娘子关泉域降水补给的时滞研究

针对娘子关泉域降水补给的时滞问题展开研究,根据泉域水文地质条件的灰色系统特征,提出了带有时滞的灰色关联分析模型,并运用该模型对泉域不同区域的降水量与泉水流量进行了时滞分析,结果表明,娘子关泉域不同区域的降水对娘子关泉的补给时滞存在差异,位于中间主流带的阳泉市、平定、盂县、昔阳与和顺的降水时滞为2年;位于西南、西北径流区边缘的寿阳和左权的降水时滞为4年。      

娘子关泉域西部边界研究

娘子关泉是我国北方最大的泉,通过对遥感图像的解译分析,重新划定了泉域的边界,从构造条件、水力条件,水化学条件、岩溶发育特征等方面论证了娘子关泉域西部边界为透水边界;并计算出东山岩溶水系统对娘子关泉的补给量为１．２８ｍ＾３／ｓ。     

娘子关泉水流量的GM(1,2)时滞预测模型

娘子关泉位于山西省阳泉市平定娘子关附近,多年平均流量10. 93m3 /s,是我国北方最大的岩溶泉群。泉域西高东低,西部多为古生界二叠系、中生界三叠系砂页岩覆盖,大气降水入渗在这里形成浅层地下水,这些浅层水是深层岩溶含水层的间接补给水源; 泉域东部为岩溶裸露区,大气降水直接入渗补给深层岩溶水。由于岩溶泉域地质结构的复杂性和含水介质的多重性,泉域降水对泉水补给具有明显的灰色动态特征和时滞效应。本文应用灰色系统理论方法,建立了GM( 1, 2) 时滞模型,运用该模型对娘子关泉水流量进行了预测,结果与实际相接近。      

优化技术在娘子关泉域岩溶地下水开采资源量评价与管理中的应用

我国北方岩溶地下水，多数是以泉域水资源系统为单元进行循环的，各岩溶地下水系统以规模大、系统结构复杂为典型特征。在岩溶地下水开发利用过程中，如何兼顾各开采水源地的开采量、井采与泉水流量问等关系，以避免出现水文地质环境问题，是多年来水文地质界一直关注的问题。本文将水资源系统与供水系统相结合，采用优化技术建立了娘子关泉域岩溶地下水评价管理模型，以此为基础提出了多种开发方案，为类似地区的地下水评价与开发管理提供范例。     

兰村泉域地下水污染原因及可持续开发利用对策研究

为确保兰村泉域地下水资源的可持续开发利用,在现场踏勘及有关资料分析的基础上,对泉域地下水污染原因进行了研究。结果表明,兰村泉域地下水污染与以下因素有关:(1)污染物入渗;(2)地下水开采;(3)水环境化学条件变化;(4)部分地区地下水原生本底值异常。提出了泉域地下水可持续开发利用对策。研究成果为兰村泉域地下水资源保护与管理提供科学依据。     

煤矿开采对娘子关泉域岩溶地下水水质的影响分析

娘子关泉域内煤系地层分布面积近4 500 km2,占泉域总面积的60%以上,由于煤矿长期、大规模的开采对泉域岩溶地下水水质造成了较大的影响。分析煤矿采煤期间和闭坑后两种情况下矿坑水对岩溶水水质的影响及其污染途径。认为:煤矿开采期间,煤层及周围地层中有硫铁矿发生氧化及水解反应,矿坑水中硫酸根离子、总硬度、矿化度含量均比天然地下水高,煤矿关闭后会在矿坑内形成老窖水,造成严重污水环境问题,对此应足够重视,治理污染,保护娘子关泉域地下水。     

滏阳河上游岩溶水的开发利用及其对环境的影响

分析了滏阳河上游黑龙洞泉域地下水水资源补给成因，以及大量开采岩溶水对水量、水质及周边环境的影响。黑龙洞泉域地下水补给成因主要包括近3年降水和部分河渠渗漏。泉域上游开采量的不断增大造成泉群溢出量逐年减少，并对周边生态环境和人民生活产生了一定影响。     

山西娘子关泉域水资源管理保护区划分

本文从岩溶水资源科学管理的观点出发,根据娘子关泉域岩溶水贮存、循环条件及由于人类活动带来的水环境影响的不同,以区域水环境自净能力、覆盖层的隔污能力及岩溶含水层的环境容量为依据,综合考虑泉域区的工业布局、社会和国民经济发展规划等多种因素,将娘子关泉域划为三级水资源管理保护区,使泉域水资源管理更科学化、合理化,使有限的泉域水资源创造最大的社会、经济效益和最佳生态水环境      

娘子关泉域岩溶水脆弱性模糊综合评价

地下水脆弱性评价是区域地下水资源管理和保护的重要手段之一,针对娘子关泉域岩溶水的特殊性,基于欧洲脆弱性评价方法,选择包气带厚度、入渗补给量、包气带岩性、岩溶含水层的导水性能(泉水响应)四个因子,采用模糊综合评价法评价地下水脆弱性,并且绘制地下水脆弱性分区图。评价结果表明,极易污染区主要分布在娘子关泉群出露的地区,即泉源处;极难污染区主要分布在盂县—阳泉—平定—昔阳—和顺一带以西地区,寿阳县大部分地区。评价结果在合理制定保护娘子关泉域方面具有一定的参考价值。     

娘子关泉域岩溶水SO42-、δ34S特征及其环境意义

在分析区域地质、水文地质条件及水化学同位素的基础上,研究了山西娘子关泉域岩溶水的SO42-、硫同位素分布特征。研究表明:（1）泉域西北、西南地区岩溶水的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（2）泉域中部汇流区岩溶水的SO42-含量高而δ34S值低,其中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,这是因为温河、桃河及南川河沿岸的岩溶水接受了被矿坑水污染的河水的渗漏补给以及部分地区受到钻孔串层污染;（3）娘子关泉群中城西泉水中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,而五龙泉和集泉站水中的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（4）泉域东北部及东部河流沿岸以外的地区,岩溶水中的SO42-主要来源于大气降水、石膏溶解,并受到所处地层岩性的影响。      

海口红黏土的结构性本构模型研究

土体结构性的数学模型是21世纪土力学的核心问题。由于土体微观结构的变化造成了重塑土与原状土的力学特性上的差异。采用应变型和应力型结构性宏观参数来表征这种微观结构的变化,同时将应变性结构性参数引入到等向固结过程中去,用以描述常规三轴试验中剪切前的等向固结过程以及剪切时球应力对结构性土体的影响。实现应变型和应力型结构性宏观参数对整个三轴剪切过程的描述。修正剑桥模型对正常固结重塑黏土的三轴压缩试验能做出准确地描述,但对超固结黏土及原状土,即具有结构地土体,则不能给出准确地描述。将应变型和应力型结构性宏观参数引入到修正剑桥模型中,实现修正剑桥模型的结构化。该结构性修正剑桥模型参数的确定方法与常规修正剑桥模型参数的确定方法相差不多,只不过多了球应力与土体结构性体应变的关系式、偏应力与土体结构性广义剪应变的关系式。经过数值模拟比较,结构性修正的剑桥模型能较好地反映原状土的结构性演化过程,能描述原状土结构的整个破坏过程,在多种应力路径下具有很好的预测作用。     

Structural elements of the sedimentary cover in the Deryugin Basin of the Sea of Okhotsk

A map of the tectonic zoning of the sedimentary cover in the Deryugin Basin area was constructed based on the structural data. For this purpose, a structural-tectonic map of the sedimentary cover was compiled using CDP seismic reflection and gravimetry data. Depending on the size, spatial position, and orientation, the structural elements of different orders were grouped into tectonic systems. The latters were subdivided into structural zones consisting of higher order structural elements in the form of relative rises and troughs. The corresponding maps and schemes are also presented in this paper.     

Application of airborne LiDAR data and airborne multispectral imagery to structural mapping of the upper section of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus

Structural maps are traditionally produced by mapping features such as faults, folds, fabrics, fractures and joints in the field. However, large map areas and the spatially limited ground perspective of the field geologist can potentially increase the likelihood that not all structural features will be identified within a given area. The ability to recognise and map both local and regional structural features using high-resolution remote sensing data provides an opportunity to complement field-based mapping to help generate more comprehensive structural maps. Nonetheless, vegetation cover can adversely affect the extraction of structural information from remotely sensed data as it can mask the appearance of subtle spectral and geomorphological features that correspond to geological structures. This study investigates the utility of airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data and airborne multispectral imagery for detailed structural mapping in vegetated ophiolitic rocks and sedimentary cover of a section of the northern Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Visual enhancement techniques were applied to a 4-m airborne LiDAR digital terrain model and 4-m airborne multispectral imagery to assist the generation of structural lineament maps. Despite widespread vegetation cover, dykes and faults were recognisable as lineaments in both data sets, and the predominant strike trends of lineaments in all resulting maps were found to be in agreement with field-based structural data. Interestingly, prior to fieldwork, most lineaments were assumed to be faults, but were ground-verified as dykes instead, emphasising the importance of ground-truthing. Dyke and fault trends documented in this study define a pervasive structural fabric in the upper Troodos ophiolite that reflects the original sea-floor spreading history in the Larnaca graben. This structural fabric has not previously been observed in such detail and is likely to be continuous in adjacent regions under sedimentary cover. This information may be useful to future exploration efforts in the region focused on identification of structurally controlled mineral and groundwater resources. Overall, our case study highlights the efficacy of airborne LiDAR data and airborne multispectral imagery for extracting detailed and accurate structural information in hard-rock terrain to help complement field-based mapping.     

Structural paragenesises of the flysch complexes in the central part of the Uralian Foredeep

The structural features of the Upper Paleozoic flysch formations in the central part of the Cis-Uralian Foredeep were studied. Three types of structural paragenesises typical of thrust zones were distinguished. Among them are west vergent inclined folds and overfolds that pass into recumbent folds near a fault plane, structured tectonic melange, local thrusts, schistosity zones, and flat slipping planes. The various structural elements extend from northwest to northeast, due to the structural heterogeneity of the allochthon, approximately parallel to the strike of the Karantrav thrust.     

Estimation of structural vulnerability for flooding using geospatial tools in the rural area of Orissa,India

Vulnerability assessment of natural disasters is a crucial input for risk assessment and management. In the light of increasing frequency of disasters, societies must become more disaster resilient. This research tries to contribute to this aim. For risk assessment, insight is needed into the hazard, the elements at risk and their vulnerabilities. This study focused on the estimation of structural vulnerability due to flood for a number of structural elements at risk in the rural area of Orissa, India (Kendrapara), using a community-based approach together with geospatial analysis tools. Sixty-three households were interviewed about the 2003 floods in 11 villages and 166 elements at risk (buildings) were identified. Two main structural types were identified in the study area, and their vulnerability curves were made by plotting the relationships between flood depth and vulnerability for each structural type. The vulnerability ranges from 0 (no damage) to 1 (collapse/total damage). Structural type-1 is characterized by mud wall/floor material and a roof of paddy straw, and structural type-2 is characterized by reinforced cement concrete (RCC) walls/floor and a RCC roof. The results indicate that structural type-1 is most vulnerable for flooding. Besides flood depth, flood duration is also of major importance. Houses from structural type-1 were totally collapsed after 3 days of inundation. Damage of the houses of structural type-2 began after 10 days of inundation.     

塔里木盆地塘古巴斯坳陷玛东构造带断裂特征及成因探讨

塘古巴斯坳陷是塔里木盆地油气勘探的重要接替区,初步研究显示玛东构造带具有良好的油气远景,但是构造研究相对薄弱,制约了下一步的油气勘探。本文利用最新的钻井和地震资料解释成果,对塘古巴斯坳陷玛东构造带断裂构造的几何学和运动学特征进行了分析,并探讨了断裂差异演化的成因机制。结果表明,玛东构造带纵向上以中寒武统阿瓦塔格组膏盐岩为界,形成盐下基底卷入逆冲断裂和盐上盖层滑脱逆冲断裂两套变形系统;横向上从南向北,划分为3个构造段,且断裂组合样式逐渐复杂。构造带南段、中段和北段断裂主要活动期分别为志留纪–泥盆纪、中奥陶世末–二叠纪以及晚奥陶世中期–泥盆纪,断裂活动具有中段早、两端晚以及中间延续时间长、两端延续时间短的特征。不同构造段地层缩短量和缩短率反映,构造带北段在志留纪–泥盆纪缩短作用最强,构造带中段和南段则在晚奥陶世缩短作用最强,断裂活动性整体具有由北东往南西减弱的规律。玛东构造带差异构造变形受多重因素控制,包括:基底断裂的控制作用、古隆起的隆升阻挡作用、构造应力场的叠加作用、盐岩层系的调节作用和区域构造的反转作用。     

含结构面相似材料水力裂缝演化的实验研究

结构面广泛赋存于煤系中,是影响煤岩水力压裂效果的关键因素之一。调节结构面制作时间和充填材料类型,制作不同结构面类型的煤岩试件,并开展水力压裂物理实验,探究结构面类型与注入流量对水力裂缝延伸的影响及作用机制。结果表明：当注入流量为50 mL/min时,纯样试件(无结构面)的破裂压力高于含结构面试件的破裂压力,延时结构面制备间隔时间对试件破裂压力的影响很弱,调整结构面的充填材料后试件破裂压力最大降低28.79%;随着注入流量的提高,充填材料为云母,水泥试件破裂压力、声发射振铃计数峰值增大,压力上升阶段的持续时间显著缩短,水力裂缝在结构面处的延伸模式由沿结构面延伸逐渐转向沿最大主应力方向延伸。结构面类型与注入流量对水力裂缝在结构面处延伸模式的影响,主要是由于改变了水力裂缝延伸至结构面时结构面上的应力状况,可以通过理论分析预测水力裂缝与结构面的交叉延伸模式,根据结构面上应力状况,通过调节注入流量调整水力裂缝的延伸方向。     

基于灰色模糊模型的塔山煤矿构造复杂程度定量评价

为实现大同煤田塔山煤矿构造复杂程度的定性-定量综合分析和分区评价,本次研究充分收集研究区钻孔实测数据和井田详查和勘探阶段的区调资料,以及各煤层采掘工程平面图,统计了研究区近百条褶皱和断裂构造产状、落差和延伸长度等参数,绘制了研究区构造纲要图.厘定了断层密度、断层强度、断层影响指数和褶皱的平面变形系数4个构造评价指标,应...     

北黄海盆地构造变形及动力学演化过程

以北黄海盆地构造几何学、运动学特征为基础,探讨了北黄海盆地的构造变形样式及动力学演化过程。研究表明,北黄海盆地的构造变形包括伸展构造变形、挤压构造变形、扭动构造变形以及反转构造变形等,北黄海盆地发育的区域动力学背景即是以区域拉伸作用为主、且叠加有水平挤压作用以及相关的扭动作用,并由此导致了北黄海盆地是以一系列地堑、半地堑式坳陷组成的拉张断陷盆地;北黄海盆地的伸展、挤压与升降作用受控于板块相互作用引起的区域引张与挤压应力场并辅以深部软流圈的微弱上拱隆起作用,其动力学演化过程包括晚侏罗世—早白垩世伸展断陷、晚白垩世—古新世热隆、始新世—渐新世裂陷、渐新世末期—新近纪早期构造反转以及新近纪热沉降等5个阶段。     

孔隙水压力对锯齿状结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响

为探究孔隙水压对岩体结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响,自主研制了结构面一体化制作模具和多功能剪切流变仪,开展了孔隙水压力下锯齿状结构面的剪切蠕变试验,分析了孔隙水压对结构面蠕变变形、蠕变速率和长期强度的影响。试验结果表明：不同孔隙水压力下的结构面先后经历了瞬时变形阶段、减速蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段,并且孔隙水压力的增大促进了结构面非线性特征的发展;随着孔隙水压力的增大,结构面瞬时位移、蠕变位移和稳态蠕变速率逐渐增大,而蠕变时长、破坏应力和长期强度均呈现明显降低的趋势。根据试验结果,考虑孔隙水压力对模型参数的影响,将蠕变模型中的瞬时剪切模量、黏性剪切模量以及黏性系数替换为孔隙水压力的函数,构建了能够反映孔隙水压力影响的结构面蠕变模型,并对模型参数进行辨识,将试验曲线和理论模型曲线进行对比,验证了模型的正确性和适用性。研究成果对富水区岩体长期稳定性分析提供一定的理论指导。