Bearing Capacity of Embedded Strip Footings on Cohesionless Soil Under Vertical and Horizontal Loads

In the last decades a few attention was given to the evaluation of the bearing capacity of embedded footing under inclined loads on a frictional soil. This paper focuses on a numerical study using the finite-difference code Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC), to evaluate the bearing capacity of embedded strip footing on a frictional soil. The soil is modeled by an elasto-plastic model with a Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion and associative flow rule; the effect of non-associativity of the soil on the bearing capacity is also investigated. The effect of the embedment is estimated though a depth factor, defined as a ratio of the bearing capacity of a strip footing at a depth D to that of a strip footing at the ground surface. The inclination effect is estimated by inclination factors, defined as the ratio of the limit vertical load for a footing under inclined loading to that of the vertically loaded footing. Both swipe and probe analyses were carried out to identify the vertical force–horizontal force (V–H) failure envelope. The results have been compared with those available in the literature.     

Numerical Investigation of the Bearing Capacity of Strip and Rectangular Shallow Footings on Cohesive Frictional Soils Under Eccentric Loads

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Safe performance of structures founded on shallow footings necessitates that: (a) the ground settlements are kept within acceptable threshold limits; and...     

成矿流体动力学与大地构造环境的关系(英文)

热液矿床的形成需要大量流体,而流体的运移需要包括地势差、岩石变形、热梯度及热异常等多种驱动力。这些流体驱动力与构造环境及过程有密切关系。流体压力状态和热场及地势差的组合决定了压性构造环境流体以向上运动为主,如造山型成矿系统,而张性构造环境流体以对流为主,如VMS和SEDEX成矿系统。造山作用造成的地势差及水平挤压作用所产生的超压可以驱动流体侧向迁移数百公里,如MVT成矿系统。但是,具体的成矿流体动力学过程比较复杂,且随构造演化而变化。在经历过多个大地构造演化阶段的地区,如地洼区,老的成矿流体动力系统不断被新的系统叠加或取代;新的构造单元需要来自地幔的流体源补充才有利于成矿。成矿学研究的是成矿作用与大地构造的关系,而流体动力学系统与大地构造环境密切相关,因此,成矿流体动力学应成为成矿学的一个重要组成部分。     

圆形浅基础承载力计算新模型及验证

通过假定地基发生整体剪切破坏,给出滑动破坏面,考虑地基土的塑性平衡区随着基础埋置深度的不同而扩展到最大可能的程度,并且计及基础两侧土的抗剪强度对承载力的影响,采用极限平衡法,理论上推导出了圆形浅基础承载力。结合工程实例．并利用有限元程序（ADINA）进行数值模拟,进一步验证了浅基础破坏模式的正确性,以及理论推导的可靠性。     

构造形变类型与金矿化类型的关系

含金构造形变类型决定或控制金矿化类型,深层次的韧性超韧性变莆为元素迁出区,一般不利于金矿化;韧性含金构造控制蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化,韧脆性变形含金构造控制构造蚀变岩型金矿化,脆性含金构造控制石英脉型金矿化。对于韧性剪切带和未来发生叠加蚀变矿化的糜棱岩来说,往往是构造变形越强,金元素含量越低。但在蚀变糜棱岩型金矿床中,已经叠加蚀变矿化的糜棱岩若幅度,石英变形机制与金矿富集程度都有密切的关系,而且含金构造     

Relationships between InSAR Seismic Deformation and Fault Motion Sense, Fault Strike, and Ascending/Descending Modes

Based on the working principle of satellite radars, the earthquake deformation field measured by interferometric synthetic aperture (InSAR) is the projection of ground displacement associated with the seismogenic fault in the line of sight (LOS) of the satellite. However, LOS projections are complex, and are not only related to the ascending/descending modes and incidence angles of SAR data, but also related to the strike and motion senses of the fault. Even for the same earthquake, the LOS deformation derived from different ascending/descending data can be almost identical in one case, but quite different in another case, which makes the interpretation of InSAR seismic deformation and its comparison with field observations difficult. In this study, we undertook a quantitative analysis of the relationships between LOS observation sensitivity of InSAR and fault strike, fault motion sense, and ascending/descending modes, as well as 3D deformation fields. We studied the features and differences of the LOS deformation fields in different types of earthquakes using ascending/descending modes, with a particularly detailed analysis of the relations for a strike-slip type of earthquake. We also summarized the characteristics of LOS deformation fields of faults with different strikes and optimal observational data modes. Taking the strike-slip Yushu earthquake and the normal Gaize event as examples, we used SAR data of the ascending/descending modes to verify the results of quantitative calculations. These analyses will not only provide a more reasonable interpretation of InSAR seismic deformation fields and but also help understand the differences of seismic deformation fields revealed by data with different observational modes, therefore promoting the application of InSAR technology in seismology.     

甘肃白银地区了高山多期活动断裂带变形特征及运动机制探讨

了高山断裂带位于中北祁连结合带东段,为自加里东构造中期开始,发生板块俯冲—软碰撞—逆冲推覆造山过程中,多期构造叠加变形而形成的复杂的构造带。在1∶25万区调过程中,笔者通过对该断裂带内各类构造变形的观察和分析,采用构造解析的理论和方法,进行了构造变形序列和变形特征的分析研究,探讨其运动机制,为祁连造山带时空分布及其发展提供重要的地质依据。     

Bearing Capacity of Two-Layered Artificial Ground with Firm Crust and Weak Subgrade Under Circular Pressure

Classical bearing capacity expressions can not afford variant engineering requests, since they were deducted under hypotheses of strip footing on homogeneous soil. An often met case was taken into account that circular footing on two-layered ground, which has firm crust and weak subgrade. Weighted method and layered method were used in capacity deduction, respectively. The former counts layered soils as single layer of weighted structure and material parameters. But it is restricted to conditions with close strength to each layer. The latter is preferred in engineering calculation, which regards the whole bearing capacity as subgrade’s capacity under the influence of the upper layer. Thus the issue is transformed to K. Terzaghi model plus stress reduction and dispersion effects. At last, the expressions gained from both methods and finite element analysis (FEA) were used in an example calculation, respectively. It approves layered calculating method and suggests the corresponding security coefficient based on elastoplastic FEA results.     

桩长及水泥掺入量对柔性桩承载力等的影响

采用弹性无限半空间体内的Mindlin应力解和分层总和法，计算分析了柔性桩的荷载传递规律，较详细地讨论了桩长、固化剂（水泥）掺入量对柔性桩复合地基承载力、变形的影响。计算值与实测值比较吻合。     

次生孔隙发育带的概念及石油地质意义新认识

在对次生孔隙带和次生孔隙发育带概念中存在问题分析的基础上,重新阐述了次生孔隙带、次生孔隙发育带、孔隙度高值带、孔隙度低值带等术语的含义,分析了东营凹陷民丰洼陷沙三中-沙四段近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层次生孔隙发育带特征,并探讨了次生孔隙正确识别及次生孔隙发育带对中深层油气勘探的指导意义。次生孔隙应该专指岩石在埋藏过程中形成的新孔隙,在识别储集空间类型时应将原始粒间孔隙和其周围颗粒溶解形成的新孔隙区分为原生孔隙和次生孔隙。次生孔隙带指孔隙度-深度剖面中有次生孔隙发育的带,在纵向上对应于某一深度范围,横向上表现为某一孔隙度区间。次生孔隙发育带指次生孔隙体积分数大于50%的高孔隙度储层集中发育带。次生孔隙发育带包括3层含义：第一,次生孔隙发育带内储层次生孔隙体积分数大于50%;第二,次生孔隙发育带内储层孔隙度高于有效储层孔隙度下限;第三,高孔隙度储层在孔隙度-深度剖面中某一深度范围内集中成带,孔隙度包络线明显向孔隙度高值方向凸出。东营凹陷民丰洼陷沙三中-沙四段近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层纵向上发育4个次生孔隙发育带,其深度分别为2 800~3 500 m、3 750~4 050 m、4 300~4 500 m、4 700~4 900 m。次生孔隙发育带和孔隙度高值带是中深层油气勘探的重要目标,但是,分析认为现今孔隙度[CD*2]深度剖面中孔隙度低值带可能是一直被忽视的油气勘探目标。     

Relationships Between Petrophysical and Mechanical Properties of Certain Calcarenites Used in Building

Mendicino calcarenite was once widely used in traditional constructions by Italy’s foremost stonemasons’ schools. This paper provides a complete physico-mechanical characterization in order to improve understanding of strength and durability properties and so apply that knowledge to conservation and new construction. Stone samples from three lithofacies are taken from the following quarries of Cosenza province: Scannelle in Malito; Cannataro in Carolei; Albanese in San Lucido. Samples are subjected to: X-ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry, ultrasonic pulse velocity, capillary water absorption, uniaxial compressive, flexural, point load tests with respect to the X, Y, Z axes. Malito samples exhibit creamy colour, better hydric behaviour, low open porosity, reduced water absorption capability, isotropic hydric behaviour, higher fossil abundance (both in number and size) than the lithofacies taken from Carolei and San Lucido, which exhibit whitish colour, greater strength and more homogeneous texture. The greater compactness of Carolei and San Lucido samples can be ascribed to homogeneity and low porosity and their better mechanical properties to textural features. Anisotropy plays an important role. Placing stone samples along the Z axis prevents water intrusion, and improves mechanical strength. Isotropy and compact and heterogeneous fabric in stones result in higher strength and lower water absorption.

     

Relation of Isotope Geochemical Steep Zones with Geophysical Fields and Tectonics in the Junction Area of the Cathaysian, Yangtze and Indochina Plates

Through lead isotope geochemical mapping in the Yunnan-Guizhou area geochemical steep zones (GSZ) have been established, which clearly reveal the junction relationship of the Cathaysian, Yangtze and Indo-China plates. GSZ are closey related to gravity Mono gradient zones and lithospheric thickness. The GSZ between the Yangtze and Cathaysian plates is consistent with the Shizong-Mile tectonic belt, where island arc basalts are well developed. The Yangtze-Indo-China GSZ is parallel to the Jingdong-Mojiang volcanic belt in rift-island arc environments. The evidence of geology, geophysics and geochemistry all indicates that Cathaysia was subducted towards the Yangtze plate and that the Yangtze plate was underthrust beneath the Indo-China, which took place from the Early Carboniferous to the Early Triassic.     

Relationships Between Abrasion Index and Shape Properties of Progressively Abraded Dolerite Railway Ballasts

Sub-angular-shaped aggregates are used as rail foundation ballasts and must remain sub-angular during their service life time to maintain particle–particle interlocking, in order to ensure the stability of the rail line and prevent accidents by derailment. Here, the screening of dolerite quarry aggregates for use as railway foundation ballasts was investigated by employing simple digital image and chart methods. The average particle size (d ₅₀), flakiness index (FI), Los Angeles abrasion index (LAAI), sphericity (SPH) and roundness (RND) were determined for two batches of dolerite ballasts from the Rooikraal quarry in Johannesburg and Ngagane quarry in Newcastle. Thirty samples from each of the two batches of ballast were analysed. The ballasts were progressively abraded using a Los Angeles abrasion device and were analysed after each cycle of abrasion. A decrease in d ₅₀ and an increase in FI with increased number of abrasion cycles were observed for both batches of dolerite ballast. The difference in the chart and digital image values of RND and SPH were marginal before abrasion; however, these differences increased with each abrasion cycle. The LAAI, d ₅₀, mean RND and mean SPH correlated significantly and were found to have high regression coefficients. Thus, statistical models are proposed for the non-destructive routine screening of in-place ballasts in order to track marginal changes in aggregate shapes, facilitate ballast replacement programmes and avoid rail line instability.     

Relationship Between Permeability and Strain of Sandstone During the Process of Deformation and Failure

The permeability of the rock specimen during the process of deformation and failure is a dynamic evolution, and it relates with the growth and coalesces of micro-cracks within the rock. Although extensive researches have been conducted on the relationship between the stress–strain and the permeability, the deformation of the specimen should be taken into account for the evaluation of the permeability. In this study, experiments on the hydro-mechanical coupling of sandstone are carried out. Change of the permeability with the axial, lateral and volumetric strains is investigated. The experimental results show that the change of the permeability during the process of deformation and failure has apparent phases, and the evolution of the permeability is closely correlated with the strain. According to the experimental data, two kinds of empirical equations are fitted to better describe the relationship between the permeability and the strain. One is the polynomial equation used to simulate the phase of compression of rock specimens, the other is exponential equation used to simulate the rest of deformation phases. The obtained equations are just the empirical ones for the sandstone and are not for the universal application.     

Discussion of the Relationships Between the Gondwana and Eastern China Block: Paleomagnetic Constraints

The time when Gondwana finally formed is still debatable (Powell and Pisarevsky, 2002; Meert, 2003). Paleomagnetic data have demonstrated that the appar-ent polar wander paths (APWPs) for the main conti-nental blocks of Gondwana are in good agreement from Early Cambrian to at least 260 Ma under the widely accepted Gondwana fit (see Li & Powell, 2001, Fig. 6). This is especially the case for Australia and Africa, of which APWPs are best defined and near identical. This indicates that the main amalgamation of East Gondwana and African blocks has likely com-pleted since the Early Cambrian.     

Vertical Differential Structural Deformation of the Main Strike-slip Fault Zones in the Shunbei Area, Central Tarim Basin: Structural Characteristics, Deformation Mechanisms, and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Significance

Vertical differential structural deformation (VDSD), one of the most significant structural characteristics of strike-slip fault zones (SSFZs) in the Shunbei area, is crucial for understanding deformation in the SSFZ and its hydrocarbon accumulation significance. Based on drilling data and high-precision 3-D seismic data, we analyzed the geometric and kinematic characteristics of the SSFZs in the Shunbei area. Coupled with the stratification of the rock mechanism, the structural deformations of these SSFZs in different formations were differentiated and divided into four deformation layers. According to comprehensive structural interpretations and comparisons, three integrated 3-D structural models could describe the VDSD of these SSFZs. The time-space coupling of the material basis (rock mechanism stratification), changing dynamic conditions (e.g., changing stress-strain states), and special deformation mechanism of the en echelon normal fault array uniformly controlled the formation of the VDSD in the SSFZs of the Shunbei area. The VDSD of the SSFZs in this area controlled the entire hydrocarbon accumulation process. Multi-stage structural superimposing deformation influenced the hydrocarbon migration, accumulation, distribution, preservation, and secondary adjustments.     

Investigation into Relationships Between Cerchar Hardness Index and Some Mechanical Properties of Coal Measure Rocks

This paper examines the relationships between Cerchar hardness index (CHI) and some mechanical properties of coal measure rocks in Zonguldak Hard Coal Basin. Some index properties (Cerchar hardness index, Shore scleroscope hardness, in situ Schmidt rebound hardness and point load strength) and strength (uniaxial compressive strength and Brazilian tensile strength) properties of 29 sedimentary rock samples are determined. Then, relationships between (CHI) and strength as well as and some other index values are evaluated using statistical methods. Linear relationships are found between CHI and uniaxial compressive strength, Schmidt rebound hardness. Power relationships are determined between CHI and Shore scleroscope hardness, diametral point load strength, point load strength anisotropy index. Besides, CHI tests are performed by means of bits having tip angles of 99° and 125° and excellent linear relationships are identified between them.