论厦门市海岸带综合管理

本文在分析厦门市海洋管理现状和存在问题的基础上，提出了厦门海岸带综合管理的指导思想；并在海岸带综合管理体制，协调机制，立法与执法，海洋资产资产化管理，海洋资源与海洋环境监测监督与评价，海洋管理信息系统，财政支持机制，公众海洋意识教育和参与海洋管理等方面提出了海岸带综合管理对策。     

海洋综合管理的有关问题

为了借鉴国外海洋管理的先进经验,了解国际海洋管理的最新动态,山东省海洋与水产厅邀请加拿大达尔豪斯大学海洋管理研究生部主任彼德·里基兹教授于1997年10月21日～28日先后在济南、烟台就海洋综合管理的有关问题举办了专题讲座。其讲学提纲本刊予以摘要发表。彼德教授是加拿大主讲海洋资源与海岸带管理的专家,参与了《加拿大海洋法案》的起草,主持过在加拿大哈里法克斯召开的海岸带管理国际学术年会。     

海南省海岸带海洋保护区现状和管理探讨研究

海岸带是人类活动最为集中的区域,沿海工程建设占据了大量的天然岸线,不合理的开发产生了资源、环境和社会经济发展的诸多矛盾,因此划定一定区域建立海洋保护区具有重要的现实意义。文章通过对海南省海岸带海洋保护区的调查研究,阐述了海南省海岸带海洋保护区的建设和发展历程及海洋保护区的现状,分析了制约海南海洋保护区的发展因素,并提出了海南海洋保护区的管理设想。     

县级海岸带综合管理体制和运行机制研究

众所周知,21世纪是海洋世纪,在这个海陆相互作用相当微妙和人类经济活动十分频繁的海岸带区域实施综合管理这是沿海地区经济社会发展的内在需求和必然趋势。县级海岸带作为国家海岸带实施综合管理的一个基本单元,其海岸带综合管理如何,将直接影响海岸带的可持续发展。但是任何一种管理职能的实现均需与之相适应的管理体制来保证,而管理运行机制又受到体制的制约,直接影响管理目标的控制和监督。因此,县级海岸带综合管理职能的实现与其海岸带综合管理体制和运行机制密切相关,有关县级海岸带综合管理我国研究甚少,本文就此方面作一探…     

关于近岸海域的开发与管理问题

“近岸海域”是一个动态空间,它既具有海岸带资源的多样性和海陆相互作用的自然地理的共同特征,更具有鲜明的社会经济特征。之所以提出近岸海域的开发与管理问题,不仅因为这一海域在海岸带中居有重要地位,而且它对于促进濒海国家和地区社会经济发展,合理配置海洋国土资源,优化国民经济结构也是至关重要的。 一、近岸海域的重要地位和作用 1 靠山吃山,靠海吃海,自古尽然 人类自古以来就和海打交道,从海洋中索     

海岸带综合管理政策的制定、执行与效果论析 ——基于阿尔及利亚海岸带和厄瓜多尔海岸带综合管理的个案比较研究

为促进我国海岸带的可持续发展,助力海洋强国和海洋生态文明建设,文章综合运用奎德模型和琼斯模型,从问题进入政府、政府内部行动、政府处理问题和项目回到政府4个环节,比较分析阿尔及利亚和厄瓜多尔海岸带综合管理政策的制定、执行和效果,并提出可供我国借鉴的经验。研究结果表明：对于阿尔及利亚和厄瓜多尔海岸带综合管理政策的对比分析主要包括海岸带面临的问题、政策目标、法律法规和项目规划制定、执行机构建立、人力资源培育、经济资源投入以及政策效果和问题;阿尔及利亚和厄瓜多尔在人文环境和自然环境方面与我国有相似之处,其海岸带综合管理经验对我国具有参考价值,主要包括提高海岸带综合管理的公众参与度和公众海洋生态环境保护意识、注重政策项目评估、保证项目资金供给充足、合理划分政府部门的权责范围以及协调海岸带经济社会发展与生态环境保护的关系。     

英国海洋综合能力建设状况

英国是世界上的海洋强国之一,自古以来就十分重视海洋的综合利用和资源开发。近年来,其又加强了海洋综合能力的建设。本文简介了英国在海洋管理、海洋科技、海洋军事等方面的能力建设。     

美国利用地理信息系统促进区域海洋综合管理

随着海洋信息技术的发展,以科学和空间信息为保证的更加综合、全面的海洋管理已成为国际上的共识。美国国家海洋和大气局下属的海岸服务中心(CSC)依靠目前开展的州一级的以网为基础的海洋管理地理信息系统(GIS开发一个区域性模式,将有助于促进从个别海洋资源的分散管理向海洋生态系的综合管理转化。我国正在逐步实现海洋和海岸带的综合管理,尤其是区域海洋综合管理方面还需作许多努力。因此,吸取美国的经验将有益于提高我国的海洋综合管理水平。     

英国海洋科技管理的新进展

英国海洋科技管理体制属分散管理型。政府没有统一负责全国海洋科学技术的部门和机构,有关海洋科技管理及海洋开发规划均按不同项目或课题分散在各有关的政府部门。为有效地协调各部委之间、政府部门和企业公司之间的工作,英国成立了海洋科学技术协调委员会,负责协调有关的海洋科技活动,加强政府对全国海洋科技活动的宏观管理。 近年来,英国政府通过一系列措施加强研究机构、大学与企业合作,打破了传统的科研     

巴拿马海洋管理发展历程及其启示

为深入了解巴拿马的海岸带与海洋管理状况,文章在梳理巴拿马资源环境现状和国家管理框架的基础上,以海事、环境、水产、港口、运河和旅游等重要涉海领域为切入点,分析巴拿马海洋领域相关管理部门的职责调整过程,并将其海洋管理发展历程划分为4个阶段。研究结果表明:巴拿马的海洋管理发展过程体现“从分散到集中、从无序到有序”的特点。一方面,海洋管理权在3个主要管理部门之间不断转移,根据管理实践而不断调整,其实质是实现海洋管理效率的最优化;另一方面,海岸带和海洋管理体系不断简化,具体的管理职能从混乱和破碎的状态逐渐转变为有机整体,使得政府机构精简、行政效率提高以及工作分工更清晰。巴拿马海洋管理的整体特征在宏观上与我国有相似之处,海洋管理是世界沿海国家都面临的问题,各国的经验或许存在差异,但实现海洋管理高效性、协调性和综合性的总体目标是一致的。     

厦门海岸类型变迁与经济发展的关联性研究

为定量研究沿海城市经济高速发展对其海岸类型变迁的影响以及海岸类型变迁历程对经济发展阶段的响应作用,文章基于厦门地区30余年来海岸类型和海洋经济的统计数据,阐明自厦门经济特区成立以来不同海岸类型占比变化与海洋经济总值和产业类型变化的规律及其关联性。厦门海岸类型变迁经历3个阶段:1984—2000年,海岸开发利用处于起步阶段,海岸利用类型为以盐业和渔业为主的粗放型和集约化的低产值类型;2000—2010年,海岸开发利用处于高速发展阶段,海岸利用类型为以大规模填海造地、交通运输和旅游娱乐为主的开发型高产值类型;2010年至今,海岸开发利用处于合理开发与保护并行且以保护为重的恢复阶段,海岸利用类型为生态恢复和软质护岸等近自然类型。厦门海岸类型变迁与经济发展密切相关,人类日益增长的物质文明和生态文明需求对城市海岸类型变迁的响应特征十分显著。从粗放型第一产业,到发展型第二产业,再到保护型第三产业,经济发展从理念与要求并存到理念超越要求,最终实现理念与要求和谐共存和相融互进的经济发展模式。     

Marine management for human development: A review of two decades of scholarly evidence

This paper reviews the evidence of the impacts of marine management interventions on human development and well-being reported in marine management literature in the past two decades. Documents dealing with fisheries, aquaculture, marine conservation and coastal zone management are assessed in terms of the methodologies used, the human development dimensions considered, and the results reported. The choice of dimensions for defining human development in this literature is contrasted with proposals from the literature on the capability and human development approaches. Possible areas for future research are discussed.     

Improving marine environmental health through marine citizenship: A call for debate

This paper presents an evaluation of the role of marine citizenship in improving marine environmental health and marine governance. Marine citizenship describes the rights and responsibilities of an individual towards the marine environment, which support the achievement of marine policy objectives at the national level. It is argued that marine citizenship requires an enhanced awareness of marine environmental issues, an understanding of the role of personal behaviour in creating and resolving marine environmental issues, and a shift in values to promote marine pro-environmental behavioural choices. It is concluded that the value shift is likely to be produced by the development of an altered relationship between the state and the individual, in which the expectations placed on citizens by the state are extended to include marine pro-environmental behaviour. The paper is intended to stimulate debate and the authors invite and encourage replies to the ideas contained within the paper.     

The importance of estimating the contribution of the oceans to national economies

The oceans are in trouble. Poorly understood and unprecedented environmental and economic changes are underway in our world's oceans that will significantly affect life in the sea as well as on land. Only in the last thirty years has the contribution of the ocean sector to the economy been measured. An examination of these studies has exposed definitional, conceptual and methodological differences in measuring marine-related economic activity in the economy, making comparisons difficult. Both the ocean and the coastal economies face a world of volatile changes. In the ocean economy marine transport faces unpredictable fuel costs. Coastal tourism also faces losses from climate change impacts and sea level rise. Finally, a warming ocean and increasing acidification of the oceans from greenhouse gases is already affecting coral reefs and a range of fish stocks. Economic measures are important to predict these impacts, as are economic measures of the resilience of different areas of the ocean and coastal economies. This article demonstrates how knowledge of both the ocean, coastal and national economies can help governments address the future impacts and demands posed by nature and human populations on our coasts and oceans.     

Marine spatial planning from the perspective of a small seaside community in Ireland

Marine spatial planning (MSP) is advocated as a means of managing human uses of the sea in a manner that is consistent with the maintenance of the ecological goods and services of the marine environment. Support for the process is evident at international and national levels but the degree to which it is acceptable to local level stakeholders is not clear. An Daingean (formely Dingle) is a small sea-oriented town situated on the southwest coast of Ireland in which marine-based tourism and other relatively new uses of the sea are pursued along side traditional fishing activities. Stakeholders in An Daingean are found to be positively disposed to a local process of MSP that incorporates meaningful local involvement.     

“一带一路”背景下柬埔寨海岸带管理体系研究

“一带一路”倡议是中国政府推动国际合作的一项重要战略,开展中国-柬埔寨海岸带管理合作是贯彻落实“一带一路”倡议的重要举措之一。近几年来,柬埔寨社会发展迅速,沿海4省人口增长迅速,城市化进程加快,海洋开发利用活动不断增加,但也对海岸带生态系统带来巨大压力,迫切需要建立合理、有效的海岸带管理体系。文章通过梳理当前柬埔寨海岸带管理体制,发现柬埔寨海岸带管理存在法律法规缺乏系统性、污染物排放管理不善、执法监管政策有待完善、获取数据能力不足和公众参与不足等五大问题,提出完善海岸带管理制度、加强海岸带管理能力建设、增强公众海岸带保护意识等建议,并在此基础上提出中柬海岸带管理合作的3个方向,为完善柬埔寨海岸带管理体系提供参考,推动中柬在海岸带管理领域的深度合作。     

A global synthesis of the economic multiplier effects of marine sectors

As competition for use of the ocean increases, coastal managers must consider the economic impacts of competing marine sectors in decision-making processes. To capture the full extent of the economic impacts of marine industries, multiplier values can be used to estimate the sum of direct, indirect, and induced effects on associated industries. This study provides a global synthesis of multiplier effects on four economic indicators of eight marine sectors in regions of varying size and development status. The average multiplier was 1.82, indicating that every dollar generated by a direct marine industry leads to an additional 82 cents generated by associated industries. The industry of offshore energy and the economic indicator of revenue had the largest multiplier effects. No significant difference was found between multiplier values in developed and developing regions, and weak correlations were found between multiplier value and region size. This synthesis offers the first global view of the economic multiplier effects of marine industries and can serve as a tool to support city- to country-level marine industry development decisions throughout the world, especially where similar data are not available.     

‘Future Ocean’ – Communicating and conserving the blue heart of the planet

This key note presentation opened the conference. It provides a context to deliberations and discussions, and it sets out a range of options to help make better progress in the effective management and protection of the ocean. These range from improving the quality of protection through to how technology and new approaches can be used to ignite a broader interest and engagement with ocean conservation.     

Communicating research on the economic valuation of coastal and marine ecosystem services

Quantifying the monetary value of ecosystem services (ES) provided by coastal and marine resources can help policy makers assess the trade-offs and synergies inherent in ecosystem-based management of marine and coastal environments, thus increasing the social efficiency of decision-making processes. As shown by the valuation literature, the number of coastal and marine management settings where valuation researchers have attempted to make a contribution is rising fast. However, this rise in research activity has not been matched by the increase in the use of economic valuation (EV) in the actual management of coastal and marine resources. This raises an interesting question: is EV responding to the needs of policy makers? This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the knowledge base regarding the economic values for coastal and marine ecosystems. It then discusses how to improve the uptake of ES valuation research by focussing on two core issues which are thought to be essential for more effective communication with the policy community.     

Community involvement in fisheries management: Experiences in the Gulf of Thailand countries

This paper examines the involvement of coastal communities in fisheries management among the countries of the Gulf of Thailand—Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. Initiatives to decentralize management to local governing bodies, to utilize traditional management methods and to engage in community agreements to protect local resources are explored. An examination of recent experiences indicates some movement toward more local involvement in management. However, the study also leads to several suggestions for the future: in Vietnam and Cambodia, there is a need for significant legislation to control fisheries operations and greater clarity of the role of communities in management; in Malaysia, there is an overall need for more support to local fisheries management; and in Thailand, the need is for greater support of local-level enforcement and monitoring activities.