Air-sea Interaction of Typhoon Sinlaku （2002） Simulated by the Canadian MC2 Model

Three experiments for the simulation of typhoon Sinlaku (2002) over the western North Pacific are performed in this study by using the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) atmospheric model. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the air-sea interaction during extreme weather conditions, and to determine the sensitivity of the typhoon evolution to the sea surface temperature (SST)cooling induced by the typhoon. It is shown from the three experiments that the surface heat fluxes have a substantial influence on the slow-moving cyclone over its lifetime. When the SST in the East China coastal ocean becomes 1℃ cooler in the simulation, less latent heat and sensible heat fluxes from the underlying ocean to the cyclone tend to reduce the typhoon intensity. The cyclone is weakened by 7 hPa at the time of its peak intensity. The SST cooling also has impacts on the vertical structure of the typhoon by weakening the warm core and drying the eye wall. With a finer horizontal resolution of (1/6)°×(1/6)°, the model produces higher surface wind, and therefore more surface heat fluxes are emitted from the ocean surface to the cyclone, in the finer-resolution MC2 grid compared with the relatively lower resolution of 0.25°×0.25°MC2 grid.     

利用卫星气象信息提高地面测站测报质量

在测报接班前或观测前，调看地面图、高空图和红外线云图。借助这些卫星气象资料，初步掌握值班期间控制或影响测站的天气系统、云系等，对可能出现的天气现象进行技术上的分析和编报方面的预习。如夏季从地面图和700hPa高空图看出测站受东北冷涡影响，并从云图上发现低涡内有中尺度云团发展，根据天气学和实际测报经验，低涡天气在本站出现时，一般会产生阵雨、雷暴天气，有时会出现短时大风、飑线、冰雹等强对流天气。对于这样复杂天气的观测编报，如果观测前没有对天气系统和云系的认识和了解，观测时就会感到天气现象出现的突然，有可能顾此失彼，产生误测、误编电码等人为错误。如果在天气现象出现以前，有了对天气系统中可能产生的天气现象的预见，就能在复杂天气出现以前复习有关天气现象观测标准，进行天气电码选择，云的正确编报，“现在天气”和“过去天气”的配合编报。当某些观测项目达到“规范”标准时，根据“天气电码”规定编重要天气报、航危报等。针对可能临时出现的增加项目，要把量器准备好。这样，使测报在任何复杂天气情况下观测，做到心中有数，稳中有序，做到不误测、不漏测项目、不误编天气电码，提高了地面气象站的测报质量。     

南极长城站和中山站降水形态变化特征的研究

利用南极长城站1985—2015年和中山站1989—2015年的天气现象记录和日平均气温资料,分析两站降水、降雨和降雪日数的长期变化特征及其变化趋势,并讨论了长城站降水形态变化与当地气温和阿蒙森低压变化的联系。结果表明：长城站降水日数较多,年总降水日数为236~343 d,有增加的趋势,变化速率为4.51 d/10a;其中降雨日数为74~185 d,降雪日数为157~282 d,增加的速率分别为2.68 d/10a和1.25 d/10a。而中山站年降水日数较少,年总降水日数为104~173 d,有减小的趋势,变化速率为-1.30 d/10a,中山站全年气温几乎都在0℃以下,降雨稀少,降雪为主要的降水形态。长城站年平均气温和降雨日数与总降水日数的比值（雨日比）显著正相关,在增温速率较大的秋季（3—5月),雨日比也显著增加(4.36%/10a)。降水形态受气温的影响很大,随着气温升高,长城站年降水日数中降雨日数的比重增加。秋季阿蒙森低压经向中心的东移有利于暖湿气流吹向南极半岛,也促进了降雨的发生。     

自动气象站数据传输故障的原因分析

自动站数据传输中容易出现的故障可概括为两大类：一为传输错误，二为传输失败。这两类故障，均有硬件与软件方面的原因，应该首先检查硬件，然后检查软件。     

Laboratory studies about the interaction of ammonia with ice crystals at temperatures between 0 and −20°C

In laboratory experiments the interactions of ammonia with ice crystals were studied within the temperature range between 0 and −20°C. In a first series of experiments dendritic ice crystals were grown from water vapor in presence of ammonia gas in various concentrations between 4 and 400 ppbv. In a second series of experiments pure ice crystals were exposed to a humidified ammonia–air mixture inside a horizontal flow tube. The influence of temperature, ammonia gas concentration (0.6, 1.5, and 10 ppmv), exposure time, and the presence of impurities such as sulfate on the ammonia uptake by the ice surface was investigated by determining the ammonium content in the melt water of the ice crystals by ion chromatography. During the growth of ice crystals significant amounts of ammonia (around 200 μg/l) were taken up even at small gas concentrations. In contrast, even at high gas concentrations the uptake of ammonia by non-growing ice crystals was lower by approximately one order of magnitude. The presence of sulfate on the ice surface affected an enhanced uptake of ammonia by a factor of 5–10. A model is presented which describes the uptake of ammonia by ice considering the chemical processes occurring in the ice surface layer and simultaneous diffusion of ammonia into bulk ice. Even the increased uptake of ammonia by growing ice is rather small compared to the uptake by water droplets; thus, the major process for scavenging of ammonia from the atmosphere via the ice phase might not be the direct uptake by ice crystals but the riming involving super-cooled droplets containing ammonia.     

自动站硬件故障检测流程

气象自动站监测设备的正式运行,标志着黑龙江省的大气监测已进入自动化的工作模式。新设备的正常运行需要必要的维护,而相关的技术支持将是保障其任务的根本。自动站硬件故障检测流程,对各地(市)自动站有较好地借鉴作用。     

对基层台站建设的调研与思考

基层气象台站是整个气象事业的基础 ,搞好基层台站建设 ,是推动气象工作全面上台阶 ,促进气象产业化建设 ,增强在市场经济条件下的竞争实力 ,提高气象工作的社会地位 ,确保可持续发展的前提。毕节作为国家级的贫困地区 ,在发展气象事业的过程中 ,比全国大多数地区面临着更多的问题、更大的困难。但在中央和省气象局的大力支持关心下 ,通过地县两级气象部门的努力 ,近年来 ,全区气象工作获得了空前的发展 ,尤其是“九五”、“十五”期间 ,台站面貌、工作条件、现代化设施、职工生活水平都有了极大的改善。随着西部大开发战略的强力推进 ,气象…     

浅析自动站飑的观测

1引言飑在《地面气象观测规范》中只作客观描述,实际工作中,可能会出现判断不准而造成漏记、误记现象。目前大部分测站处于人工站与自动站并轨运行阶段,仍然保存全部人工自记仪器,自动站单轨运行后,有可能要取消部分自记仪器,会对飑的观测产生一定的影响,尤其是夜间不守班的测站,极易造成飑的漏测。从统计历史资料着手,结合多年的观测经验,整理出以下要点,供大家在实际工作中参考。2飑的成因飑是因为飑线系统过境,在测站发生的风向突变,风力突增,其它气象要素突变的现象。飑线是由若干个雷雨云单体排列形成一条狭长的雷暴云带,并伴有雷雨、…     

自动站观测中遇到的问题及解决方法

随着自动气象站的使用,总结了自动站运行中的一些问题以及解决问题的方法。     

SVD揭示的印度洋海气相互作用模态及其与中国降水的联系

利用1958-1999年6-8月平均的GISST(Global Indian Sea Surface Temperature)海表温度资料和同期850 hPa水平风场等NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,作了向量奇异值分解,并对各个模态作了相应分析,发现前两个模态可以很好地表示出印度洋海气耦合的主要部分:第1模态是印度洋海温对ENSO信号的滞后响应;第2模态反映了存在于印度洋的海-气相互作用现象,是ENSO和IOD(Indian Ocean Dipole,印度洋偶极子)的混合模态.讨论了前两个模态与中国夏季降水等变化的联系,发现印度洋海温单极模态与我国华南夏季降水存在负相关,与长江流域及其以北地区存在正相关;印度洋偶极型海温与我国降水的关系不典型.     

自动站通信系统综合防雷

自动站网络通信系统雷电防护包括广域网雷电防护、局域网雷电防护、光缆通信雷电防护等,这3种防护主要是防护雷电波入侵产生的感应雷以及由于自动站室内计算机局域网机房没有做好等电位连接造成的雷电损坏。1广域网雷电防护广域网的雷电防护主要是通信线、信号线不允许架空进入     

自动站雨量实时监测软件

《自动站雨量实时监测软件》是《O SSM O 2004》的辅助软件,它弥补了《自动气象站监测软件》中雨量监测部分的不足,以图表形式显示实时雨量信息,形象直观,操作简便。主要功能有:雨量实时图表显示、历史数据图表显示、05时累积量提示。1界面操作1.1设置参数启动软件后,出现界面(见图),先选“参数设置”项,设置台站号和《O SSM O 2004》目录,保存。1.2实时显示功能点选“实时显示”,界面上部显示当日雨量曲线,图表曲线模拟虹吸雨量自记的迹线,当雨量达到10.0m m时降到0刻度,符合观测人员的习惯。在每时刻度下方显示小时降水量和当前日降水…     

寻呼台基站的防雷与接地

本文着重论述了寻呼台基站系统防雷与接地的重要性。针对接地不当,雷击造成通信设备的损坏,从通信设备接地、交流电源接地、保护地、电话中继线防雷等方面介绍了接地方法与具体措施,可为我省各地市包揽部门寻呼台提供有价值的参考。     

On the relationship between global radiation and cloudiness at ocean station P

Summary Measurements of the global radiation on the CCGS St. Catharines during the period January 1959 to August 1961 are related to average daytime cloudiness by regression techniques. The regression equations are presented and evidence for increased depletion by clouds at low sun-heights is discussed. The effects of visibility and precipitation are indicated.

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Zusammenfassung Messungen der Globalsstrahlung auf dem Ozean-Wetterschiff P während der Periode von Januar 1959 bis August 1961 werden mittels Regressionsformeln in Beziehung zur mittleren Tagesbewölkung gesetzt. Die Regressionsgleichungen werden aufgestellt und die Beweise für eine gesteigerte Streuung durch Wolken und tiefen Sonnenstand diskutiert. Auf die Wirkungen der Sichtweite und des Niederschlags wird hingewiesen.

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Résumé On recherche au moyen des formules de régression la relation existant entre la nébulosité journalière moyenne et la radiation globale. On se base pour cela sur des mesures effectuées de janvier 1959 à août 1961 à bord du bateau météorologique P. On établit tout d'abord les formules de régression, puis on discute les preuves apportées au fait que la dispersion de cette relation augmente par forte nébulosité ou par un soleil bas sur l'horizon. On mentionne également l'influence de la visibilité et des précipitations sur le dit rapport.

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With 6 Figures

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Published by permission of the Director, Meteorological Branch, department of Transport, Toronto, Canada.     

自动站软件常见故障的处理

地面有线遥测气象仪(Ⅱ)型是黑龙江省气象学院新上的地面测报系统仪器,目前正处于试运行阶段,将投入使用。因此,维护好仪器设备的正常使用目前各级台站的首要任务之一。在仪器安装过程中,遇到了一些问题和故障,特别是在有关自动站驱动软件应用方面的问题较多,经过查找,出     

ENSO及热带海-气相互作用动力学研究的新进展

本文回顾了最近几年关于ENSO事件及热带海-气相互作用动力学方面研究的最新成就及新发现的观测事实,还指出热带西太平洋海-气相互作用对北半球大气环流异常的作用。     

Variations in the atmospheric electric field at tropical station during 1930–1987

The variations noticed in the atmospheric electric field recorded at Pune (18o32’N, 73o51’E, 559 m ASL), a tropi-cal inland station located in Deccan Plateau, India, during the period 1930-1987, have been examined in relation to the variations observed in the Angstrom turbidity coefficient (β) and selected meteorological parameters. The month-ly and annual mean values of the atmospheric electric field, Angstrom turbidity coefficient (β), rainfall, temperature and relative humidity for the years 1930-1938, 1957-1958, 1964-1965, 1973-1974 and 1987 were considered in the study.The results of the above study indicated gradual increases in the atmospheric electric field over the period of study (1930-1987) which is statistically significant at less than 5% level. The increases noticed during different periods varied from 30 to 109 %. The increase noticed during the period (1930-1938) and (1973-1974) was maximum (109%). The Angstrom turbidity coefficient also showed systematic increases during the period of study, which is consistent. The diurnal curve of the atmospheric electric field at the station by and large, showed a double oscillation, which is generally observed in the continental environments.