APPLICATION OF BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR MULTIPLE SEISMIC CRACKING IN CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS

The previously developed two-dimensional boundary element procedure for analysing the propagation of a single discrete crack is extended to simultaneous multiple cracking in concrete gravity dams. A brief discussion of the generalized methodology is presented and the validity of the extended procedure is verified by performing a fracture analysis of the Fongman dam and comparing the predicted rupture process with the available experimental results. The fracture response of the Koyna dam is then studied extensively under the Koyna earthquake. Both single and multiple cracking models are employed to investigate the fracture process as well as final rupture in the dam. Similar final damage involving complete separation of the crest block of the dam is predicted, irrespective of whether single or multiple crack propagation models are employed. In relation to the phenomenon of hydrodynamic uplift pressure within propagating cracks, openings of the crack on the upstream face of the dam are examined in particular. The results indicate that this phenomenon is not expected to be significant during the crack development phase, and hence unlikely to affect the final rupture characteristics of dams undergoing strong earthquake excitation.     

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF EQUIPMENT IN STRUCTURES WITH SLIDING SUPPORT

The dynamic behaviour of a single degree-of-freedom (DOF) equipment mounted on a sliding primary structures subjected to harmonic and earthquake ground motions is studied numerically. To deal with the discontinuity nature of sliding structural systems, in this work the fictitious spring model is adopted. With the problem formulated in a state space form, an incremental numerical scheme capable of dealing with multi-DOF sliding structural systems is proposed for solving the time history responses. Numerical examples excited by harmonic and real earthquake ground motions are considered in order to study the following three effects: (1)the variation of the frictional coefficient of the sliding support, (2)subharmonic resonance and (3)effect of tuning (i.e. when the frequency of the equipment is coincident with or close to the fundamental frequency of the primary structure) on the mounted equipment. The dynamic characteristics of the mounted equipment are highlighted in the analysis of the numerical examples. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SLIDING STRUCTURES TO BIDIRECTIONAL EARTHQUAKE EXCITATION

Seismic response of a one-storey structure with sliding support to bidirectional (i.e. two horizontal components) earthquake ground motion is investigated. Frictional forces, which are mobilized at the sliding support, are assumed to have ideal Coulomb-friction characteristics. Coupling effects due to circular interaction between the frictional forces are incorporated in the governing equations of motion. Effects of bidirectional interaction of frictional forces on the response are investigated by comparing the response to two-component excitation with the corresponding response produced by the application of single-component excitations in each direction independently. It is observed that the response of the sliding structure is influenced significantly by the bidirectional interaction of frictional forces. Further, it is shown that the design sliding displacement may be underestimated if the bidirectional interaction of frictional forces is neglected and the sliding structures are designed merely on the basis of single-component excitation.     

加载破裂和卸载破裂的焦散阴影区动态特征的实验研究

以实时全息干涉计量方法和焦散阴影光学法，用有机玻璃试样直观、形象地研究加载过程和卸载过程破裂时的应力（应变）场、塑性区或成核区（阴影区）不同地动态特征变化．结果发现，在低应力时，预制裂缝端点先出现应变核（条纹密集区），进而形成焦散阴影区．这些核和阴影区会随荷载增加变大，随卸载而减小．在一定的压力范围内重复加载卸载（循环加载），焦散阴影区则反复增大缩小；但在高应力时，尤其在将出现大破裂时，加载和卸载的焦散阴影区变化是不可逆的，其变化也完全不同．加载破裂时的焦散阴影区由慢到快迅速扩展；而卸载时的焦散阴影区则扩展较慢，并且在尖角形前方有一圆形阴影．      

A RATE-DEPENDENT ISOTROPIC DAMAGE MODEL FOR THE SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE DAMS

In this paper a rate-dependent isotropic damage model developed for the numerical analysis of concrete dams subjected to seismic excitation is presented. The model is shown to incorporate two features essential for seismic analysis: stiffness degradation and stiffness recovery upon load reversals and strain-rate sensitivity. The issue of mesh objectivity is addressed using the concept of the ‘characteristic length’ of the fracture zone, to show that both the softening modulus and the fluidity parameter must depend on it to provide consistent results as the computational mesh is refined. Some aspects of the numerical implementation of the model are also treated, to show that the model can be easily incorporated in any standard non-linear finite element code. The application of the proposed model to the seismic analysis of a large gravity concrete dam shows that the structural response may vary significantly in terms of the development of damage. The inclusion of rate sensitivity is able to reproduce the experimental observation that the tensile peak strength of concrete can be increased up to 50 percent for the range of strain rates that appear in a structural safety analysis of a dam subjected to severe seismic actions.     

RESPONSE OF EARTH DAMS TO P AND SV WAVES USING COUPLED FE-BE FORMULATION

A study of the effects of dam–foundation interaction on the response of earth dams to obliquely incident P and SV waves is presented. Emphasis is placed on the effects of the foundation flexibility and the spatial variability of the ground motion. The study is based on a rigorous hybrid numerical formulation that combines the efficiency and versatility of the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the ability of Boundary Element Method (BEM) to account for the radiation conditions at the far field. The developed hybrid method is very powerful and can be used efficiently to obtain accurate solutions of problems of complex geometry, material heterogeneity and, for time-domain analyses, material nonlinearity. The 2-D frequency-domain formulation is used here to investigate the response of infinitely long earth dams to obliquely incident P and SV waves. By accounting rigorously for the energy radiated back into the half-space, the study demonstrates the dramatic effect of the flexibility of the foundation rock in reducing the overall response of the dam. The effects of the spatial variability of the ground motion for P and SV waves travelling across the width of the dam are also important, but somewhat less pronounced than those of the foundation flexibility.     

浪作用下海洋底床动态响应的研究

有关波浪作用下的底床动态响应越来越引起人们的重视。本文从海洋土的特点出发，针对各向同性底床和各向异性底床，详细论述了在线性波加载下，波浪衰减和底床动态响应这两方面的研究现状，在分析和比较已有研究成果的基础上，对今后的研究方向提出了自己的看法。     

加卸载响应比在震群研究中的应用

在震群特性研究中引入加卸载响应比理论,选以新疆８２个震群为研究样本,以加卸载响应比≥２．０作为判定前兆震群的指标,对样本的震群特性进行了分析判定。结果表明,判定前兆震群的２６个震群中有２０个对应了其后一年内发生的５级以上地震,异常报率为７６．９％。     

STUDY ON DYNAMIC CHANGE OF GRAVITY FIELD IN XIANSHUIHE FAULT ZONE AND THEIR RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF MS ≥ 5.0 EARTHQUAKES

Xianshuihe Fault, a main strong earthquake activity belt in southwest China, begins from Ganzi in the northwest, passes through Luhuo, Daofu, and Kangding, and then extents along the Dadu River valley. The fault is divided into two parts at Shimian, one part turns to south and converses to Anninghe Fault extending further to south, the other part, continuing to extend to southeast, cutting through Xiaoxiangling and then changing to Daliangshan Faults in the north of the Yuexi Basin, has the length of about 400km. Since 1700AD, there have happened 22 earthquakes larger than magnitude 6.0 and 8 earthquakes larger than magnitude 7.0. In this paper, we systematically collated and computed the gravity repetition measurement data along the Xianshuihe fault zone since 1988, and by referring to the anomaly index of gravity field of the predecessor achievements, analyzed the spatial-temporal variation of the regional gravity field and the relation to the occurrence of ≥ M_S5.0 earthquakes. The mechanism of the regional gravity changes is further studied, and also the implication of strong earthquake risk because of the dynamic variation of gravity field in the near future is discussed.The results show that:1)The mobile gravity observation has the ability to detect crustal activity and M_S ≥ 5.0 earthquake events. 2)There is definite correspondence between interannual gravitational field change and the 8 earthquakes among the 13 M_S ≥ 5.0 earthquakes occurring in the surveying area since 1988, which can be determined according to the change of interannual gravitational field. Three M ≥ 6.0 earthquakes occurred 3~4 years after the abnormal image was developed, 4 earthquakes that occurred in the region of no data available were not determined. 3)A significant feature of the spatial-temporal variation of the regional gravity is a north-south run-through image before 2004, and characterized by the alternatively positive or negative variation in different year, the earthquakes of M_S ≥ 5.0 occurring in this period were not distributed along the fault. Gravity variation magnitude indicates that there were two similar crustal material movement waves before 2004, corresponding to the course of earthquake space-time distribution from strong to weak in the study area. After 2010, the variation image shows that the local positive and negative zones are concurrent within a year, different from the image before 2004, and earthquakes of M_S ≥ 5.0 basically occurred on the fault. It is believed that the variation of gravity field since 1988 and the seismic distribution fit with the geodynamic mode of strong and weak stages of the northeast motion of Indian plate. According to the conclusion we can try to optimize gravity anomaly index. After the Kangding earthquake in 2014, the north segment of Moxi Fault was still subject to negative high value changes till 2017 and then the gravity variation was further developed to a four quadrant distribution image. Based on the analysis of this paper and the previous variation trend of gravity field, we believe that the north segment of Moxi Fault has the background of medium-long term, strong or large earthquake risk.     

汶川Ms 8.0地震的地质科学考察数据库简介

汶川MS8.0地震科学考察数据库存储了大量的野外调查数据,主要包括野外地质观测点、地表破裂带、震区第四纪断层的展布及其活动性地质观测点、古地震探槽、断错地貌测量等数据,以及搜集来的地层数据、汶川地震及其余震、重新定位余震、历史强震等数据。文中利用ArcGis将这些野外数据进行了录入、编辑、分析和制图输出,初步构建了一个包含基础地震地质信息的汶川地震科学考察数据库,实现了数据的空间位置和属性特征的综合管理,可根据需要对相关专题的数据进行查询、分析和处理,并绘制了汶川地震构造图及地表破裂分布图,为灾后重建避让带的确定提供了依据,为进一步构建汶川地震地理信息系统奠定了数据基础     

APPLICATION OF 3D HIGH PRECISION GRAVITY METHOD TO THE EXPLORATION OF DEEP BURIED HILL

Due to the influence of volcanic rock or weathering crust coverage, the quality of deep seismic data is often not reliable and it is difficult to identify small deep buried hill structure beneath the cover. However, the gravity exploration technology can use the remarkable density differences between the object and the overlying strata to identify this special geological reservoir. Although recently several rounds of seismic exploration have been carried out in Raoyang depression, Huabei Oilfield, North China to determine the existence of Hu 8 north deep buried hill, whether the buried hill really exists or not as well as its scale is still in controversial. In this paper, based on the information of seismic data and formation density, deep processing of 3D high precision ground gravity data has been carried out for 3D forward and inversion computation. The dimensional gravity forward calculation results show that the density of the deep anomaly body forms a relatively low gravity anomaly in the earth's surface. By using the potential processing method of vertical second derivative, and sliding filtering, the residual anomaly is separated from regional or background field, which illustrates the existence of a local high gravity anomaly at Hu 8 north area. According to the amplitude of residual gravity anomaly and formation density difference modeling, through a number of 3D forward calculations and 3D inversion of gravity data, the existence of Hu 8 north buried hill and its possible scale are basically determined. The results prove that the 3D high precision gravity method is effective in determining the deep buried hill structure in case that seismic data is not reliable.     

辽吉地区古元古代造山作用的大陆动力学过程及其壳内响应

古元古代是地质演化历史中一个重要转折时期,探讨其大陆动力学特征、机制、过程及其壳内响应具有重要的科学意义．本文以辽吉地区古元古代造山带为例,结合同位素年代学资料,综合分析了该区大陆动力学过程的构造、变质、岩浆、沉积等方面壳内响应特征最后,将该区深部大陆动力学过程划分为三大历史阶段：1)造山期前伸展阶段,包括建造伸展期和改造伸展期,深部底侵发生,壳内响应出现基底裂解、盖层顺层滑脱、拉张型垂向递增变质、岩浆呈席状侵位等;2)造山期挤压收缩阶段,俯冲碰撞,岩石田地幢可能出现拆沉,壳内响应出现招皱逆冲、双侧造山、侧向递增变质、碰撞型岩浆作用发生、早期岩浆底辟再就位等;3)造山期后伸展塌陷阶段,大陆岩石田在重力均衡作用下发生微弱伸展塌陷,出现环斑花岗岩侵位,等压冷却为特征的退变质表明没有明显的伸展剥蚀,没有出现明显的山根．     

裂纹间动态相互作用的实验观测与理论分析──以共线剪切裂纹归并为例

本文以共线剪切裂纹的归并为例,研究裂纹系的动态相互作用．实验结果表明：在张破裂的意义上,小间距共线剪切裂纹的内端部实际上是阻碍结构,通过迂回弯曲的张破裂归并．本文提出一种估计张破裂扩展途径的近似方法,利用张应力破裂判据找出了潜在的破裂扩展途径的第一近似,较好地模拟了共线裂纹的破裂途径,和现有的数值模拟方法比较,可以大大缩短机时,简化计算程序,保证精确度．本研究结出了岩石剪切破裂“隧道效应”（即破裂跳过障碍体,而障碍体本身不破坏）的机理,还给出了脆性介质在摩擦、磨损过程中碎屑产生的机理．     

裂纹间动态相互作用的实验观测与理论分析──以共线剪切裂纹归并为例

本文以共线剪切裂纹的归并为例,研究裂纹系的动态相互作用．实验结果表明：在张破裂的意义上,小间距共线剪切裂纹的内端部实际上是阻碍结构,通过迂回弯曲的张破裂归并．本文提出一种估计张破裂扩展途径的近似方法,利用张应力破裂判据找出了潜在的破裂扩展途径的第一近似,较好地模拟了共线裂纹的破裂途径,和现有的数值模拟方法比较,可以大大缩短机时,简化计算程序,保证精确度．本研究结出了岩石剪切破裂“隧道效应”（即破裂跳过障碍体,而障碍体本身不破坏）的机理,还给出了脆性介质在摩擦、磨损过程中碎屑产生的机理．     

三峡水库的建立对库区地球重力场及地壳形变的影响

作为人造工程的三峡水库的建立，使得库区水体聚集，地球质量重新分布，将使地壳的物理结构以及局部地球重力场发生变化．针对上述问题，对库区的水准面、点绝对重力值、垂线方向和高程、高程基准面等的重力场变化以及地壳形变进行了研究．主要结果是：当蓄水水位达到峰值１７５ｍ（坝高）时，大地水准面有２．２３－１１．２ｍｍ的变化，点重力值有（０．８３－４．６）×１０^－５ｍｓ^－２的变化，垂线偏差的变化分别为－０．６２＂－６．５０＂（南北方向）和－６．４２＂－１．３４＂（东西方向）地壳的形变量为１．３２－６．６５ｍｍ，这些变化将引起测区的高程产生３．５５－１７．８４ｍｍ的变化．因此，原有库区及其附近的测量资料（包括水准、天文、重力等）必须审慎使用，并应建立库区形变监测网，对地壳形变、地震、滑坡、大坝变形等进行监测．     

2004～2007年晋、冀、蒙交界区重力场变化特征

系统分析了晋、冀、蒙交界区2004—2007年间的流动重力测量资料,研究了重力场的时空动态演化特征。结果表明：地震孕育发生阶段,重力场出现一定范围的区域性重力异常,重力场变化与区域应力应变场变化及地震活动有关。目前,在晋、蒙交界的怀仁-山阴-朔州-带存在趋势性的重力负异常。     

全球重力异常对大气活动中心、气旋多发区的影响

利用卫星观测和地面实测资料统一归算的全球空间重力异常,探讨重力异常对全球冬夏大气活动中心、热带气旋以及温带气旋和高原低涡多发区的影响,并对其物理机理作一简要讨论.认为重力异常是大气运动发生发展不可忽视的因子之一.     

三峡水库的建立对库区地球重力场及地壳形变的影响

作为人造工程的三峡水库的建立,使得库区水体聚集,地球质量重新分布,将使地壳的物理结构以及局部地球重力场发生变化．针对上述问题,对库区的水准面、点绝对重力值、垂线方向和高程、高程基准面等的重力场变化以及地壳形变进行了研究．主要结果是：当蓄水水位达到峰值１７５ｍ（坝高）时,大地水准面有２．２３－１１．２ｍｍ的变化,点重力值有（０．８３－４．６）×１０－５ｍｓ－２的变化,垂线偏差的变化分别为－０．６２＂－６．５０＂（南北方向）和－６．４２＂－１．３４＂（东西方向）地壳的形变量为１．３２－６．６５ｍｍ,这些变化将引起测区的高程产生３．５５－１７．８４ｍｍ的变化．因此,原有库区及其附近的测量资料（包括水准、天文、重力等）必须审慎使用,并应建立库区形变监测网,对地壳形变、地震、滑坡、大坝变形等进行监测．     

全球重力异常对大气活动中心、气旋多发区的影响

利用卫星观测和地面实测资料统一归算的全球空间重力异常,探讨重力异常对全球冬夏大气活动中心、热带气旋以及温带气旋和高原低涡多发区的影响,并对其物理机理作一简要讨论.认为重力异常是大气运动发生发展不可忽视的因子之一.     

2013年甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震前后重力场动态变化

利用青藏高原东北缘2011-2013年期间的流动重力观测资料,系统分析了区域重力场动态变化及其与2013年7月22 H岷县漳县6.6级地震发生的关系.结果表明:1)测区内重力场异常变化与主要断裂带在空间上关系密切,反映沿主要断裂带(段)在2011-2013年期间发生了引起地表重力变化效应的构造活动或变形.2)岷县漳县6.6级地震前,测区内先出现了较大空间范围的区域性重力异常,后在震源区附近产生了局部重力异常及重力变化高梯度带,其中,甘肃临夏与岷县一带重力差异变化达150×10 8ms-2以上;这些可能反映岷县漳县地震前,区域及震源区附近均产生与该地震孕育、发生有关的构造运动或应力增强作用.3)重力场1a尺度动态变化图像和差分动态演化图像均反映岷县漳县6.6级地震孕育过程的最后2a出现较显著的流动重力异常变化,地震发生在NE向重力变化高梯度带上、重力变化零值线附近和等值线的拐弯部位.4)基于流动重力异常变化在岷县漳县6.6级地震前做过一定程度的中期预测,尤其是地点判定.