中国几个主要哺乳动物地点的晚上新世—早更新世界线

<正> 中国的第三系—第四系界线的讨论和第三系、第四系剖面的研究,历史悠久,发表过不少论文。30多年来的工作大致在几个方面较多:1.黄土沉积剖面;2.河湖相沉积剖面;3.洞穴沉积剖面;4.海相沉积及滨海相平原沉积剖面。在磁性地层学方面研究及划分第四纪下限,有三种不同的划分:1.地层段的下限与奥特威亚时底界一致,大致是190万年;2.以松山/高斯转换的位置,约248万年;3.上限同高斯顶界一致(248万年),下限在300万年左右。     

甘肃和政古动物化石地质遗迹特征及其科学意义

甘肃和政古动物化石地质遗迹是一个以丰富的渐新世至更新世的古动物化石为特色的地质奇观。和政古动物化石地质遗迹主要发育4个古动物化石群:底部红色砂砾岩中埋藏着距今30 Ma的巨犀动物群;下部河湖地层中,埋藏着13 Ma前的铲齿象动物群;中部以红土为主,埋藏着距今10 Ma左右的三趾马动物群;上部黄土堆积中埋藏着2 Ma前的真马动物群。这些古动物化石地质遗迹记录了渐新世以来地球历史的丰富信息和演化过程,是研究青藏高原隆升历史的重要证据。甘肃和政古动物化石地质遗迹孕育了分布密集、保存完好、种类繁多的古动物化石,且甘肃和政临近我国"一带一路"战略中"丝绸之路经济带"的中联点。这些世界罕见的古动物化石,具有不可替代的珍藏价值、游览价值、科普价值和科学研究价值。     

New Quaternary Mammalian Faunas and Cave Deposits in the Zhoukoudian Area,Beijing

From 1985 to 1987, four new localities with abundant fossil mammals were dis-covered by Cao, Tian and others in the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) area, Beijing. They are theEast, West, Shangdian and Donglingzi caves. The East Cave fauna consists of 28 speices ofmammals and its age is middle Early Pleistocene. The East Cave assemblage shows that a tem-perature-falling event took place at around 1.20 Ma B.P. at Zhoukoudian. Sixteen species ofmammals were collected from the West Cave, which are mainly forms of late Early Pleistoceneage. The West Cave fauna represents a transitional fauna from the East Cave fauna (dry-cold)to the fauna (warm) at locality 9. The Shangdian Cave fauna is composed of four forms, beingMiddle Pleistocene in age. The Donglingzi Cave fauna contains 21 Late Pleistocene forms. Inthe cave two fossil horizons may be distinguished. The age of the lower horizon is early LatePleistocene, which is equivalent to that of the New Cave fauna; while the fauna of the upper ho-rizon may be correlated with the Upper Cave fauna.     

New data on fauna and stratigraphy of the Semibalki locality,Azov Region

Fauna in the Semibalki locality (Azov Region), its stratigraphic position, and its age were considered. The rocks composing sediments with fossil theriofauna were subject to petrochemical analysis. Taking into account the lithological features of the sediments containing this fauna, it is possible to make the conclusion that the fossil fauna remains are allochthons and their age range is somewhat broader than was considered before.     

大兴安岭及邻区石炭——二叠纪地层和生物古地理

研究分析了大兴安岭及其邻区石炭-二叠纪地层,着重介绍各地层单元的分布范围、岩性组合、生物化石特征,特别总结了早、中二叠世冷水型和暖水型生物组合在本区局部出现的混生现象.根据本区板块构造发育,结合生物组合特征,进行了生物古地理分区的划分.本区北部属于北方大区,准噶尔-兴安区,兴安亚区;南部属于特提斯大区,华北区,华北北缘亚区.     

The vertebrate fauna of the type Cromerian

The rich vertebrate fauna of the Upper Freshwater Bed of West Runton, Norfolk. England (pollen assemblage zone Cr II) is described and related to vegetational conditions based on analysis of fossil pollen and macroscopic plant remains. The general picture is of fishes associated with aquatic plants in a slow-flowing river, amphibious vertebrates living in water-side habitats, and a terrestrial fauna generally reflecting a regional mixed oak forest cover, but also including grassland voles associated with local herb-dominated communities on the river floodplain. The fossil assemblage appears to have accumulated largely from the remains of terrestrial vertebrates washed in as the river eroded its banks. A reassessment of the fossil voles indicates that only five species occur, although ten were previously described. The sparse fauna from the overlying marine gravel (zone Cr III) is also discussed. On the basis of vertebrate faunas and other evidence, sites in England and Germany arc correlated with the type Cromerian.     

四川岳池龙潭期地层及腕足动物

首次系统地报道了四川华蓥山地区岳池县李子垭剖面中的龙潭组地层及其腕足动物群,并对该腕足动物群的性质和特点进行了定量和定性分析。同时,与国内其它有关地区的同期的腕足动物群进行对比、讨论,指出该动物群为华南区晚二叠世早期比较典型的腕足动物群。     

山东淄博晚石炭世双壳类动物群及其古生态特征

本文记述了采自山东淄博地区晚石炭世太原组双壳类化石１５属２８种，讨论了化石组合特征．在研究双壳类动物群的基础上，划分了３个动物群落，即：Ａｃａｎｔｈｏｐｅｃｔｅｎ群落、Ｐａｌａｃｏｌｉｍａ群落和Ａｉｔａｒｔｅｌｌａ群落，并对各群落的生态特征进行了系统研究．     

贵州台江中寒武世凯里组中分枝状宏观藻类化石

本文描述了贵州中寒武世凯里组中的分枝状宏观藻类化石5属7种，即：Marpolia spissa Walcott,Marpolia aequalis Walcott,Guizhouella ramulosa Yang(gen.et sp.nov.),Doushantuophyton lineare Chen,Thamnophton formosus Yang(gen.et sp.nov.),Eoulothrix fibrillata Ding,Eoulothrix flabellophyton Yang(sp.mov.)。根据大量的藻类与凯里生物群共生特征，从藻类的生态及生物群分布受到沉积韵律控制等特征分析，认为凯里生物群生活环境的水深应该在30－60m，而埋藏和保存环境的水深是150m左右。另外，将凯里生物群中的宏观藻类化石与震旦纪陡山沱期的藻类化石进行了比较，两者在以分枝状藻类占主要组成上是相似的，从这一方面来说，晚震旦世宏观藻类与寒武纪宏观藻类没有大的演变，但寒武纪宏观藻类以出现钙质珊瑚藻类、分枝更加复杂的类型和具有锯齿状叶状体、生殖托构造的藻类为特征。     

泥河湾地区晚上新世一个新的地层单位——稻地组

本文记述了河北泥河湾盆地的一个新的地层单位——稻地组。在四个实测剖面上对稻地组进行了分层描述,根据其岩性、化石特征、及其与上下地层接触关系,确定了该地层组的含义,并对其时代(晚上新世)作了讨论。     

New Discovery of Hipparion theobaldi Skull from the Late Miocene of Padhri, District Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan and Associated Mammalian Fossil Assemblage

A fossil-bearing locality near Padhri village, Dhok Pathan, 55 km away from the tehsil Dina, Jhelum District, in the Potwar Plateau, Middle Siwaliks, Punjab, northern Pakistan, is significantly rich in mammalian fossils. This site has provided an abundant mammalian fossil fauna of Late Miocene age from the Dhok Pathan Formation (Fm.). The recovered material belongs to four families: Equidae (horses), Rhinocerotidae (rhinos), Bovidae (cows), and Suidae (pigs). We discovered a new skull of hipparionine Hipparion theobaldi from this locality along with 22 specimens from the associated assemblage of fossil mammals. The recovered material includes seven other species: the aceratheriine Chilotherium intermedium, boselaphines Tragoportax punjabicus, Selenoportax vexillarius, Pachyportax latidens, the antelope Gazella lydekkeri and suinine Propotamochoerus hysudricus. The specimens are isolated teeth, fragments of maxilla, mandibles and horn cores. The Dhok Pathan Fm. is generally composed of claystone, siltstone and sandstone beds and, based on the mammalian fauna, the Padhri fossil locality is dated as Late Miocene. Thi99s formation was deposited in a subtropical paleoenvironment and the predominance of fossil bovids indicates extremely moist conditions with small but frequent standing water bodies.     

黑龙江青冈晚更新世哺乳动物化石

本文记述的8种哺乳动物化石:Mammuthus primigenius,Equus hemionus,Equus sp.,Coelodonta antiquitatis,Megaloceros ordosianus,Gazella sp.,Bison exiguus,Bosprimigenius?属东北“披毛犀—猛犸象动物群”的成员,时代为晚更新世。对三门马的地层分布时代进行了讨论,认为有可能到中更新世末期甚至晚更新世早期。此外还介绍了大角鹿属各种的特征,并指出了“披毛犀一猛犸象动物群”概念的不恰当之处。     

A New Mid Early Pleistocene Mammalian FaunaDiscovered in Choukoutien，China and Its Application in Biostratigraphy

Ａ　Ｎｅｗ　Ｍｉｄ　Ｅａｒｌｙ　Ｐｌｅｉｓｔｏｃｅｎｅ　Ｍａｍｍａｌｉａｎ　ＦａｕｎａＤｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ　ｉｎ　Ｃｈｏｕｋｏｕｔｉｅｎ，ＣｈｉｎａａｎｄＩｔｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｎ　Ｂｉｏｓｔｒａｔｉｇｒａｐｈｙ￥ＣｈｅｎｇＪｉｅ（Ｄｅｐａｒ...     

Lower boundary of the Cambrian

A comprehensive evaluation of the Precambrian — Lower Cambrian stratigraphy of the Siberian Platform. Because of the lack Of trilobites in the basal Lower Cambrian, all available fossil groups were studied (archaeocyathids, stromatolites, problematica, sponges, brachiopods, al, gae, and trilobites). The boundary was placed at the lowest occurrence of skeleton bearing fauna (archaeocyathids, sponges, brachiopods). Below this level the fauna consists principally of stromatolites, problematica, and algae. Comparison of the stratigraphy and fauna of the Siberian Platform is made with the Altay-Sayan folded zone, Western Europe, North Africa, and Australia.—D.W. Trexler     

Palaeoecology of a Late Weichselian vertebrate fauna from Nmre Lyngby, Denmark

Investigations at a Late Weichselian freshwater basin in northwestern Jutland, Denmark, yielded a fairly rich assemblage of vertebrate remains, mostly bones and teeth of small mammals. The remains are primarily allochthonous and the bones have been subjected to different taphonomic pathways and agents. AMS ¹⁴C-dates on terrestrial organic remains provided ages of Middle to Late Allerød time. Identifications revealed the first fossil record in Scandinavia of Rana arvalis, Sorex minutus, Ochotona cf. pusilla, Microtus gregalis, Microtus oeconomus , and Sicista cf. betulinu. Spermophilus cf. major and Desmana moschata , previously found only once and twice respectively, were retrieved, and Sorex araneus and Arvicola terrestris were recovered for the first time beyond the Atlantic chronozone. Ecologically, the Nørre Lyngby small mammal fauna can be characterized by its very high and almost equal proportions of boreal forest and steppe elements followed by a relatively high proportion of tundra elements. The fossil species share a modern area of sympatry north of the Caspian Sea from the river Volga in the west to the southern and western slopes of the Urals. If, however, the large Allerød mammals are added, the fauna is without modern analogues. The Nørre Lyngby fauna can be seen as a last expansion of the North European glacial fauna. Provided that an absolute chronology and a differentiated sea-level curve for the area can be established, the Nsrre Lyngby fauna could become important for studies in mammalian dispersal and migration rates.     

Quaternary fossil coral communities in uplifted strata along the Balochistan coast of Pakistan: understanding modern coral decline in the Arabian Sea

Uplifted reefs due to being important palaeoclimate archives and a rich source of information on past physical and geochemical changes globally have become the centre of marine research. The uplifted fossil Quaternary coral communities of Jiwani and Gwadar are perfect places to study the palaeoclimatic and geological changes that have shaped the Balochistan coast. Studies on the palaeodiversity of corals along the Makran coast of Pakistan are lacking. In the present study, the samples collected using line intercept method from four uplifted sites (Balochistan coast: one at Gwadar and three at Jiwani) were analysed. The relative distribution and diversity of scleractinian fossil corals was determined, and the factors responsible for coral decline along Pakistan coast were compared with modern coral distribution and diversity. A total of 48 fossil coral species were recorded in nine families and 22 genera. High coral diversity was recorded in the uplifted landward sites of Jiwani and Gwadar headland. Terraces close to the shore at Jiwani had lower diversity. The corals seem to be Quaternary: most likely Pleistocene to Holocene. The modern fauna lacks many species recorded in the fossil community, thus suggesting a faunal turnover in diversity and redistribution of coral fauna which may be linked with past geological events and increasing anthropogenic pressure.     

Why did ancient chemosynthetic seep and vent assemblages occur in shallower water than they do today?

 Cold-seep communities have relatively low diversity, are dominated by one or two taxa present in high density and high biomass in comparison with the surrounding fauna, and are restricted to aphotic habitats. Their associated heterotrophic fauna are usually distinctive from the fauna of their surroundings. In contrast, a more commonplace chemoautotrophically based community occurs in shallow photic habitats. The associated heterotrophic fauna includes many of the species typical of the surrounding communities and typically dominates abundance, whereas the species with chemoautotrophic symbionts dominate biomass. All modern seep assemblages are deeper than 550 m. Many fossil seep assemblages occurred in water as shallow as the mid-shelf (<200 m). In contrast, communities where species with chemoautotrophic symbionts are biomass dominants, but not numerical dominants, are common in shallow waters at present but rarely reported in the geological record. We suggest that the absence of cold-seep communities on the continental shelf presently is due to a combination of predation and competitive exclusion by primary consumers limiting the presence of species dependent on chemoautotrophic symbionts. We suggest that cold-seep assemblages are more common at shelf depths in the fossil record for two reasons: (a) The biases of preservation have accentuated their distribution by transforming communities where species with chemoautotrophic symbionts dominate by biomass, but not numerically, into cold-seep-appearing assemblages. (b) The importance of predation pressure and oligotrophy has varied, with decreased predation pressure accompanying increased oligotrophy favoring cold-seep communities. We suggest that the paucity of shallow-water assemblages with species harboring chemoautotrophic symbionts as biomass dominants in the fossil record is based on the reliance of paleoecological analysis on numerical abundance data when energy flow analyses are required to identify these assemblages. The distinctiveness of the fossil seep assemblage is intensified by taphonomic processes that bias the assemblage against small individuals and epifaunal species, so that diversity declines, the small heterotrophic component of the assemblage is significantly reduced, and the epifaunal component is minimized. The final assemblage is usually dominated by the better-preserved large infaunal clams which perchance are also the species with chemoautotrophic symbionts. In contrast, preservation does not enhance the distinctiveness of these chemoautotroph-harboring species in shallow water. Received: 16 April 1998 / Accepted: 29 June 1999     

Palaeoenvironment and biogeography of a late MIS 3 fossil beetle fauna from South Taranaki,New Zealand

Fossil beetles from a last glacial landslide‐generated lake‐forest sequence aged 33 480–34 410 cal. yr BP (late Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3)) are identified from the Waitotara Valley in South Taranaki, North Island, New Zealand. The stratigraphy indicates that the landslide caused changes to local hydrology, resulting in the formation of a lake‐swamp environment and subsequent transition to forest. Fossil leaves suggest a forest dominated by Nothofagus menziesii, and radiocarbon ages indicate the site was forested for around 4000 yr. A fossil beetle‐based temperature estimate using the maximum likelihood envelope method indicates the climate was cooler than present day. The distributions of the fossil beetle taxa are examined and compared with the modern ecological patterns. The fossil fauna is very typical of a modern‐day Nelson (northern South Island) fauna. None of the beetle species is present in the modern South Taranaki fauna and many taxa such as Platypus caviceps, Alema paradoxa, Rhyzobius consors, Syrphetodes ater, Cyclaxyra impressa and species of Grynoma and Pycnomerus are now absent from part or all of the lower North Island. This is important because the lower North Island is currently an area of low diversity and endemism and these results suggest this biogeographical pattern stems from the last glaciation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Middle Eocene vertebrates from the sabkha of Gueran,Atlantic coastal basin,Saharan Morocco,and their peri-African correlations

The sabkha of Gueran in the Southwest Moroccan Sahara has yielded a rich and diverse fauna of late middle Eocene vertebrates that include the world's richest Bartonian age archaeocete assemblage. Archeocete remains were described previously and here we report on the rest of the vertebrate fauna. The Gueran fauna includes abundant chondrichthyan species belonging to Lamniformes, Carcharhiniformes and Rhinopristiformes, and actinopterygian assemblage consisting of Cylindracanthus, of a siluriform, and of Perciformes. Turtles are represented by at least two marine taxa referred to as Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae. Crocodylian remains belong to at least two longirostrine species, including gavialoid remains. Snakes are represented by Pterosphenus cf. schweinfurthi (Palaeophiidae). Seabirds are represented by a pseudo-toothed bird (Pelagornithidae). The avian fossil belonged to a gigantic soaring bird and constitutes the earliest occurrence of the genus Pelagornis. The presence of proboscideans is attested by dental fragments. This fossil assemblage from Gueran shows affinities with those of the Eocene beds of Egypt and Libya. The numerous shared taxa support a close biogeographical connection between faunas from southeastern and southwestern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.     

狼鳍鱼（Lycoptera）岩层的时代归属

在燕辽区，狭义的大北沟组产Ｎｅｓｔｏｒｉａ－Ｋｅｒａｔｅｓｔｈｅｒｉａ群，Ｅｏｐａ－ｒａｃｙｐｒｉｓ－Ｌｕａｎｐｉｎｇｅｌｌａ－Ｄａｒｗｉｎｕｌａ组合等化石，白旗组的Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线年龄为１４５．２Ｍａ，以及完整的层序关系均证明狼鳍鱼岩层履于上侏罗统之上。热河动物群包括原始Ｔｒｉｇｏｎｉｏｉｄｉｄｓ群，Ｅｏｓｅｓｔｈｅｒｉａ群，Ｌｙｃｏｐｔｅｒａ群…以自身的演化规律阐明其属于白垩系的类群。Ｅｏｓｅ