结构参数未知条件下的地震动反演研究

本文运用复合反演的观点研究结构参数未知条件下的地震动反演问题。根据地震作用的力学特性，将其具体化为估计输入的修正条件，文中给出了一类反演算法。理论分析及算例表明，该算法具有稳定的收敛特性以及良好的反演效果。     

THE FORMATION OF VISCOUS DAMPING MATRICES FOR THE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF MDOF SYSTEMS

The paper deals with the representation of dissipative effects by means of equivalent viscous forces. A brief review of the classical analytical treatment of the subject is first presented devoting particular attention to the topics of hysteretic and modal damping. The problem of forming viscous matrices in the case of systems which are non-homogeneous from the point of view of dissipation is then addressed; soil–structure systems are first considered and some accepted techniques for forming the structure contribution to the viscous matrix are reviewed. A different technique is then proposed which avoids some of the drawbacks of the previously quoted methods. In the final section of the paper it is shown how this technique is easily applicable also in the case of systems having internal concentrated dampers of viscous type, this being a situation which is difficult to tackle with usual criteria.     

BP神经网络在新一代地震预报专家系统中的应用

简介了新一代地震预报专家系统ＮＧＥＳＥＰ，ＢＰ神经网络模型及其算法，同盱ＢＰ神经网络具有很强的非线怀映射功能，它可以很好地反映震前出现异常的种类和异常时间与未来地震震级之间的较强非线性关系，在ＮＧＥＳＥＰ系统中可以从实例库中提取典型震例并通过ＢＰ网络进行学习，实际震例检验表明系统对未来地震震级的预测取得较好理想的结果。     

使用人工神经网络进行我国大陆强震时间序列预测

使用人工神经网络对中国大陆最大地震时间序列进行预测，预测次年的中国大陆最大地震震级，结果表明该方法具有较好的预报效果。还表明中国大陆强震活动除了与强震时间序列本身有关外，还与全球的强震活动，太阳黑子活动等有密切的非线性关系。     

MODELLING THE IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS

Export coefficient modelling was used to model the impact of agriculture on nitrogen and phosphorus loading on the surface waters of two contrasting agricultural catchments. The model was originally developed for the Windrush catchment where the highly reactive Jurassic limestone aquifer underlying the catchment is well connected to the surface drainage network, allowing the system to be modelled using uniform export coefficients for each nutrient source in the catchment, regardless of proximity to the surface drainage network. In the Slapton catchment, the hydrological pathways are dominated by surface and lateral shallow subsurface flow, requiring modification of the export coefficient model to incorporate a distance–decay component in the export coefficients. The modified model was calibrated against observed total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads delivered to Slapton Ley from inflowing streams in its catchment. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to isolate the key controls on nutrient export in the modified model. The model was validated against long-term records of water quality, and was found to be accurate in its predictions and sensitive to both temporal and spatial changes in agricultural practice in the catchment. The model was then used to forecast the potential reduction in nutrient loading on Slapton Ley associated with a range of catchment management strategies. The best practicable environmental option (BPEO) was found to be spatial redistribution of high nutrient export risk sources to areas of the catchment with the greatest intrinsic nutrient retention capacity. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

神经网络在油气评价和预测方面的研究现状

人工神经网络是近年来迅速发展的信息处理技术之一，其模式分类能力和复杂函数逼近能力，正被广泛应用于油气勘探信息的定性和定量评价中，本文对目前神经网络在油气评价和预测中的研究现状作一简要综述。     

地球岩石圈和软流圈结构的3—D模拟

本文介绍国际岩石圈计划Ⅱ－４任务组关于地球岩石圈和软流圈结构多学科３－Ｄ模拟的基本研究思路和具体研究步骤,并概略介绍了结构数据库的建设和改进。     

LAND-USE IMPACT ON WATERSHED RESPONSE: THE INTEGRATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The integration of a two-dimensional, raster-based rainfall–runoff model, CASC2D, with a raster geographical information system (GIS), GRASS, offers enhanced capabilities for analysing the hydrological impact under a variety of land management scenarios. The spatially varied components of the watershed, such as slope, soil texture, surface roughness and land-use disturbance, were characterized in GRASS at a user-specified grid cell resolution for input into the CASC2D model. CASC2D is a raster-based, single-event rainfall–runoff model that divides the watershed into grid cell elements and simulates the hydrological processes of infiltration, overland flow and channel flow in response to distributed rainfall precipitation. The five-step integration of CASC2D and GRASS demonstrates the potential for analysing spatially and temporally varied hydrological processes within a 50 square mile semi-arid watershed. By defining possible land-use disturbance scenarios for the watershed, a variety of rainfall–runoff events were simulated to determine the changes in watershed response under varying disturbance and rainfall conditions. Additionally, spatially distributed infiltration outputs derived from the simulations were analysed in GRASS to determine the variability of hydrological change within the watershed. Grid cell computational capabilities in GRASS allow the user to combine the scenario simulation outputs with other distributed watershed parameters to develop complex maps depicting potential areas of hydrological sensitivity. This GIS–hydrological model integration provides valuable spatial information to researchers and managers concerned with the study and effects of land-use on hydrological response.     

(Exergy)在湖泊生态系统建模中的应用

基于达尔文“适者生存”理论的热力学表述，本文把热力学概念“（Exergy）”作为一些重要模型参数的目标函数引入湖泊生态动力学模型．应用拥控制下的参数组合模拟程序实现了参数随时间的变化，并通过变化的模型参数来反映湖泊生态系统中物种组成和生态结构随时间的变化．这一改进克服了以往模型刚性较强、适应性差和生态系统特性考虑少的缺陷，该改进的湖泊生态动力学模型被成功用于滇池生态系统的模拟．     

EFFECTIVE OPTIMAL STRUCTURAL CONTROL OF SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEMS

A methodology is developed in this paper to include soil–structure interaction effects in optimal structural control, General Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF) structural models are considered. The SSI transfer functions for ground motion and control force in the physical space are presented first, followed by a methodology for using system identification techniques to find an equivalent fixed-base model of an MDOF SSI system. An iterative technique is applied to combine these methods for the determination of optimal control gains. The control effectiveness of considering soil–structure interaction is investigated for the controlled SSI system. It is found that the control algorithm considering SSI effects is more effective than the corresponding control algorithm assuming a fixed-base system model. In addition, the advantage of applying this methodology is observed to be more prominent in the cases where the SSI effects are more significant. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水系分维的构造含义

本文运用分数维几何学,研究了河流水系分维与地壳里向运动、活动断裂格局及运动学特征的关联性。结果表明:1)地壳垂向运动控制大型河流主干的总体形态;2)活动断裂格局复杂、水平运动强烈的地区,水系分维值高;3)走滑断裂较斜滑断裂对水系发育的控制强烈,而后者主要起到对水系的分区作用。     

MODELLING THE SENSITIVITY OF CHANNEL ADJUSTMENTS IN DESTABILIZED SAND-BED RIVERS

Comprehensive empirical data of the response of unstable streams over a range of environmental conditions are unavailable. In this study, as a substitute for empirical data, a physically based numerical model of channel evolution is used in a range of numerical simulation experiments designed to predict the sensitivity of channel response to changes in control variables. The scope of the study is limited by the scope of the numerical model which applies to straight, sand-bed streams with cohesive bank materials that have been destabilized by sediment starvation and evolve towards equilibrium through bed degradation followed by channel widening. Results are presented for stable and unstable channel conditions. Stable channel depths are most sensitive to channel discharge, though the critical threshold shear stress for the entrainment of cohesive bank materials and discharge are both significant in determining the width. The sediment load, channel gradient, bank material cohesion, size of failed bank material aggregates and the initial bank height have sensitivities an order of magnitude smaller than discharge for both width and depth. Variations in bed material characteristics within the sand-size range are found to have little impact on simulated stable channel morphology. For unstable channels, the relative dominance of parameter sensitivities is examined in the context of an empirical-conceptual model of channel evolution proposed by Thorne and Osman (1988), to highlight the relationships between parameter dominance, time, and the processes and forms characterizing individual stages of channel evolution. Rates of change with time of width and depth sensitivity parameters for five tested independent variables (discharge, sediment supply, channel gradient, bank material cohesion and bed material size) are found to vary as a function of time, such that different stages of channel evolution are characterized by variations in the relative dominance of tested variables. The results support the hypothesis proposed by Thorne and Osman (1988) that the critical bank height required to initiate mass-wasting and widening may be regarded as a geomorphic threshold.     

人工神经网络在地震前兆混沌时间序列预测和处理中的应用

人工神经网络是用来模拟人脑智能特点和结构的一种模型,具有很强的非线性映射功能．把它引用到地震前兆观测数据的分析处理中,可为前兆观测更好地服务于地震分析预报开辟出一条新路,也是对人工神经网络方法应用的推广．本文分析了时间序列的可预测性,给出了用人工神经网络预测地震前兆混沌时间序列的方法,并以江宁台和徐州台SQ 型地倾斜仪观测及溧阳台体应变观测的时间序列为例,对其作了预测和处理．结果表明：用该方法处理达到的精度能满足实际工作的需要,因而该方法在今后的实际地震分析预报工作中具有重要应用价值．     

自组织神经树模型在地震综合预报中的应用

将自组织神经树模型应用于地震综合预报，并以滇西南地震区的地震资料为例进行了实际判别计算，预测的成功率达１００％。结果表明，自组织神经树方法性能良好，可望成为一种有效的地震预报方法。     

临汾裂谷现代构造应力场特征及其数值模拟

根据断层错动资料和小地震的平均震源机制解结果,运用弹性力学的叠加原理,对临汾裂谷作三维有限元模拟,反演其构造应力场。结果表明,临汾裂谷现今主要受南东东—北西西向引张力作用,辅之以北东—南西方向的挤压,同时在裂谷的中心叠加有底层拖曳的深部作用。     

临汾裂谷现代构造应力场特征及其数值模拟

根据断层错动资料和小地震的平均震源机制解结果,运用弹性力学的叠加原理,对临汾裂谷作三维有限元模拟,反演其构造应力场。结果表明,临汾裂谷现今主要受南东东-北西西向引张力作用,辅之以北东-南西方向的挤压,同时在裂谷的中心叠加有底层拖曳的深部作用。     

埋藏基岩断裂对地震波动影响的超声模拟研究

地球表层的地质构造对地震波动有不容忽视的影响，研究其规律，对于探查地壳结构乃至了解地球表层动力学特征具有重要意义。应用超声模拟方法，从基岩断裂对波传播和波场分布的影响以及基岩断裂倾向对地表地震动频率的影响三个方面研究了埋藏基岩断裂对地震波动的影响，揭示了一系列现象和规律。     

岩石圈塑性流动网络与多层构造变形的物理模拟

采用塑化松香作为岩石圈延性下层的相似材料，进行了板内塑性流动网络及多层构造变形的物理模拟实验。延性单层模型的实验表明，在边界挤压或“高原”重力势的作用下，依赖于延性层粘度的高低不同，主要形成剪切网络、压性褶皱以及二者过渡型式等一级构造。在延性／脆性双层模型中（脆性上层和延性下层分别相当于岩石圈上、下层），边界驱动力的远程传递，主要借助于延性下层的网络状流动，岩石圈下层（含下地壳和岩石圈地幔）的剪切网络，即塑性流动网络，控制着板内构造变形，导致脆性上层内剪切破裂网络、逆推断裂、纵向张裂以及其它次级断裂和褶皱的发育。实验还表明，上、下层之间非连续分布的软弱夹层（模拟壳内低速、高导层）并不妨碍下层塑性流动网络的扩展，但影响牵引力的向上传递及上层构造变形的强弱分布     

基于人工神经网络的边坡抗震抗滑稳定性评判方法

从人工神经网络的基本原理出发，建立了边坡抗震抗滑稳定性评判的人工神经网络模型。选择四川和云南地区的70个边坡实例作为学习样本,对BP算法进行了学习和检验。实例计算表明,BP网络性能良好，所建立的模型预测精度高，具有一定的工程实用价值。神经网络法是一种有效可行的新方法。     

砂土地震液化的神经网络预测

BP网络具有很强的非线性映射和自适应学习功能 ,可用于模式识别和预测评估等领域 .在简要分析BP算法的基础上 ,选取砂土的平均粒径 (d5 0 /mm)、相对密度(Dr/% )、标准贯入击数 (N63 .5 /击 )、上覆有效压力 (σv/kPa)、地震烈度 (I0 )作为指标 ,应用BP神经网络的理论与方法 ,预测砂土在地震作用下液化的可能性 ,取得了较好的预测效果 .说明将BP网络用于沙土液化预测是可行的 .