结构性黄土的剪切带及强度特性的真三轴试验研究

采用西安理工大学自主研发的真三轴仪,对西安白鹿原黄土进行了不同中主应力比值、不同固结围压的试验研究,探讨了黄土剪切带形成与峰值强度、中主应变与大主应变关系曲线、体应变与大主应变关系曲线特征点之间的联系以及子午平面、 平面上的强度变化规律。分析了真三轴应力条件下黄土强度变形规律和试样剪切带破坏模式和黄土在复杂应力状态下剪切带形成的判断依据和原因,研究表明,真三轴压缩原状黄土具有明显的剪切带,围压和中主应力比值较小时表现为软化,围压和中主应力比值较大时则表现为硬化;中主应变、体应变与大主应变关系曲线较为一致的转折点反映了土变形性状发生变化;与中主应变方向一致的剪切带两侧土结构块体产生相对滑移,剪切带开始形成和发展;土应变曲线的转折点可以作为土固结结构内剪切带形成的判断依据;子午平面上强度线呈线性变化规律, 平面上呈曲边三角形非线性变化规律,并且与 -SMP强度准则较为接近。不同应力条件下剪切带变化复杂的破坏模式与黄土原生的结构特征和加载共同作用的变化有密切联系。     

大理岩常规三轴压缩下强度和变形特性的试验研究

通过在伺服试验机上对中、粗颗粒大理岩进行常规三轴试验,基于试验结果,研究了两种颗粒大理岩的强度和变形特性。结果表明,低围压时岩样内部材料并未均匀化,岩石表现为应变软化特性;而高围压时岩样内部材料强度由低到高逐渐屈服,变形趋于均匀,岩石出现塑性流动特性。岩石的峰值应变与围压显著成正线性关系;中颗粒和粗颗粒岩样之间确实存在差异,但内摩擦系数可以表征材料力学性质,与粒径没有关系;岩石残余强度对围压的敏感性显著高于峰值强度。     

Stress‐dependent hardening and failure surfaces of dry sand

During several triaxial compression experiments on plastic hardening, softening, and failure properties of dense sand specimens, it was found on various stress paths that the size of the failure surface was not constant. Instead, it changed depending on the current state of hydrostatic pressure. This finding is in contrast to the standard opinion consisting of the fact that the failure surface remains constant, once it has been reached during an experiment or in situ. In general, the behaviour of cohesionless granular‐material‐like sand is somehow characterised in between fluid and solid, where the solid behaviour results from the angle of internal friction and the confining pressure. Although the friction angle is an intrinsic material property, the confining pressure varies with the boundary conditions, thus defining different solid properties like plastic hardening, softening, and also failure. Based on our findings, it was the goal of the present contribution to introduce an improved setting for the plastic strain hardening and softening behaviour including the newly found yield properties at the limit state. For the identification of the material parameters, a complete triaxial experimental analysis of the tested sand is given. The overall elasto‐plasticity concept is validated by numerical computations of several laboratory foundation‐ and slope‐failure experiments. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with the standard concept of a constant failure surface, where the corresponding yield surfaces are understood as contours of equivalent plastic work or plastic strain. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strength of two structured soils in triaxial compression

Oil sands are dense granular materials with interlocked structure and clay shales are heavily overconsolidated clays. They are classified as structured soil or weak rock, exhibiting high peak strength with severe softening and dilation, particularly at low confining stress. The triaxial compression test results indicate that both materials yield linear Mohr–Coulomb envelopes with an apparent cohesion for peak and residual strengths. However, the strength components mobilized from these two materials are very different. This paper investigates if these strength parameters are intrinsic properties or responses derived in triaxial compression conditions. Computer tomography scanning technique is used to aid in examining the micro‐structural features of the sheared specimens such as shear banding pattern, shear band thickness, spatial porosity distributions inside and outside shear bands. These micro‐structural features are used to explain the macro‐deformation response observed in the triaxial compression tests. Mobilization of strength components derived from interlocked structure, cementation, dilation, rolling and critical state are analysed for pre‐, post‐peak softening and residual stages. It is found that the empirical correlation such as Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion based on triaxial compression test results does not necessarily reflect the intrinsic properties of the test materials. Testing conditions are embedded in the empirical correlation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large stress reversals in true triaxial tests on cross‐anisotropic sand

The results of a series of true triaxial tests with stress paths involving large reversals under 3D conditions are presented. These tests were performed on medium dense Santa Monica Beach sand to provide experimental evidence for the rotational kinematic hardening hypothesis presented in a companion paper and to provide stress–strain and volume change relations for experiments with 3D stress paths and large stress reversals to be predicted by the rotational kinematic hardening model. The experimental equipment and the testing procedures are briefly explained followed by a presentation of the experimental results and their sensitivity to unknown causes as well as effects of cross‐anisotropy on the sand behavior. The stress paths are presented in a σ₃′‐plane and in an octahedral plane and the directions of experimental strain increment vectors are compared with those obtained from the rotational kinematic hardening model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同节理粗糙度类岩石材料三轴压缩力学特性试验研究

粗糙度是影响节理岩体强度与变形特性的重要因素之一。首先使用3D 打印机制作模具,并浇筑形成不同粗糙度（节理粗糙度系数JRC=2、7、12、17、22）的节理岩石试样。采用GCTS高温高压动静岩石三轴试验系统,对含有不同粗糙度节理岩石试样进行了三轴压缩试验,获得了不同粗糙度节理岩石试样的三轴应力–应变曲线,分析了JRC对岩石三轴强度和变形特性的影响规律,在三轴加载过程中采用声发射测试系统,分析了不同粗糙度节理岩石试样的声发射特性。运用数字三维视频显微系统观察节理面形态,讨论了不同围压下节理岩石试样峰值强度与JRC之间的关系。研究结果表明,节理面的存在直接导致节理岩石试样强度的大幅度降低,JRC对岩石破坏裂纹的形态、数量和空间分布特征亦有很大的影响,随着JRC值的增大,岩石节理面的抗剪强度增大,岩石试样的三轴抗压强度也会增大,岩石试样由脆性破坏转变为延性破坏。     

基于应变空间硅藻质软岩的软化本构模型

三轴试验结果表明,软岩具有显著的应变软化特征。正常固结软岩表现为峰值后较缓的软化特征,而超固结软岩峰值强度后的应力-应变曲线呈陡降软化特征。应变空间表述的弹塑性理论在解决大应变和软化问题时比应力空间表述的弹塑性理论更具有优越性。基于应变空间的基本的弹塑性本构方程式,采用Mises剪切屈服准则及相关联流动法则,导出固结不排水三轴条件下的应力-应变本构关系式,并采用不同的硬化函数表达式对软岩在不同围压下的应力-应变曲线进行数值模拟。结果表明,应变空间的弹塑性理论能较好地模拟软岩应变软化特征,其中硬化函数的确定是关键问题之一。通过研究,提出了用于固结不排水状态下正常固结软岩的硬化函数形式。     

人工制备结构性黄土的真三轴试验研究

研制一种室内制备人工结构性黄土的方法,在改进原真三轴仪的不足的基础上进行人工制备结构性黄土的真三轴试验研究。结果表明,人工制备结构性黄土的方法合理可靠。同时,分析了结构性黄土在复杂应力条件下的破坏强度及残余强度变化规律,当固结围压小于结构性黄土的结构强度时,土的应力-应变曲线为软化型,反之则为硬化型;Mohr-Coulomb强度准则在描述结构性充分发挥后的残余强度时变化规律较好,在描述峰值破坏强度时则明显偏小,存在较大误差。     

三轴应力作用下岩盐溶蚀特性试验研究

通过大量的三轴应力作用下岩盐溶蚀特性试验,对岩盐溶蚀特性进行了研究,结果表明,对于岩盐溶解速率来说,三轴应力作用的影响不可忽略;采用宏观溶解速率（即溶蚀质量）与围压、塑性体应变和溶解时间之间的关系来定量描述三轴应力作用下岩盐溶解速率的变化,并在试验的基础上获得了宏观溶解速率与围压、塑性体应变和溶解时间之间的关系表达式;在相同的溶解时间、塑性体应变条件下,不同围压下岩盐试样溶蚀前后的形态差异较明显,应力影响质量变化较大,且随着围压的增加,试样溶蚀后形态的变化越小,应力影响质量越小;揭示了三轴应力作用下岩盐溶蚀特性变化机制,得出三轴应力作用下岩盐溶解速率变化与不同围压下表面裂纹的发育与扩展有着直接的联系。该研究成果为进一步研究岩盐应力-溶解耦合机制奠定了试验依据以及理论基础。     

基于真三轴试验的黄土结构性变化规律研究

基于综合结构势理论,通过自主研发的真三轴仪,研究了原状黄土、重塑黄土和饱和黄土的应力-应变关系和土的结构性变化规律,针对反映黄土变形过程结构性演变的应力比结构性参数,揭示了不同含水率黄土结构性参数与广义剪应变关系随固结压力、应力路径的变化规律,建立了数学描述模型,同时验证了真三轴仪和应力比结构性参数的可靠性。结果表明,土的状态不同,其应力-应变关系存在明显差异。原状土更易呈现应变软化或双曲线特性,而重塑土或饱和土更易呈现双曲线或应变硬化特性。随着剪切变形和含水率的增大,土的结构性均逐渐减小,而固结压力? c和中主应力参数b值也会影响土的结构性变化规律。提出的结构性参数的拟合公式与理论和试验结合吻合较好,可推广工程应用。     

三向应力状态下单结构面岩石试样破坏机制与真三轴试验研究

针对含结构面岩石的脆性破坏现象,探讨了三向应力条件下岩体破坏的单结构面控制效应。利用真三轴试验进行验证,系统研究了单结构面岩石试样在模拟工程岩体开挖卸荷与支护应力路径下的力学行为、结构控制规律及声发射（AE）特征等。研究表明,(1) 三向应力下单结构面控制效应能够较好地描述工程岩体的结构控制规律和卸荷、支护作用,真三轴试验结果与理论分析较为吻合;(2) 开挖卸荷与支护应力路径下,含结构面岩体的破坏模式、卸荷的影响和支护效果等均与应力状态、支护强度及结构面参数有关,可依据结构控制规律,从工程方位布置、提供合理支护等方面采取措施避免岩体发生结构控制破坏;(3) 试样的AE活动和能量释放规律与完整试样相似,但结构面的存在降低了试样储能能力,且95 %以上的应变能在破坏阶段突然释放。试验研究和结构面控制效应的探讨对地下工程岩体开挖支护有一定的指导意义。     

Explicit solutions for the instantaneous undrained contraction of hollow cylinders and spheres in porous elastoplastic medium

In this article we present closed‐form solutions for the undrained variations in stress, pore pressure, deformation and displacement inside hollow cylinders and hollow spheres subjected to uniform mechanical pressure instantaneously applied to their external and internal boundary surfaces. The material is assumed to be a saturated porous medium obeying a Mohr–Coulomb model failure criterion, exhibiting dilatant plastic deformation according to a non‐associated flow rule which accounts for isotropically strain hardening or softening. The instantaneous response of a porous medium submitted to an instantaneous loading is undrained, i.e. without any fluid mass exchange. The short‐term equilibrium problem to be solved is now formally identical to a problem of elastoplasticity where the constitutive equations involve the undrained elastic moduli and particular equivalent plastic parameters. The response of the model is presented (i) for extension and compression undrained triaxial tests, and (ii) for unloading problems of hollow cylinders and spheres through the use of appropriately developed closed‐form solutions. Numerical results are presented for a plastic clay stone with strain hardening and an argilite with strain softening. The effects of plastic dilation, of the strain softening law and also of geometry of the cavity on the behaviour of the porous medium have been underlined. Analytical solutions provide valuable benchmarks enabling various numerical methods in undrained conditions with a finite boundary to be verified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

脆性岩石三轴压缩渐裂过程中的渗透性演化规律研究

岩石渐进破坏伴随着裂纹的开展发育,岩石的渗透性演化与裂纹的开展规律有着密切的联系。运用三轴渗流伺服装置对凝灰岩进行了不同围压和渗压下的渗流-应力耦合试验,分析了岩石在渐裂过程中不同裂纹开展阶段渗透率的演化规律。结果表明：在裂纹的稳定扩展阶段,渗透率的变化不明显,起裂强度对应的渗透率可用于确定最小渗透率;进入裂纹非稳定扩展阶段后,渗透率出现明显增大,增大过程可以分为两个阶段,裂纹环向应变能较好地反映渗透率增大的两个阶段,其拐点可用于确定起始渗透率的位置;在峰后软化阶段,渗透率出现下降并进入残余稳定阶段,裂纹环向应变率可以反映渗透率的下降阶段,并可用于确定峰值渗透率的位置。     

岩石三轴拉伸试验装置研制及其应用

为准确地测量岩石试样在不同围压作用下的拉伸强度与变形特性,对用于岩石三轴压缩试验的MTS815材料试验机为主体设备进行了一系列技术改造,一方面设计加工了一套试验机活塞与三轴室的随动连锁装置,使原本只能提供压缩载荷的MTS815试验机也能精确提供轴向拉伸荷载;另一方面设计开发一种多自由度岩石试样三轴拉伸夹具,解决岩石等脆性材料在拉伸过程中难以始终保持对中的技术难题。提出一套完整的测试技术方法,能实现0～140 MPa围压范围内各种岩石试件的复杂三轴直接拉伸测试研究,利用研发的配套装置与测试方法对页岩试样进行了三轴拉伸试验。结果表明,试验装置和试验方法完全能够进行不同围压条件下的岩石三轴拉伸试验,得到相应的三轴拉伸试验曲线;页岩在低围压和高围压下呈现不同的破坏特征和破坏形式,低围压下依然呈现脆性特征,高围压下则是由脆性向塑性转换。     

水泥土应力-应变特性真三轴试验研究

采用研制的真三轴仪对水泥土进行等小主应力 、等中主应力参数b真三轴试验,研究中主应力参数、小主应力对水泥土应力-应变特性的影响。试验结果表明,相同?3条件下,水泥土应力-应变曲线的初始切线模量、破坏强度均随b的增大而增加,破坏时的大主应变则随b值的增大而减小;水泥土破坏强度与中主应力参数b近似呈线性关系,直线斜率随?3的增加而增大。对于相同b值,水泥土的应力-应变曲线初始切线模量、破坏强度、破坏时的大主应变均随?3的增加而增大;水泥土破坏强度与?3近似呈线性关系,且随b值的增大,线性关系更加明显。随着中主应力和?3的增大,水泥土应力-应变曲线逐渐由软化型向硬化型过渡。破坏应力比则随?3的增加和b值的增加而逐渐降低。获得了水泥土的广义Tresca准则和广义Mises准则模型参数,对比分析表明广义Tresca准则更适用于水泥土。     

应力状态对粗粒料力学特性影响的大型真三轴试验

土石坝所处的应力状态较接近平面应变应力状态或三维应力状态,而常规三轴试验低估了粗粒料的力学性能。应用大型真三轴仪对常规三轴应力状态、平面应变应力状态和真三轴应力状态（ 0.25, 为中主应力系数, 、 、 分别为大、中、小主应力）下粗粒料的力学特性进行了压缩试验研究。试验结果表明：相同小主应力下,常规三轴试验、平面应变试验、真三轴试验的大、小主应力之差与大主应力方向应变的关系曲线依次变高变陡。某一试验加载条件下,体应变随球应力的增大而增大,初始剪切阶段增加较慢,随后呈线性增大,不同小主应力的体应变曲线较为接近。平面应变试验强度和真三轴试验强度比常规三轴试验强度有较大增长,真三轴试验强度增加百分比大于平面应变试验强度增加百分比。初始弹性模量随小主应力的增大呈线性增大。平面应变状态下中主应力系数随大主应力方向应变的增大而增大,初始剪切阶段增长较缓,之后近似呈线性增大。相同小主应力下,从常规三轴应力状态至平面应变应力状态再到真三轴应力状态,小主应力方向应变均为膨胀变形,且膨胀变形依次增大。同一试验加载条件下,小主应力较小时,应力比（偏应力与球应力之比）与偏应变的关系曲线位于上方。     

盐岩三轴间隔疲劳特性试验研究

为研究地下盐穴储气库受间歇性周期注、采循环载荷作用下围岩的非连续疲劳破坏演化过程,对取自巴基斯坦的深层盐岩进行了室内三轴间隔疲劳试验研究,并分析了三轴状态下不同围压、不同应力等级对盐岩间隔疲劳的影响。试验结果表明：（1）与单轴间隔疲劳相比,围压的存在不仅提高了盐岩的抗压强度,而且增加了盐岩的疲劳寿命,围压越高增加的幅度越明显。（2）三轴间隔疲劳试验中,盐岩间隔后循环中的残余应变大于间隔前的残余应变。这与单轴间隔疲劳得到的结果一致,但围压的上升会导致盐岩的残余变形积累速度以及间隔前后循环残余的变形差值都减小。（3）随着应力等级的升高,残余应变以及时间间隔前后的残余应变差值都呈现增大的趋势。     

粉质黏土的真三轴试验及强度特性研究

为研究复杂应力路径下粉质黏土强度特性,利用TSW-40型土壤真三轴仪,开展了不同试验条件下粉质黏土的真三轴试验。研究了真三维应力状态下粉质黏土应力-应变曲线变化规律,探讨了含水率、固结围压和中主应力比等试验条件对粉质黏土强度的影响规律,对比分析了真三维应力状态下 平面上粉质黏土试验值与Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）强度准则和双剪强度准则的差异。研究结果表明：真三维应力状态下粉质黏土的广义剪应力-剪应变曲线主要表现为应变硬化型。粉质黏土强度随中主应力比和固结围压的增大而增大,随着含水率的增大而减小。 平面上粉质黏土的强度包络线随静水压力 的增大向外逐渐扩展,随含水率 的增大向内逐渐收缩。 平面上M-C强度极限线和双剪强度屈服极限线与试验值对比分析表明,M-C强度准则描述土体强度时结果偏小,采用双剪强度准则时结果偏大。     

巷道围岩状态的等效应力等效应变表述

在体积应变为零的条件下,根据巷道围岩属简单加载的特性得到围岩中同时关联三向应力 , , 和三向应变 , , 的,用等效应力 和等效应变 表示的对围岩加载-形变关系式。严格地论证了巷道围岩的弹性、硬化、软化和流动区的应力应变状态分别与围岩的等效应力-等效应变曲线各阶段的应力应变状态相对应。以等效应力、等效应变为中间变量可以简化围岩弹性分析,简捷地写出巷道围岩偏应力应变能的计算公式。等效剪应力 是围岩中的最大剪应力 ,等效剪应力单元受正应力和剪应力作用,但其上只有剪切应变,这突出了巷道围岩形变破坏是由于最大剪应力和偏应力应变能所致的实质。根据等效剪应力概念确定的滑移线,可适用于材料应变硬化和软化阶段,不要求刚塑性假定条件。     

Strain-softening behaviour of sand in strain path testing under plane-strain conditions

Experimental data are presented in this paper to study the strain-softening behaviour of sand under plane-strain conditions. K ₀ consolidated strain path tests were conducted using a new plane-strain apparatus. The stress–strain behaviour of medium dense sand under plane-strain conditions was characterized. The test results show that the occurrence of pre-failure strain softening under plane-strain conditions is affected by the void ratio, the strain increment ratio and the initial effective confining stress. This is consistent with previous findings established under axisymmetric conditions. However, a pre-failure strain-softening behaviour in plane-strain tests conducted under high-confining stresses may consist of three stages, namely, material softening, banding softening, and ultimate state. This observation is different from that in triaxial tests where banding softening does not normally occur.