中国西风区与季风区黄土沉积特征对比研究

新疆伊犁地区是中国典型的西风区。该区黄土的物质组成和地球化学特征分析表明,伊犁黄土具有世界典型风成黄土的沉积特征。但由于物质来源和堆积环境的差异,伊犁地区的黄土以细粉砂和粘粒、磁化率、碳酸盐和片状矿物含量高。砂含量、稀土丰度、Rb／Sr、87Sr／86Sr比值低等特征而显著区别于季风区的黄土沉积。反映风动力的分选作用、物源和沉积环境对黄土沉积特征的控制。     

新疆伊犁地区自然环境特点与黄土形成条件

本文通过新疆伊犁地驱自然条件分析,深入探讨了区域自然环境与黄土分布及黄土形成条件的关系,得出了伊犁地区自然条件十分有利于粉尘降沉与黄土形成,因此,伊犁地区是新疆重要的黄土分布区之一之结论。     

新疆伊犁地区黄土与黄土状土粒度对比

对受西风控制的新疆伊犁地区的黄土和黄土粒土系统粒度分析资料表明,二者既有相近之处,也具有明显差别。首先,黄土与黄土状土粒度组成都以粉砂（50－5μm）含量（58％－85％）占优势,但黄土粒土砂偏含量较黄土低,而粘粒含量却较黄土高;第二,黄土与黄土状土众数分布位置相近（15－30μm）,但粒组绝对含量相差较大,黄土状土其值最高可达50％,而黄土均未超过20％。黄土粒度频率频率呈正偏态,黄土状土为极正偏;第三,黄土状土因粘粒含量高而使平均值较黄土细偏,分选较黄土差,在平均值对分选系数、偏度对平均值等图解参数散点图中,黄土与黄土状土样品分别位于不同的区域。因此认为,黄土与水成的黄土状土具有不同的搬运、分选机制和沉积环境,伊犁地区的黄土沉积为风成。     

新疆西风区黄土与古土壤磁化率变化特点

在东部季风区的黄土研究中,磁化率是反映季风区气候变化的重要替代性指标之一,但关于中国西风区黄土磁化率的研究至今仍然为空白。通过对新疆典型的西风区——伊犁地区现代土壤和两个典型剖面黄土与古土壤序列磁化率研究发现,两个剖面黄土与古土壤磁化率特征存在差别。地处荒漠草原地带的则克台黄土剖面中马兰黄土的磁化率值略高于弱成壤层,末次间冰期古土壤层的上部磁化率也低于黄土,与东部季风区相比黄土磁化率偏高;而位于草原地带的库尔德能布拉克剖面黄土磁化率为低值,古土壤为高值,表现出与东部季风区类似的变化特点。两个黄土剖面所反映的磁化率的区域差异在一定程度上揭示了气候对磁化率变化的控制作用,但另一方面也反映了该区磁化率物理意义的复杂性。提出虽然在西风区黄土记录研究中不能简单套用东部季风区的方法,但磁化率和碳酸盐含量在西风区可指示湿度变化。     

新疆伊犁黄土的物性指标、动力学特性与滑坡

分析了伊犁谷地28个黄土样品的粒径、密度、含水量和孔隙比,测试了震陷、湿陷、动弹模量和塑性指数,探讨了伊犁谷地黄土的物性、动力学特征,讨论了它们与滑坡之间的关系。伊犁谷地的原生黄土主要以粉粒为主,含量为74%,大于75μm的颗粒含量为10%,小于5μm的颗粒含量为15%;黄土天然含水量为4%~16.1%,谷地东部的黄土明显地比谷地西部的更细,伊犁黄土的孔隙比在0.832~0.907之间,有相当的湿陷性。在含水量低于20%时,还会有湿陷。黄土的塑性指数为9左右,比较小,粘粒含量低,易损性大,抗震性能差,具有较强的震陷性。在同样的动应变下,伊犁黄土的动模量较小,随着动应变的增大,其动模量衰减较快。冻融季节是伊犁地区滑坡的多发季节,构造活动强烈的地段也是地质灾害的多发地段。     

粒度揭示的末次间冰期以来长江中游风沙-风尘体系

对长江中游地区定山-太平断面上砂山砂与下风向5个黄土剖面黄土进行了详细的粒度分析,并与其他地区黄土进行对比。结果表明:(1)粒度象和粒度参数特点显示赣北定山-太平断面砂山下风向的黄土状土为风积成土;(2)定山-太平断面的砂山砂-砂山淤泥-黄土粒度特征的渐变过渡,指示了其沉积上的渐变过渡关系。结合区域各沉积相的年代序列认为,末次间冰期以来,长江河谷、漫滩等松散碎屑物在冬季风分选下,粗颗粒物质以砂山形式在其下风向不远处沉积,而剥离出的细颗粒物质则被颠扬到较远的下风向以黄土的形式堆积,从而在区域上形成一个以砂山砂和黄土为主的风沙-风尘沉积体系。     

新疆伊犁地区黄土的沉积特征与古气候研究

为查明黄土分布、沉积特征、古气候变化特点及其与全球变化的关系,作者选择伊犁地区黄土作为研究重点,通过野外调查和室内典型剖面样品的粒度、矿物、石英表面形态、磁化率、碳酸钙含量及绝对年代等分析,得出如下结论     

辽南滨海黄土粒度环境信息高分辨率研究

对辽南滨海黄土粒度研究证明 ,滨海黄土是在第四纪冰期寒冷气候下的产物 ,但是 ,由于滨海黄土所处靠近沿海的地理位置使得这种黄土的形成机制具有独特性。冰期时渤海湾西岸海面下降出露的冲洪积物和海底砂是滨海黄土除西北内陆地区以外的另一重要物源 ,搬运以风砂跃移方式进行。滨海黄土的粒度中包涵了丰富的有关渤海湾海面变化的信息。辽南滨海黄土剖面中的粒度拟合值、 2 - 3Ф粒级百分含量反映了渤海的海退、海侵过程和末次冰期蒙古高压的强弱 ,这种变化与滨海黄土 3个孢粉组合带所反映的古气候环境相吻合 ,同邻近地区的海面升降变化和深海岩芯氧同位素阶段也存在良好的对应关系 ,滨海黄土粒度的拟合度是本区古环境变化的重要的替代指标。     

则克台黄土粒度组分分离及其记录的末次冰期气候波动

北大西洋地区的末次冰期气候波动在全球具有广泛记录。伊犁地区作为西风区向季风区过渡的边缘带,对气候变化响应敏感,千年尺度气候波动如何影响该区域有待进一步解答。黄土作为恢复古气候的重要地质记录,有利于上述问题的研究。通过对伊犁则克台剖面黄土沉积进行粒度端元分析,结果表明：则克台黄土粒度可分为四个端元,分别为EM1（0.8 μm）、EM2（8 μm）、EM3（25.1 μm）和EM4（51.6 μm）。EM1代表成壤组分;EM2代表高空西风组分;EM3和EM4代表尘暴组分,但EM4组分更能够反映末次冰期西伯利亚高压在伊犁地区的扩张。EM2和EM4都能记录千年尺度气候的波动,但响应程度却不同：51.3~20 ka,EM4含量变化曲线记录的千年尺度气候事件更为明显;然而20 ka之后,千年尺度事件在EM2含量变化曲线中更为突出。这表明西风和西伯利亚高压都是千年尺度气候信号的重要扩散机制,且造成上述差异的原因很可能是太阳辐射驱动下的北半球冰量变化。     

腾格里沙漠南缘土门剖面末次间冰阶层段的粒度特征及其反映的气候-沉积环境

腾格里沙漠南缘土门剖面末次间冰阶层段（TMS 3）由风成砂、黄土状亚砂土、砂黄土、古土壤、湖相沉积物和冲积黄土等6种沉积相相互叠覆构成。粒度分析结果显示,该层段以砂质沉积物为主,粉砂次之,黏土最少,平均值分别为65.45%、26.72%和8.83%;在砂粒级中,以细砂含量最高,其次为极细砂,其余为中砂-粗砂颗粒。粉砂含量、黏土含量、M_z和σ在风成砂中呈现谷值,在其他沉积相为峰值,中砂-粗砂和细砂则相反。粒度指标指示腾格里沙漠南缘土门剖面末次间冰阶至少经历了13次暖湿和12次冷干的气候波动,且可划分为TMS 3e（54 200~59 750 a BP）、TMS 3d （54 200~40 800 a BP）、TMS 3c （40 800~32 800 a BP）、TMS 3b （32 800~25 400 a BP）和TMS 3a （25 400~22 940 a BP）等5个亚段, 25次冷暖波动与格陵兰冰芯和中国南方石笋记录的D/O事件以及北大西洋深海沉积物记录的H事件具有很高的同步性。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,