentary rocks under point loading as well as in uniaxial and triaxial compression. From the statistical analysis of the data, different conversion factors relating uniaxial compressive and point loading strength were determined for soft to strong rocks. Additionally, the material constant m_i, an input parameter for the Hoek and Brown failure criterion, was also estimated for different limestone samples by analysing the results from a series of triaxial compression tests under different confining pressures. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of intact rocks, as estimated from the point load index using conversion factors, together with the Hoek–Brown constant m_i, and the Geological Strength Index (GSI) constitute the parameters for the calculation of the strength and deformability of rock masses.     

Another Source of Atmospheric Methane

The atmospheric concentration of methane is steadily increasin.Lacking of precise estimates of source and sink strengths for the atmospheric methane severely limits the current understanding of the global methane cycle.Agood budget of atmospheric methane can enhance our understanding of the global carbon cycle and global climate change,The known estimates of the main source and sink strengths are gresented in this paper,In terms of carbon isotopic studies,it is evidenced that the earth‘s primodial methane,which was trapped in the earth during its formation,may be another source of methane,with extensive,earth‘s degassing which is calleld the “breathing“ process of the earth and played an important role in the formation of the promitive atmosphere,large amounts of methane were carried from the deep interior to the surface and then found its way into the atmosphere.     

冻融作用下冻结黄土黏聚力长期强度变化规律

以陕西富平重塑黄土为研究对象,使土样在封闭系统下经历不同次数的冻融循环作用,分析不同次数的冻融循环作用下土体黏聚力的变化规律。试验利用球形模板压入试验测定冻结黄土的相对瞬时强度和长期强度,结果表明,第4次冻融循环后冻结黄土的相对瞬时强度最大,之后在第6次大幅度降低,第8次又大幅度增加,但小于第4次,第10次之后逐渐趋于稳定。冻结黄土的长期强度在冻融循环第8次时最大,第6次和10次强度相近,处于中间水平,第4、50、100次时强度最低。相对瞬时强度的变化和其孔隙比、密度的变化整体上是相互对应的,这种变化规律与冻融过程中的水分迁移有着密切的关系。长期强度与物理性质的关系并不明显,它是土样内部结构、矿物成分以及物理性质的综合反映。     

冻土的蠕变及蠕变强度

基于试验，本本讨论分析了冻土三轴蠕变规律及温度和围压对冻土蠕变强度的影响，给出了土蠕变及蠕变强度随时间降低的方程式，进而提出了冻土蠕变强度的物型屈服准则。通过改变参数可将冻土的瞬时强度准则与冻土的瞬时强度准则与冻土的蠕变强度准则统一为同一个方程描述。     

基于统一强度理论分析不连续面对岩体强度的影响

基于统一强度理论,对含有结构面的岩体,在平面形式下引入材料统一强度参数ct,φt,推导了含单个节理裂隙岩体材料的统一强度公式,即考虑中间主应力的岩体破坏强度公式,并分析了其有效范围。运用硅藻质软岩和石膏的三轴试验结果,验证了所建立的公式的正确性,并分析了具有不连续面岩体的强度随中间主剪应力作用系数b的变化。结果表明,岩体强度随b值的增大而增大。根据岩土材料统一强度参数的确定方法,计算并分析了b值对强度参数的影响,从而说明强度参数随着b值的变化而变化。     

经验参数m,s对岩体强度的影响

在研究Hoek-Brown经验强度准则过程中,不难发现,该准则将工程岩体在荷载作用下表现出来的复杂破坏,归结为拉伸和剪切破坏两种机制;将影响岩体强度的复杂因素,集中包含在准则引用的两个经验参数m(岩石软硬程度)、s(岩体破坏程度)之中。因而研究m,s两参数对岩体强度的影响,有较大的工程实用价值。本着从工程应用精度要求出发,侧重其m,s对岩体强度值计算精度的影响和规律进行了探讨和研究,指出了精确确定m,s值对岩体强度的应用与理论规律研究的重要性,同时也对工程正确应用该准则给予了启迪和帮助。     

卸荷状态下粘性土强度特性试验研究

通过大量的室内抗剪强度试验，提出了卸荷比、临界卸荷比、极限卸荷比和强度残留率概念。用卸荷比来衡量应力水平的变化，以探讨粘性土在卸荷状态下强度变化规律以及估算卸荷影响区的范围和影响区内强度的衰减规律，对基坑等卸荷类工程的设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。     

点荷载测试岩石强度使用不规则试件的研究与探讨

为了在现场采用不规则试件测试岩石点荷载强度，在实验室和现场进行了相关的对比测试与分析研究。建立了点荷载强度公式；使用Ｇｒｕｂｂｓ准则取舍可疑数据，编制了计算机程序，对点荷载测试的可信度，强度比等进行了探讨。     

土压力公式的统一解

传统的土压力公式不能反映土体材料强度的中间主应力效应,但中间主应力效应是存在的且不容忽视的。基于俞茂宏统一强度理论,考虑中间主应力效应,推导了土压力公式的统一解,给出了具有广泛意义的土压力公式,可以充分发挥材料的强度潜能,Rankine土压力公式为其特例。根据不固结不排水强度指标与固结不排水强度指标,按有效应力法与总应力法对土压力的计算公式进行了推导和分析,得出了两种强度指标下的土压力公式。另外,通过已有文献的实例进行了对比分析。     

非均匀外载作用下油井套管强度特性的实验研究

盐膏层套管损坏是由于盐岩蠕变对套管产生一个严重的非均匀附加外挤力而造成的,目前,国内外仍没有一套成熟的非均匀外载作用下的套管强度设计方法。根据实际全尺寸套管承受非均匀外载作用下的强度实验,研究了非均匀外载作用下油井套管的强度特性,提出了用“等效破坏载荷”及椭圆载荷的短、长轴之比来定量描述套管所受非均匀外载的概论,建立了非均匀外载下的套管强度设计图版,可用来检测盐岩等流变地层中下入套管的安全性或在已知套管外载时进行套管强度设计。实验结果表明：套管承受非均匀外载作用时其强度与承受均匀外压相比要低8～21倍。     

砾状煤系土改良性能的试验研究

针对广梧高速公路沿线的砾状煤系土不能满足路基填料要求的问题,采用室内试验的方法,对其提出了分别掺加生石灰和水泥两种改良方案并进行改良试验对比研究。研究结果表明：经水泥改良后的砾状煤系土的压实性能、承载比和水稳性等方面效果明显优于经石灰改良的;经水泥改良后的抗剪性能、无侧限抗压强度和抗变形能力均有较大程度的提高;在影响砾状煤系土强度的因素中,水泥掺入比的影响最显著,其次是龄期和含水率,并根据无侧限抗压强度试验结果提出了多因素影响拟合公式。砾状煤系土掺加约3%水泥改良后直接作为路基填料可满足要求,为煤系土地区路基处理提供借鉴依据。     

Long-term strength attenuation characteristics and yield criterion of frozen soil北大核心CSCD

Frozen soil is generally regarded as a strongly rheological geomaterial. The strength attenuation of frozen soil is an important inducement for disease and instability in subgrade engineering, pile engineering and artificial freezing construction. Few efforts have been made to investigate the attenuation characteristics of strength envelope surface for frozen soil under complex stress states experimentally and theoretically. Considering this, at a temperature of -6 ℃, a series of triaxial stress relaxation tests under various confining pressures were carried out on the frozen subgrade soil specimens at strength points. The degeneration of strength parameters and stress attenuation process of frozen soil under complex stress states were systematically studied. The degradation law and mechanism of cohesion and internal friction angle are synchronously revealed in the stress relaxation process. Testing results indicate that the stress relaxation process of compacted frozen soil is significantly influenced by confining pressure. The stress relaxation ratio is increasing linearly with the rise of confining pressure if the confining pressure is beyond 1. 5 MPa. The anti-relaxation ability of frozen soil is greatly reduced during high confining pressure conditions:the stress relaxation ratio of frozen soil is only 41. 94% under 1. 5 MPa, but exceeds 90. 30% under 16 MPa. The strength of frozen soil attenuates linearly with time in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system. When the confining pressure is higher than 1. 5 MPa, the strength attenuation rate of frozen soil increases with the rise of confining pressure. As the development of stress relaxation of frozen soil, cohesion decreases linearly but internal friction angle increases linearly with time in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system. It manifested that the cementation in frozen soil shows evident rheological features and it is a key inducement for strength attenuation. Moreover, the attenuation law and value of cohesion in frozen soil which is measured by triaxial stress relaxation test are similar to the spherical template indenter test results. This may provide a new test method for obtaining the long-term strength and cohesion of frozen soil. On the basis of test results, the stress states of frozen soil in all stress relaxation curves at 12 relaxation durations were captured, and the rate-dependent variation characteristics of strength envelope in p-q stress space were analyzed in detail. Under high confining pressures, the strength envelope of frozen soil shows different geometric features as time goes on. In addition to the decline of level, the strength surface exhibits clockwise rotation with time, and the third stage sharply decreases at first and then becomes flat. Based on the analysis of characteristics of experimental strength surface and evolution law of strength parameters during the stress relaxation process, a rate-dependent strength theory for frozen soil considering the stress relaxation effect is established in this paper. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

滑带土强度特性研究现状

滑带土强度特性对滑坡稳定性研究和滑坡防治工程设计具有重要意义。通过回顾国内外一些代表性工作,总结了其主要研究内容、研究方法和成果。研究内容包括5种特征强度：峰值抗剪强度、残余抗剪强度、完全软化强度、滑坡启动强度、长期抗剪强度以及相应的微观结构特征;研究方法以现场与室内试验为主,理论分析和反演分析为辅;研究成果主要反映在各种特征强度及其相互关系、剪切引起的微观结构变化特征方面。重点介绍了残余强度研究成果,包括其影响因素和数值估算。最后指出了研究工作中应该加强的几个方面,如特殊滑带土的研究（如砾质滑带土）、新的测试技术和研究方法的发展以及反分析法的正确运用等。