新疆火烧云超大型非硫化物铅锌矿床:发生表生氧化的密西西比河谷型矿床

火烧云矿床是我国新发现具有超大型规模的非硫化物铅锌矿床,成因倍受关注.矿床主要由菱锌矿和白铅矿组成,形成块状及少量纹层状和角砾状矿石,构成了层状矿体.赋矿围岩为中侏罗统含沉积石膏的台地相碳酸盐岩,为密西西比河谷型矿床的典型赋矿围岩,而非喷流沉积型矿床的赋矿围岩.矿石中普遍出现被白铅矿交代的方铅矿残留,表明原生矿化为硫化物.方铅矿δ34SV-CDT值为-34‰^-18‰,显示还原硫的来源与细菌还原作用作用有关,这在MVT矿床中较为常见,而在与岩浆作用有关的铅锌矿床中少见.同时,矿床也不具有与岩浆有关的热液矿化和蚀变特征,故矿床的原生硫化物矿化应为MVT型.通过菱锌矿和白铅矿的O同位素组成,计算出形成这两种矿物的流体具有低温、低δ18O值的大气降水的特征,结合白铅矿交代方铅矿的这一现象,表明目前观察到的由菱锌矿和白铅矿构成铅锌矿体系是在表生作用下直接交代原生硫化物矿体形成.     

非硫化物型锌-铅矿床研究现状及其进展

非硫化物型锌-铅矿床主要由一系列锌、铅"氧化物"组成。非硫化物型锌-铅矿床可以分为表生和深成2种类型。表生非硫化物矿床的形成主要与表生的氧化作用有关,主要含有菱锌矿、异极矿、白铅矿等;根据成矿方式的不同分为直接交代型、围岩交代型、残余-岩溶充填型。深成非硫化物矿床的形成主要与热液流体的有关,主要含有硅锌矿、菱锌矿、白铅矿等;根据形成的不同方式被分为构造控制型矿床与层状矿床。深成矿床显示与表生矿床不同的C-O同位素特点。笔者主要讨论非硫化物型铅锌矿床的特征及成因机制,并介绍中国火烧云锌-铅矿床的研究进展。火烧云铅锌矿已探明锌-铅金属资源量大于1 700万t,已成为中国新的最大铅锌矿。矿床成矿矿物以菱锌矿、白铅矿、方铅矿与闪锌矿为主,最新研究结果表明矿床主要经历2期成矿作用:早期的铅锌碳酸盐阶段(主要)与晚期的铅锌硫化物阶段。其矿床地质特征及稳定同位素特征显示火烧云铅锌矿床为深成层状(喷流)的非硫化物型锌-铅矿床。     

新疆喀喇昆仑火烧云超大型铅锌矿床矿物学、地球化学及成因

近年来,青藏高原北缘喀喇昆仑铅锌找矿取得重大突破,新发现的火烧云超大型铅锌矿床已成为中国最大的铅锌矿床,矿石矿物以菱锌矿、白铅矿、水锌矿为主,也是世界第二大非硫化物铅锌矿床。矿体呈似层状产出,埋藏浅,主要为褐色块状矿石,Pb+Zn平均品位近30%。可分为3个成矿阶段。早期铅锌硫化物成矿阶段（方铅矿、闪锌矿、方解石）、中期铅锌非硫化物成矿阶段（菱锌矿、锰氧化物→菱锌矿、白铅矿、石膏）与晚期表生氧化阶段（水锌矿）。硫化物阶段方铅矿的δ34S为-18.9‰~-4.2‰,非硫化物阶段热液石膏的δ34S为-20.6‰~-7.5‰,继承了硫化物阶段矿物的硫同位素特征。Pb同位素组成集中,具有地壳来源特征,二叠系—白垩系可能提供了金属成矿物质。方解石的δ18CPDB为0.6‰~3.1‰,δ18OSMOW为15.3‰~24.6‰,菱锌矿的δ18CPDB为-2.7‰~4.5‰,δ18OSMOW为10.4‰~26.1‰,来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解作用;白铅矿的δ18CPDB为-7.7‰~4.3‰,δ18OSMOW为9.3‰~24.3‰,同位素发生漂移,可能是与大气降水的混入有关。硫化物成矿阶段方解石中流体包裹体的3He/4He值为0.05~0.39 R/Ra,40Ar/36Ar值为296.2~428.9,方铅矿中流体包裹体的3He/4He值为0.03 R/Ra,40Ar/36Ar值为290.0,成矿流体可能为中温、低盐度、中低密度的还原性壳源流体;非硫化物成矿阶段菱锌矿中流体包裹体的3He/4He值为0.10~0.43 R/Ra,40Ar/36Ar值为290.6~295.3;白铅矿中流体包裹体的3He/4He值为0.08 R/Ra,40Ar/36Ar值为293.5,成矿流体可能为中低温、低盐度、中密度的壳源流体与大气降水混合流体。综上所述,火烧云超大型铅锌矿床是盆地边缘褶皱逆冲+构造流体+次生交代成矿系统的产物,硫化物成矿阶段为构造热液成因,非硫化物成矿阶段为围岩交代成因,后期发生叠加氧化作用,形成大量水锌矿。     

喀喇昆仑火烧云深成菱锌矿矿床地质特征及成因

新疆和田火烧云矿床是青藏高原西部新发现的重要超大型矿床之一,是迄今我国规模最大的锌(铅)矿床,同时也是全球罕见的巨型菱锌矿矿床,累计探明铅锌资源储量超过1800万吨,因其经济价值巨大,矿床成因引人注目。详实的野外地质剖面和钻孔岩芯观察证实,容矿围岩龙山组由泥晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩和生物碎屑灰岩等组成,广泛发育鸟眼构造、窗格构造和平底晶洞构造,指示沉积环境为中侏罗世碳酸盐岩台地滨海—潮坪的滩坝(介壳滩、鲕粒滩)高能环境。矿区已发现上、下两个含矿层,20余个矿体。下含矿层菱锌矿主矿体储量占比超过95%。矿体呈透镜状、似层状产出,小角度穿切围岩地层。矿石矿物以菱锌矿为主,少量白铅矿和方铅矿;脉石矿物以方解石为主,少量石膏。菱锌矿矿石发育交代、自形—半自形结晶结构,块状、晶洞、条带状和斑马状构造。火烧云超大型矿床形成经历了阶段Ⅰ菱锌矿(Sm1)、阶段Ⅱ菱锌矿(Sm2)—(方铅矿)和阶段菱锌矿(Sm3)—Ⅲ方铅矿(铅矾)三个连续成矿阶段,其中主成矿阶段菱锌矿(Sm1)占比80%以上。矿区灰岩及碳酸盐矿物碳—氧同位素分析结果表明,菱锌矿基本继承了主岩灰岩的碳—氧同位素,结合菱锌矿矿石交代结构特征,证实火烧云矿床属于后生热液交代成因。基于菱锌矿矿石矿相学和碳—氧同位素特征,本文首次提出并详细讨论了火烧云矿床的菱锌矿化成矿作用,即富锌少铅贫硫(S~(2-))热液通过微米级方解石溶解—菱锌矿沉淀藕合作用交代龙山组灰岩。因此,火烧云矿床既不是发生氧化的MVT锌矿床,也不是SEDEX锌碳酸盐矿床,而是一类原生深成(hypogene)热液交代锌碳酸盐矿床。     

滇西大平掌铜多金属矿床火山喷流沉积原因

大平掌矿床由上部层状块状硫化物矿体和下部细脉浸染状矿体组成,双层结构清楚。块状矿体中发育典型的草莓状和鲕状硫化物。成矿地质背景和矿石中的金属元素及REE配分形式、S同位素组成、流体包裹体特征等均与黑矿型矿床及现代海底热液活动区硫化物矿床相似。矿床典型的火山喷流沉积成因。     

喀喇昆仑火烧云超大型喷流-沉积成因碳酸盐型Pb-Zn矿的发现及区域成矿学意义

新疆和田火烧云Pb-Zn矿床是喀喇昆仑地区新发现的一个超大型碳酸盐型Pb-Zn矿床,产于中侏罗统龙山组灰岩中。矿体呈层状产出,与地层产状一致,主要由菱锌矿与白铅矿组成,矿石类型以纹层状、块状、角砾状及交代蚀变成因为主。矿体发育沉积超覆构造、韵律层理、粒序层理、鲕粒结构等典型的沉积结构与构造。矿石与围岩方解石的C,O同位素分析结果显示:菱锌矿与围岩方解石的C,O同位素组成相近(其δ13CPDB主要分布在0.78%~3.72‰,δ18OSMOW主要分布在21.71‰~24.87‰),C,O来源主要为海水;白铅矿δ13CPDB=-7.28~1.19‰,δ18OSMOW=10.78‰~16.81‰,C,O来源为岩浆热液与海水混合流体。矿区菱锌矿与白铅矿的C,O同位素组成与表生氧化带中的碳酸盐型Pb-Zn矿不同。火烧云铅锌矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(186±6)Ma,多宝山铅锌矿床的成矿年龄与火烧云一致。火烧云Pb-Zn矿床具原生层控特征,为喷流-沉积成因,是SEDEX型Pb-Zn矿床的新类型。火烧云碳酸岩型Pb-Zn矿的发现是Pb-Zn矿床成因研究的重要进展,表明喀喇昆仑乃至藏北地区相应构造层位具寻找同类型铅锌矿床潜力。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜、金矿床两阶段成矿模式

冬瓜山铜金矿床包括层状硫化物矿体、矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体。层状硫化物矿体具层状形态和层控特征，矿石具块状、层纹状和揉皱状构造。燕山期岩浆岩及其岩浆流体对层状矿体进行了叠加和改造，改变了其结构构造、矿物组合和矿石成分，并在其上叠加蚀变和矿化。层状矿体中的铜是由含铜流体交代块状硫化物矿石形成的。冬瓜山铜金矿床经历了两次成矿作用：第一成矿阶段．在石炭纪中期，海底喷流作用形成了块状硫化物矿床，矿石成分以硫、铁矿为主；第二成矿阶段。燕山期岩浆侵人，一方面岩浆热液与围岩相互作用发生矽卡岩化、硅化、钾长石化、石英绢云母化和青磐岩化，形成矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体，另一方面岩浆流体对块状硫化物矿体进行叠加改造，致使块状硫化物矿体富集铜等成矿物质。     

安徽新桥矿床矿相学与Fe同位素特征及其对矿床成因的制约

对安徽新桥矿床进行系统的野外地质调查和矿相学研究发现,层状矿体中的胶状黄铁矿交代矽卡岩磁铁矿矿体,为探讨层状硫化物矿床是早期沉积成因还是岩浆热液成因提供了新的地质约束。对铜陵矿集区内的新桥矿床层状菱铁矿矿体和凤凰山矽卡岩型矿体中的菱铁矿开展了Fe同位素组成的对比研究,结果显示：新桥矿床菱铁矿与典型低温热液脉型矿床和沉积铁矿中的菱铁矿在Fe同位素组成特征上有所不同,而与凤凰山矽卡岩型矿床中的菱铁矿更为接近;新桥矿床中胶状黄铁矿和菱铁矿相对于磁铁矿富集Fe的轻同位素,表明磁铁矿不是过去认为的由胶状黄铁矿和菱铁矿矿胚层经热液改造形成,而是与典型的岩浆热液有关。新桥矿区层状硫化物矿体和矽卡岩型矿体中,近岩体矽卡岩和最早形成的金属矿物磁铁矿比岩体更为富集Fe的轻同位素,而赋矿围岩比岩体更为富集Fe的重同位素。同时,不同矿化阶段形成的含铁矿物和不同空间位置的硫化物中的Fe同位素组成呈现出时空分带现象,Fe同位素组成的时空演化特征与流体出溶、流体演化非常一致,并且符合同位素分馏的基本理论,表明层状硫化物矿体和矽卡岩型矿体具有相同的成矿物质来源,为同一流体体系演化的产物。新桥矿区岩相学的研究结果和Fe同位素组成特征均表明,新桥层状硫化物矿床不是海西期喷流沉积成矿作用的产物,而是燕山期热液成矿作用的产物,为一个典型的热液成因矿床。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜(金)矿床成矿模式

长江中、下游断裂坳陷带是我国重要的铜、金、铁、硫成矿带,存在一系列块状硫化物矿床及与其伴生的矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿床.本文以铜陵矿集区冬瓜山铜、金矿床为例,探讨了这类矿床的成矿模式.冬瓜山矿床主要由层状硫化物矿体组成,伴有矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.层状硫化物矿体产于晚泥盆世砂岩和晚石炭世碳酸盐岩之间,具明显的层控特征,矿体下盘发育细脉-网脉状硫化物矿化以及硅化和绢云母化,矿体中伴有热水沉积岩,矿石具典型的沉积构造.燕山期岩浆热液对层状矿体进行了叠加和改造,改变了矿石的结构构造和矿石成分.黄铜矿交代黄铁矿变斑晶呈环斑结构或脉状交代结构,交代磁黄铁矿呈交代假象结构或交代残留结构.矽卡岩型矿体中黄铜矿的δ65Cu值为0.09‰～0.83‰,集中在0.23‰～0.83‰.层状矿体中黄铜矿的δ65Cu值为0.45‰～0.78‰,与矽卡岩矿体中黄铜矿的65Cu值大致相当,这说明两类矿体中的铜具有相同的来源.铜、氢和氧同位素研究表明,冬瓜山矿床铜来自岩浆岩,叠加的成矿流体主要为岩浆流体.提出了冬瓜山矿床属喷流沉积-岩浆热液叠生成因的成矿模式:在晚石炭世,海底喷流成矿作用形成了块状硫化物矿床,矿石成分以硫、铁为主;燕山期岩浆热液一方面对块状硫化物矿床进行改造,致使其富集铜等成矿物质,另一方面与围岩相互作用形成矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.     

新疆和田县火烧云铅锌矿成因类型初探

新疆和田县火烧云铅锌矿矿体呈层状、似层状整合产出于下侏罗统碳酸盐岩中,矿石矿物是原生铅锌碳酸盐(即菱锌矿和白铅矿)。根据矿床、矿体宏-微观、同位素等方面的特征,推断火烧云铅锌矿属于"原生喷流-沉积铅锌碳酸盐型铅锌矿",属于SEDEX型铅锌矿床的新类型。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861