内蒙古乌兰浩特地区二长花岗岩年代学、岩石成因及其构造环境

内蒙古乌兰浩特地区太平山嘎查岩体主要岩石类型为黑云母二长花岗岩。所测得的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为127.4 Ma和125.6 Ma,属于早白垩世。太平山嘎查岩体的地球化学特征表明岩体属于弱过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列的高分异I型花岗岩。样品(P9-48-1)的锆石Hf同位素组成显示黑云母二长花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)=+8.60±0.57,两阶段亏损地幔模式年龄为511~748 Ma,说明其岩浆源区主要为新元古代—显生宙期间从亏损地幔新增生地壳的部分熔融。太平山嘎查岩体应形成于伸展构造体制,该伸展构造体制的产生可能与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下的俯冲有关。     

内蒙古赵井沟钾长花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素和岩石地球化学特征

赵井沟铌钽矿与区内花岗岩关系非常密切,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明矿区内黑云母钾长花岗岩形成时代为125±1 Ma。岩石地球化学分析结果显示,矿区内晚中生代岩浆岩为准铝质-弱过铝质碱性岩类,属于高钾钙碱性系列,具有轻稀土元素富集、Eu强负异常、大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、U)和高场强元素(Hf、Y)强烈富集的地球化学特征,属于A1亚类的A型花岗岩;锆石~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值介于0. 000 5～0. 003 0之间,ε_(Hf)(t)值为-15. 42～-5. 55,对应的模式年龄t_(DM2)变化于2 247～1 640 Ma之间。花岗岩浆主要来源于地壳物质部分熔融的产物。     

湖南五峰仙岩体岩石地球化学、SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素特征

对湖南中生代的五峰仙岩体进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和岩石学、岩石地球化学分析。该岩体主要由印支期的中粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩、细粒二云母二长花岗岩组成。本次获得黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄(233.5±2.5)Ma,表明形成于晚三叠世;结合已发表的岩体年龄资料,五峰仙岩体侵位于236~233.5 Ma和221.6 Ma,具有多阶段岩浆活动特点。五峰仙花岗岩具有高的w(SiO2)、w(P2O5),含过铝质的白云母,表现为弱铝质、强铝质岩石;微量元素方面,大离子元素Rb、Th、U富集,Nb、Ba、Sr、Ti亏损明显,稀土元素配分模式右倾,轻稀土元素富集,Eu亏损相对明显以及高的Rb/Sr比值,为高成熟度陆壳物质重熔的S型花岗岩。黑云母花岗岩中发育暗色微粒包体,具淬冷结构、含长石捕获晶及呈塑形变等特征的包体为岩浆混合成因,该类花岗岩中锆石Hf同位素εHf(t)值较高,为-4.4~0.7,Hf同位素的两阶段模式年龄TDM2值为1 534~1 216Ma,变化范围较大,可能是受幔源岩浆作用所致。五峰仙岩体是在印支板块向华南板块俯冲碰撞期后(变质基底年龄258~243Ma)及华南板块与华北板块的碰撞期间(超高压变质峰期在238~218Ma)华南内陆由挤压向伸展转换的背景下形成的。     

黑龙江翠宏山铁多金属矿区岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

黑龙江翠宏山铁多金属矿床位于小兴安岭—张广才岭成矿带北部。该成矿带上分布有大量对成矿起制约作用的岩浆岩体。前人有关矿区成岩、成矿时代的认识差异较大,且缺乏对矿区岩体成因的研究。为了解这些岩体的成岩时代、岩体成因、区域构造背景及其与成矿的关系,本文对其开展了锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究。3个花岗岩类样品的锆石LAICP-MS U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素分析结果显示,黑云母花岗岩、花岗斑岩和碱长花岗岩的形成年龄分别为496$1.5Ma、193$1Ma和173$1Ma;黑云母花岗岩的εHf(t)值和tDM2分别为-4.7~0.0和1463~1764Ma,花岗斑岩及碱长花岗岩的εHf(t)值和tDM2值分别为0.2~10.1和781~1184Ma。结合前人的年代学数据,推断矿区至少存在4期岩浆活动,其中二长花岗岩与成矿关系最密切。研究结果也表明松嫩地块在中-新元古代时期曾发生过两次重要的地壳增生事件。     

西昆仑大红柳滩黑云母二长花岗岩岩石成因：来自锆石U-Pb年龄及Li-Hf同位素的证据

大红柳滩岩体位于西昆仑造山带东段,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩、二长花岗岩及二云母花岗岩组成。笔者对大红柳滩岩体东南部的黑云母二长花岗岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,测得黑云母二长花岗岩的侵位年龄分别为(214±1.8)Ma,说明大红柳滩岩体为印支晚期岩浆活动的产物。大红柳滩岩体具有高δ~7Li(0.76‰～3.25‰)和低Li(5.04×10-6～52.22×10~(-6))同位素地球化学特征;黑云母二长花岗岩样品的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-1.86～2.16,二阶段模式年龄为1113～1 368Ma;在ε_(Hf)(t)-锆石U-Pb年龄图解中,所有数据点均落在球粒陨石演化线附近。综合研究表明,大红柳滩岩体的原始岩浆是由地幔与中元古代地壳2个单元形成的混合岩浆。     

广西梧州思委银矿区花岗岩的岩石成因：锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素约束

本文对广西梧州思委银矿区思委岩体中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素分析研究,以深入探讨其岩石成因。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得了思委岩体黑云母二长花岗岩成岩年龄为165±1Ma。思委岩体黑云母二长花岗岩为一套弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩,富集U、K、Pb等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素;球粒陨石标准化REE配分模式为右倾斜配分模式,轻重稀土元素分异强烈,富集轻稀土元素,重稀土元素平坦分布。锆石Hf同位素分析花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值分布在-15.9~8.7之间,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(t2DM)在652~2255Ma之间,表明岩浆源区既有直接源于亏损地幔分异的新生地壳的迅速重熔,也有不同比例的古老地壳的混合作用。花岗岩成岩可能是受古太平洋板块持续俯冲作用影响,焊接板片开裂形成的岩浆上侵。     

北秦岭早古生代宽坪岩体两期花岗质岩浆锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

宽坪岩体位于北秦岭造山带东部,岩体主要由片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩和似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩组成。锆石LA-ICP MS U-Pb定年结果表明宽坪岩体可划分为两期:早期为片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩,其锆石U-Pb年龄为448.3±4.5 Ma,该期花岗岩富硅、富碱,属准铝质和高钾钙碱性系列,形成压力较低;晚期为似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,其锆石U-Pb年龄为421.4±2.5 Ma,该期花岗岩属强过铝质和高钾钙碱性—钙碱性系列。系统的地球化学研究表明,早期的片麻状二长花岗起源于中上地壳(贫斜长石的源区)在H2O饱和条件下发生部分熔融形成的贫Al2O3、富Si O2花岗质岩浆;晚期的似斑状二长花岗岩代表较高温的中—下地壳(杂砂岩或是花岗质片麻岩)发生部分脱水熔融形成的岩浆,这表明北秦岭地区从450~420 Ma经历了从早期的同碰撞阶段到后期的后碰撞阶段。     

老挝-越南长山褶皱带似斑状角闪黑云二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

Phia Bioc花岗岩体位于老挝-越南长山褶皱带北西部马江缝合带与哀牢山-斯雷博河缝合带之间,镜下显微鉴定岩石类型为似斑状角闪黑云二长花岗岩。锆石阴极发光图上具有典型的震荡环带,锆石的稀土元素配分模式表现为轻稀土元素亏损,重稀土元素富集的左倾曲线,具有强烈正Ce异常和中等负Eu异常,其Th/U比值均大于0.1,表明所测锆石为典型的壳源岩浆锆石。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素分析结果显示,Phia Bioc岩体的年龄为(244.4±1.2)Ma,属于中三叠世安尼期岩浆活动的产物。对长山褶皱带印支期的区域地质背景、岩浆活动以及思茅-彭世洛陆块-东印支陆块-越北-华南陆块间的构造演化关系的综合分析表明,Phia Bioc花岗岩体是印支早期东印支陆块与越北-华南陆块沿马江缝合带同碰撞造山期挤压剪切环境的产物。     

阿拉善北部亚干地区花岗岩锆石年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

由于缺少可靠的年代学资料和系统研究,阿拉善北部亚干地区的基底时代和性质尚不清楚,制约了对本区构造属性及造山带结构的进一步认识.利用亚干地区广泛出露的花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,揭示源区深部物质组成特征,对探讨该地区的基底性质具有重要意义.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb分析结果表明,切刀黑云母二长花岗岩体侵位于380±1 Ma,亚东花岗闪长岩体侵位于271±2 Ma,同时,原北山群中识别出大量的三叠纪花岗岩（亚干片麻状花岗岩,228±2 Ma;都热糜棱岩化花岗岩,214±2 Ma）.地球化学分析表明,切刀花岗岩和都热糜棱岩化花岗岩为准铝质-弱过铝质的A型花岗岩,亚东花岗岩为钙碱性I型花岗岩.锆石Hf同位素分析显示主要的花岗岩体ε_Hf（t）值为-2.8~+4.3,地壳模式年龄为1.0~1.5 Ga,表明源区可能以中元古代地壳物质为主.结合前人获取的前寒武纪岩石年龄,亚干地区花岗岩Hf同位素特征,以及花岗岩出现中-新元古代继承锆石等证据,亚干地区深部应具有中-新元古代基底,南戈壁微陆块范围可以延伸到阿拉善北部边境地区.      

西昆仑三十里岩体黑云母二长花岗岩和暗色包体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征、Sr-Nd同位素组成及其地质意义

三十里岩体位于西昆仑造山带东段甜水海地体北缘,本文对三十里岩体黑云母二长花岗岩及其暗色包体进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩地球化学、同位素地球化学研究。结果表明:黑云母二长花岗岩SiO₂含量为67.84%～68.95%, Al₂O₃含量为14.77%～15.28%,铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.02～1.06,属于弱过铝质岩石;强烈富集LREE,具有轻微Eu负异常;富集Rb、Th、K、La、Ce等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和P等高场强元素。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,黑云母二长花岗岩及其暗色包体均形成于约216Ma,二者有相似的Sr-Nd同位素特征及二阶段模式年龄。暗色包体为岩浆混合作用的产物。Sr-Nd同位素数据表明,黑云母二长花岗岩可能由前寒武纪变质火成岩和变质沉积岩的混合物部分熔融形成。结合区域地质和本次研究成果,三十里岩体应属于碰撞后阶段的产物。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.