四湖流域下垫面改变对排涝模数的影响

选取湖北省四湖流域螺山排区作为研究对象,利用经验公式法计算排涝模数,并分析水面率、水旱比、城市化和灌溉方式及其变化对排涝模数的影响。结果表明:排涝模数随着水旱比和水面率的增加而减小,而随着地面硬化率的增加而增大;水面率对排涝模数的影响大于水旱比和地面硬化率的影响;同水稻的传统灌溉相比,间歇灌溉下的排涝模数较小。由于下垫面条件的改变,在10年一遇3日暴雨的排涝标准下,该地区排涝模数由1994年的0.38m3/（s·km2）上升到2011年的0.46m3/（s·km2）,大约相当于1994年下垫面条件下的19年一遇3日暴雨的排涝标准。     

西藏高原灌区氮素迁移转化特性及模拟方法

针对西藏高原灌区的水文和氮素迁移转化特性,于2014年和2015年青稞种植期在西藏林芝市丹娘灌区测定了土壤-松散岩体介质中径向渗流和地表排水过程中的流量、氨氮和硝态氮浓度变化过程。发展了分段连续演算方法描述径向通量过程,基于集总式一阶动力学方法计算径向渗流及排水过程中氮素的转化过程,构建了西藏高原灌区水文及氮素迁移转化模型。结果表明:灌区径向通量分别占降雨量和灌水量的26.2%和40.9%。进入排水沟的NH₄+-N和NO₃--N通量分别占深层渗漏量的20.2%和25.1%。流量、NH₄+-N和NO₃--N浓度模拟结果的系统偏差、Nash-Sutcliffe系数、相对均方根误差和累积偏差分别为0.043、0.694、0.081和0.242,表明所提出的方法有效地模拟了西藏高原灌区水文及氮素的迁移、转化和入河过程。     

引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制与防控技术 ——以黄河三峡库区甘肃黑方台移民灌区为例

黄土是具有水敏性的特殊类土,遇水后性质发生明显变化,甚至引发地质灾害.甘肃黑方台地区由于引水灌溉引发的滑坡和黄土湿陷等灾害十分严重,也很典型,已成为地质灾害研究和工程实践的热点地区之一.针对引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制研究与防控技术中存在的问题,以黑方台地区为例,从灌溉水入渗引起的地下水动力场与黄土工程地质性质响应及其诱发的黄土滑坡和黄土湿陷灾害等方面开展了国际合作研究.研究表明,40余年引水灌溉导致台塬中心部位地下水位上升了20m,升幅为0.476m/a,导致滑坡灾害频发,平均每年发生3～4次,引起黄土湿陷总量达5.9m,非饱和黄土和湿陷系数小于0.015的黄土所引起的湿陷量达到2.16m,对黄土湿陷性研究提出新的挑战.灌区地质灾害风险防控的关键是改变灌溉模式,减少地下水补给,实施排水工程,有效地降低斜坡地带的地下水位.     

内蒙古河套灌区浅层地下水化学特征和灌溉适宜性分析

随着黄河流域水资源供需矛盾加剧,我国特大型灌区——内蒙古河套灌区开始采用黄河水与地下水相结合的方式进行农业灌溉。本研究采集河套灌区内499组地下水样品和1组黄河水样品,在分析地下水和黄河水样品的水化学特征基础上,运用钠吸附比(SAR)、渗透指数(PI)、钠含量(SC)和残余碳酸钠(RSC)以及《农田灌溉水质标准(GB 5084—2021)》对地下水和黄河水的灌溉适宜性进行对比分析。结果表明,地下水与黄河水均为弱碱性水,Ca²⁺和HC0₃^-为优势离子,Gibbs图显示地下水受到岩石风化淋溶和蒸发浓缩的双重影响,对灌溉适宜性影响较大的钠盐主要来自岩盐溶解。灌溉适宜性分析结果表明,从SAR、PI和RSC指标来看,地下水的灌溉适宜性较好,从SC指标来看,不适宜灌溉的地下水主要分布在灌区北部总排干和灌区南部黄河沿岸;根据农田灌溉水质标准分析,除总砷和氯化物两项指标外,其余指标适宜灌溉样品占比均高于90%,综合评价全区共231组地下水样品适宜灌溉。地下水与黄河水灌溉适宜性对比表明,黄河水的SAR和SC指标灌溉适宜性分析结果较好,地下水的PI和RSC指标灌溉适宜性分析结果较好,根据灌溉水质标准显示黄河水所有指标均适宜灌溉。本研究为日后内蒙古河套灌区合理选用灌溉水源提供数据支撑,为该区域地下水的治理与防控提供科学依据。     

灌溉诱发型滑坡风险控制关键技术

长期灌溉引起地下水位上升诱发滑坡发生是灌溉诱发型滑坡的基本特征,有效控制地下水位是灌溉诱发型滑坡风险管理的根本措施.通过灌溉量控制、竖向混合孔疏排水、水平疏排水3种排水措施,可以实现灌溉诱发型滑坡的风险控制.采用数值模拟的手段,计算了不同灌溉量下地下水动力场及其对应的台塬斜坡稳定性,模拟了不同布井方式下的竖向混合井疏排地下水的效果,结果表明,灌溉量控制在350×10 4m3/a以下可实现滑坡风险控制,竖向混合排水井间距为40m时可提高单体斜坡的稳定性.统筹考虑各种因素,提出了以控制灌溉量为主,辅以竖向混合孔排水和水平排水的黑方台灌区滑坡的风险控制措施.     

Salt and nitrate exports from the sprinkler-irrigated Malfarás creek watershed (Ebro river valley,Spain) during 2010

Irrigated agriculture is a clear source of non-point pollution by salts and nitrogen species. The impact of such pollution should be quantified according to specific cases. The case of the Malfarás creek basin, a sprinkler irrigation district located in the semiarid Ebro valley in northeast Spain, has been evaluated. The main crops in the district were corn, barley and alfalfa, occupying 93 % of the irrigated area. The fate of water, salts and nutrients was evaluated by a daily water balance developed at a field scale for the natural year 2010. The yearly data of the whole set of 101 irrigated fields plus the non-irrigated area compared to the measured drainage produced a basin water balance with a low degree of error. The basin consumed 90 % of the total water input of which 68 % was used for crop evapotranspiration and the rest was lost due to non-productive uses. 16 % of the incoming water left the irrigation area as drainage water. The irrigated area was responsible for 87 % of the drainage. The average volume of drained water was 152 mm year^?1 for the whole basin area. The irrigated area drained 183 mm year^?1. The basin exported 473 kg of salt per hectare during 2010. This value was the lowest of the sprinkler irrigation areas in the Ebro valley, mainly due to the lower soil salinity. All the crops except barley received a nitrogen surplus of 10–50 % above their needs. The extra nitrogen entered the water cycle increasing the nitrate concentration in the aquifer water (150 mg L^?1) and drainage water (98 mg L^?1). In 2010 the mass of nitrogen exported by drainage was 49 kg per irrigated hectare. This value is too high for this type of irrigation system and implies that 17 % of nitrogen applied as a fertilizer was lost to drainage water. The key to decreasing the nitrogen leaching and pollution that it causes could be appropriate time-controlled fertigation along with better irrigation scheduling.     

土壤盐渍化与竖井排灌关系研究

以新疆地区为例，分析了该区土壤盐溃化的形成过程、类型及土壤盐渍化的原因。气候、土壤类型以及人为因素是土壤盐渍化形成的主要原因。以塔里木河流域实施竖井排灌工程的成功实例，证明竖井排灌效果。通过对竖井排灌作用机理分析及其与土壤盐渍化的关系研究，论证了在新疆地区采取竖井排灌工程的可行性和必要性。提出竖井排灌和明渠排水相结合的灌溉方式，作到合理开发利用水资源，改善生态环境。     

新疆塔里木灌区水盐问题研究

土壤盐碱化和次生盐渍化是威胁塔里木灌区农业生产的主要因素之一。作者主要以水田向水盐平衡为指导分析了塔里木灌区当前水土资源利用方式下的灌区田间尺度的盐分动态、灌区尺度的盐碱化趋势及影响因素以及农田排水的解决对策,估算了地下水临界深度及灌排比,初步探讨了当前节水农业条件下灌区所可能存在的主要问题。文中最后强调:理论上应加强对灌区作物需水研究及水盐运移与聚集规律,特别是节水条件下的根区土壤盐分平衡问题研究;实践中通过完善灌排管理、提高常规灌溉技术的灌溉效率,逐步进行种植业的结构调整,是塔里木灌区灌溉农业持续发展的基础。     

Topic 4: Impact of protective drainage works and irrigation on groundwater

By the twenty-first century, the world population will be 9 billion, double its present total. This raises significant questions regarding the ability to feed, clothe, and shelter this population and at what cost to the earth, especially to groundwater quality. Various studies continue on the effects of drainage works and irrigation on groundwater, some of the results of which are reported in this Symposium.     

内蒙古临河区地下水补径排特征及动态变化规律

查明地下水的补给、径流、排泄特征及动态变化规律,可为地下水资源开发与保护提供科学依据。通过长期观测内蒙古临河区地下水变化,综合研究前人资料,分析该区地下水补给、径流和排泄特征及动态变化规律。该区属于河套灌区,人类灌溉活动对地下水的补给占全部补给量的65.5%; 人工开采及排干沟排泄等人为因素排泄占排泄总量的67.7%。通过分析该区年内地下水动态变化趋势,认为该区灌溉区地下水位动态与灌溉活动一致,城区地下水位动态主要受人工开采活动影响。     

防治土壤盐碱化最优灌排模型

将作物临界土壤含盐量和地下水临界埋深等概念应用于防治灌区土壤盐碱化最优规划,提出了非线性规划最优灌排模型.以新疆巩留县团结灌区灌排工程为实例,求解了不同年型(P=20%、50%、75%、95%)的防治土壤盐碱化灌排优化决策,求得的灌排水量、淋洗水量、作物生长季节土壤盐分动态变化及地下水位年内调控过程等结果,与灌区实际情况拟合较好.     

Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley,California

Tritium records were used to study hydrologic processes associated with irrigation and drainage in the Imperial Valley, a 2000-km² agricultural area in the southeastern California desert. Tritium was analyzed in surface water, ground water, soil-pore water and drain water, and the results were compared to the historical record of tritium in the Colorado River. The Colorado River record was reconstructed using a simple reservoir model and precipitation data in the Colorado River Basin for the period prior to 1965, and from continuous measurements in the river for 1965–1988. This historical record is especially useful in the arid Imperial Valley because recent agricultural development has been entirely dependent on irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River and local recharge is negligible.Results indicate that it takes about 5 a for irrigation drainage to move through the soil to a depth of 2–3 m. Drainwaters have a wide range in tritium concentrations because of varying degrees of influence from ground-water intrusion, and from rapid percolation of irrigation through preferred pathways. The net result is that drainwater from about 40 fields had a range in tritium concentration similar to that of the Colorado River over the last 9 a (1980–1988), a period during which tritium concentration was declining about 15% annually in the river.     

Modeling stream-aquifer interactions in a shallow aquifer, Choele Choel Island, Patagonia, Argentina

A groundwater/surface-water interaction model was developed for the shallow alluvial aquifer of the Choele Choel Island in Patagonia, Argentina. In this semiarid climate, agriculture is sustained by an irrigation/drainage system. During the irrigation season, seepage losses through unlined distribution canals in irrigated fields contribute to elevated groundwater levels, jeopardizing fruit productivity in some areas. Moreover, high stream stages during the irrigation season interfere with groundwater drainage. The model utilized MODFLOW and its stream package, and was successfully calibrated for a historical irrigation season. Modeling results indicate that drainage through streams is significantly higher than drainage through artificial drains. The stream/aquifer relationship proved very responsive to water table rises caused by irrigation. This response manifested as changes in the gaining/losing character of stream reaches. A synthetic run aimed at isolating the effect of streamflow changes on groundwater levels showed that the effect of higher streamflows dissipates toward the interior of the island, disappearing completely at the island center. Even though some results were qualitative, the model helped to provide a better understanding of the coupled system to elucidate some of the causes of a rising water table on the island.

矿井水污染的地表水灌溉入渗过程中的水岩作用

分析了污水灌溉对地下水化学环境影响的研究现状, 以淄博煤矿区矿井水污染的孝妇河水进行灌溉的区域为例, 利用土柱实验研究煤矿矿井水污染的地表水灌溉入渗过程中的水岩作用。结果表明, 灌溉水入渗过程中发生可溶盐的溶解及离子交换等水岩作用, 而且在灌溉的初期主要表现为溶解作用, 而后以离子交换作用为主。溶解作用的速率, 在污水入渗初期大, 而后逐渐减小, 直至趋于零。      

Impact of irrigation in Barind Area,NW Bangladesh — An evaluation based on the meteorological parameters and fluctuation trend in groundwater table

The Barind Integrated Area Development Project (BIADP), NW Bangladesh launched in late eighties of last century boosted cropping intensity from 117% in pre-BIADP to about 200% at present. Increasing trend of rainfall for the period 1980–2006 in the southern portion had a positive impact on BIADP, but in the northeastern part, reverse trend is indicated. The groundwater outflow from the central part following the surface gradient is indicative of effluent drainage characteristics. Although rainfall has increased in the southern part, there has been progressive decline in groundwater level due to increase in irrigation demand. In the northern part there has been decline in groundwater level due to less resource potential. The PET, ET_crops and net irrigation requirement generally has decreased from pre- to post-Project implementation stages and rainwater has been the supplementary irrigation resource and thus dependency on groundwater has been reduced with exception in northwestern part. While the southern part is marching towards humid condition, north is creeping towards semi-aridity. Proper groundwater resource management with ecological balance is warranted for the sustainability of BIADP.     

Drought as an agri-environmental determinant of irrigation land: the case of Bardenas (Spain)

Irrigated agriculture is causing certain deterioration of the quality of rivers and aquifers. The objective of this study is to analyse the agri-environmental repercussions caused by climatic changes in a typical irrigated land in the Ebro valley (Spain). The irrigation efficiency and agri-environmental impact in a basin of irrigated land (95 ha) were compared for two hydrological years with different pluviometry [October 2000/September 2001 (526 mm/year) vs. October 2004/September 2005 (211 mm/year)]. For this end, water balances were carried out in every plot and the quantity and quality (salinity and nitrates) of the water circulating through the drainage of the basin were gauged. The results indicate that in 2004/2005 farmers adjusted the irrigation doses better on each irrigation occasion, thus diminishing the fraction of drainage of the same (50% vs. 31%) and increasing the consumptive water use efficiency (56% vs. 79%). Nevertheless, the drought of 2004/2005 determined inappropriate irrigation management as the crops suffered a greater hydric deficit (3% vs. 23%). In 2004/2005, drainage waters presented higher electric conductivity (0.92 dS/m vs. 0.94 dS/m) and smaller nitrate concentration (96 mg/l vs. 74 mg/l). Last year, 55, 54 and 65% less of water, salts and N–NO₃⁻, respectively, were exported in the drainage. The lesser environmental impact in the year 2004/2005 was influenced by more appropriate use of water and agrichemical resources. Nevertheless, it is necessary to continue optimizing agricultural practices, mainly irrigation and fertilization, in order to minimize nitrate pollution and to confront years of drought.     

略论水资源系统的混合模型

大系统优化的关键在于模型的降维.混合模型可看作为一种降维方法,它通过把整个系统分解为联系比较松散的几个子系统,达到降维目的.从理论上对这类模型的建模原则、优化技术及其分类和特点进行了归纳和总结,说明了在多目标复杂水资源系统和排灌系统中这种混合模型的应用是十分有效的.     

灌溉水利用效率随尺度变化规律分布式模拟

为评价农田灌溉水利用状况并揭示灌溉水利用效率的尺度变化规律,应用改进的分布式水文模型(SWAT)模拟了漳河灌区三干渠灌域的水循环过程和作物产量。以子流域嵌套方式将研究区划分为9个尺度来计算灌溉水利用效率指标,并分析其随尺度变化的特征及原因。结果表明,灌溉水分生产率受降雨、气候条件的时空分布特征影响较大,而且随尺度增大明显,其尺度关系可以近似应用幂函数描述,函数的形式和参数与分形思想接近。排水率在中等尺度上的数值最大,但随尺度变化不显著。因此,在一定精度条件下,灌溉水分生产率的尺度转换模式可以尝试应用幂函数形式。漳河灌区在中等尺度上的节水潜力最大。     

非充分灌溉制度设计优化模型

研究了缺水地区冬小麦灌溉问题.分析了作物模型,作物水分影响函数,并以农作物产量最大为目标,提出了非充分灌溉制度优化设计二维动态规划模型和相应的动态规划逐次逼近(DPSA)求解方法.针对山东省临沂市小埠东灌区的实际情况进行研究,求得了冬小麦三个典型年不同供水水平的最优灌溉制度、排水过程及相应产量.实例表明,模型及方法是合理的.     

淄博煤矿矿坑排水对地表水体的污染及对地下水水质影响的研究

以山东淄博煤田富硫煤（w（St＞2％）煤矿作为典型研究区,阐述了由于直接排放酸性、高SO4离子、高硬度和较高矿化度（TDS）的矿坑水导致的地表水体及地下水的污染。研究区内地表水体的水质主要受控于矿坑排水的质量,区内主要河流、水库已被污染。引用这种受污染的地表水进行灌溉,会引起浅层地下水的严重污染,并影响到饮用此类地下水的人们的身体健康。为揭示污水灌溉过程中水-岩相互作用及地下水污染的机理,进行了现场土柱模拟实验,分别模拟了污水灌溉和降水入渗过程。实验结果表明,污水灌溉过程中SO4-不会被吸附,也不会产生沉淀,因此,污水灌溉是污灌区地下水受污染的主要原因。降水入渗实验表明,污灌区土壤中的SO4-,Ca2+和Mg2+,也可以通过降水淋滤进入地下水,这是污灌区地下水受污染的另一条途径。就对水环境的影响而言,酸性煤矿矿坑排水的环境效应是负面的,应予以高度重视。