云南德宏"2004·720"暴雨洪水分析

2004年7月15～20日，伊洛瓦底江流域大盈江、瑞丽江上游等地区连续普降暴雨，最大3日降雨量428．3mm。本次特大暴雨导致大盈江、龙川江流域水位暴涨。并在德宏州支那、盏西、芒章乡引发了滑坡、泥石流、山洪等洪涝灾害。分析该次暴雨洪水的成因、暴雨特性及洪水特性，有助于掌握和了解该流域暴雨、洪水形成条件和变化规律，为防洪减灾工作提供依据。     

四川凉山地区稀土开发利用前景与可供性研究

凉山地区稀土资源储量大,分布集中,品质优、成分单一,易采、选、冶,是四川省优势矿产资源之一,是我国稀土产品第二大基地。研究通过总结凉山州稀土矿分布特征,归纳其规律和特点,分析开发利用现状及存在的问题,有针对性提出了开发利用与可供性措施和建议。     

湘西州矿产资源现状及找矿方向

湘西州锰、钒、铅、锌、汞等金属矿产资源丰富,但贫矿多,富矿少,资源保证程度不高。今后除在已知矿带（床）内进一步进行深部矿、隐伏矿、难识别矿和“贫中找富”,开拓“第二找矿空间”外,还应运用新理论、新技术、新方法,拓展找矿新领域、新类型,实现找矿新突破。     

云南振兴桥-清水河公路地质灾害危险性现状评价

在对去南省振新桥-清水河段公路的地质灾害调查的基础上,从其发育特征、分布范围及成因进行了分析,并结合地质灾害的稳定性和危害性进行了危险性现状评估,最后提出了防治对策建议。     

Protoconodont fossils for refining the Cambrian bottom and the contribution to shale gas formation along the southwest margin of Yangtze Block

It has been an intense debate on the exact boundary between Ediacaran and Cambrian in the southwest Yangtze Block. The calibration of this critical boundary has a remarkable influence on the further investigation of the break-up of the Rodinia Supercontinent, the early life evolution, and the mechanism of the phosphorite deposit. Ediacaran and Cambrian strata and fossils are widely distributed in Anning, Yunnan Province in China. In recent years, the Xiaowaitoushan Member from the Lower Yuhucun Formation has been studied. Through this interval with continuous collections, the first appearance datums (FADs) of the protoconodont (Fomitchella cf. inchoate Yang et He, Protohertzina cf. anabarica Missarzhevsky) and globular embryos fossil (Olivooides sp.) earlier than these in the Lower Cambrian strata of the Meishucun Formation were discovered. This discovery indicates that the Xiaowaitoushan Member has included more FADs than the previously discovered single FAD of Anabarites primitivus Qian et Jiang, and the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary in southwest China should be replaced below the Point “A” of the Meishucun Formation in Yunnan Province. The Point “B” of the Meishucun Formation is younger than the suggested age 541 Ma of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary and can no longer reference the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) correlation in southwest China. It can be suggested based on the previous stratigraphy and palaeontology studies from northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi and the FAD of the globular embryos fossils that the Ediacaran−Cambrian boundary in the southwest Yangtze Block should be placed at the base of the Xiaowaitoushan Member; other phosphorite strata refer to Xiaowaitoushan Member. The discovery of the FADs of the shelly fossils in the Xiaowaitoushan Member provides new evidence for the global correlation of the Ediacaran –Cambrian boundary in the southwest Yangtze Block. The conodont discoloration index (CAI) of the specimens in Anning is between 2 and 3, which indicates that the organic matter in Xiaowaitoushan Member is matured and has high potential to form a shale gas reservoir.     

中国东南中生代大陆边缘构造—岩浆带的同位素地球化学

根据中生代火山岩和侵入岩的岩石类型与组合及其岩石化学特征等，将中国东南中生代大陆边缘分成陆缘火山（岩浆）弧（Ｃｖａ）、陆缘弧后（间）火山盆地带（Ａｂｖ）和裂陷火山（岩浆）带（Ｒｖ），并深入研究了它们的Ｓｒ、Ｏ、Ｐｂ和Ｓｍ、Ｎｄ同位素组成特征。Ｃｖａ具较低的ＩＳｒ和δ１８Ｏ值及变化较大的Ｐｂ同位素组成与较高的εＮｄ值；Ａｂｖ具较高的ＩＳｒ和δ１８Ｏ值及较稳定的Ｐｂ同位素组成与较低的εＮｄ值；Ｒｖ则具较低（较稳定）的ＩＳｒ值和Ｐｂ同位素组成及变化较大的δ１８Ｏ值与εＮｄ值。由此推断，Ｃｖａ和Ａｂｖ的岩浆均为陆缘亏损地幔与上地壳成分混合形成（前者地幔成分居多，后者以地壳成分为主），Ｒｖ的岩浆则具陆内交代－亏损地幔与较多的下地壳物质混合源的成因特征。     

西南“三江”造山带大地构造相

西南“三江”造山带由多条缝合带及其间多个大小不等的中间陆块构成,其大地构造属性与划分方案历来受地学界关注与争论。本文以大地构造相理论为切入点,将西南“三江”造山带划分出11个一级及其若干二级大地构造相,包括俯冲、消减杂岩、仰冲等一级大地构造相以及与其相伴的后造山及走滑大地构造相。俯冲大地构造相类包括块体变质相、前陆褶冲相、前陆盆地相;消减杂岩大地构造相包括洋壳残片相、陆壳残片相、增生变质杂岩相、活化基底相、侵入岩相、上叠磨拉石相;仰冲板块大地构造相包括弧前盆地相、岛弧相、弧后及弧间盆地相。特提斯洋向北消减,使泛华夏大陆群各块体先拼接,其后弧后扩张、闭合、造山,从而形成了“三江”造山带“多缝合带”、“多陆体”特征。     

Historical tsunamis and storms recorded in a coastal lowland,Shizuoka Prefecture,along the Pacific Coast of Japan

Four sand units deposited by tsunamis and one sand unit deposited by storm surge(s) were identified in a muddy marsh succession in a narrow coastal lowland along the Pacific coast of central Japan. Tsunamis in ad 1498, 1605, 1707 and 1854 that were related to large subduction‐zone earthquakes along the Nankai Trough, and storm surges in 1680 and/or 1699 were responsible for the deposition of these sand units. These sand units are distinguished by lithofacies, sedimentary structures, grain‐size and mineral composition, and radiocarbon ages; their ages are supported by events in local historical records. The tsunami deposits in the study area are massive or parallel‐laminated sands, with associated intraclasts, gravels, draping mud layers and, rarely, a return‐flow subunit. The storm surge deposits are devoid of these characteristics, and are composed of groups of thin, current ripple‐laminated sand layers. The differences in sedimentary structures between the tsunami and storm surge deposits are attributed to the different characteristics of tsunami and storm waves.     

A New Vetulicolian from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna in Yunnan of China

The genus and species Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi gen. et sp. nov., a new fossil vetulicolian, is reported from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna in Yunnan of China. It has a bipartite body plan and five pairs of chain-formed gill sacs, showing the general characteristics of Ventulicolia. However, the exclusive atrial cavity and external gill observed indicate that the new form is different from those previously described as vetulicolians, probably representing a lineage developed within deuterostomes and more primitive than urochordates.     

滇西怒江河谷潞江段岩溶发育特征及其 对工程的影响

通过对泛亚铁路大理-瑞丽线中段马厂、道街坝1∶5万图幅的地质灾害详细勘查和室内研究,分析总结了研究区岩溶地貌的形成机制和发育规律。结果发现,研究区内不仅发育有地表岩溶漏斗,而且分布着规模较大的地下岩溶洞穴,复杂的地质构造、可溶性的碳酸盐岩、湿热的气候条件和丰富的降水是该区岩溶地貌发育的主要因素。研究结果表明,研究区内的地下岩溶作用可能给铁路隧道工程的施工带来不可忽视的潜在危害,同时综合区域地质条件对比发现,大理-瑞丽铁路沿线的其它地段也同样具有存在类似的岩溶发育条件。因此,在铁路施工前进一步加强沿线区域地下岩溶作用的工程影响评价,对于有效地减少相关的工程危害性十分重要。     

滇西怒江河谷潞江段岩溶发育特征及其对工程的影响

通过对泛亚铁路大理-瑞丽线中段马厂、道街坝1∶5万图幅的地质灾害详细勘查和室内研究,分析总结了研究区岩溶地貌的形成机制和发育规律。结果发现,研究区内不仅发育有地表岩溶漏斗,而且分布着规模较大的地下岩溶洞穴,复杂的地质构造、可溶性的碳酸盐岩、湿热的气候条件和丰富的降水是该区岩溶地貌发育的主要因素。研究结果表明,研究区内的地下岩溶作用可能给铁路隧道工程的施工带来不可忽视的潜在危害,同时综合区域地质条件对比发现,大理-瑞丽铁路沿线的其它地段也同样具有存在类似的岩溶发育条件。因此,在铁路施工前进一步加强沿线区域地下岩溶作用的工程影响评价,对于有效地减少相关的工程危害性十分重要。     

Re-Os Dating of the Pulang Porphyry Copper Deposit in Zhongdian,NW Yunnan, and Its Geological Significance

The Pulang porphyry copper deposit is located in the Zhongdian island arc belt, NW Yunnan, in the central part of the Sanjiang area, SW China, belonging to the southern segment of the Yidun island arc belt on the western margin of the Yangtze Platform. In the Yidun island arc, there occur well-known "Gacun-style" massive sulfide deposits in the northern segment and plenty of porphyry copper deposits in the southern segment, of which the Pulang porphyry copper deposit is one of the representatives. Like the Yulong porphyry copper deposit, this porphyry copper deposit is also one of the most important porphyry copper deposits in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. But it is different from other porphyry copper deposits in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (e.g. those in the Gangdise porphyry copper belt and Yulong porphyry copper belt) in that it formed in the Indosinian period, while others in the Himalayan period. Because of its particularity among the porphyry copper deposits of China, this porphyry copp     

青藏直流线路冻土地基监测研究

青藏交直流联网工程是继青藏公路、 青藏铁路等之后, 在青藏高原多年冻土区建设的另一种新结构的冻土工程. 系统地分析了青藏直流线冻土工程与其它工程的差异, 并就该工程冻土基础温度、 水分、 应力和应变监测系统的建立和观测要素, 以及初步观测结果等问题进行了讨论. 通过对2011年全年观测数据分析发现, 整个监测系统可以准确、 及时反映输电线路冻土基础的不同性状和特征, 可以反映影响塔基稳定性的主要因素及其变化趋势. 初步观测结果表明, 在不同时段, 监测塔式基础底部总体处于冻结状态、 塔基基本稳定, 但个别监测塔基地温增温幅度、 上限融化深度较大, 沉降变形呈现增加趋势. 鉴于工程完工和荷载作用的时效性, 塔基稳定性应处于动态变化过程之中. 为正确评价塔基稳定性, 需要对塔基回填土的冻融、 水热变化和塔基变形等重要过程进行长期监测研究.     

水压致裂地应力测试方法在云南大理-丽江铁路隧道工程中的应用

利用水压致裂地应力测试方法对实际工程区进行了地应力测量,确定了工程区隧道围岩现今的地壳应力状态,即原地应力的大小和方向.根据地应力分布特征,分析了隧道开挖过程中发生岩爆等地质灾害的可能性.地应力测量数据的分析结果可作为隧道衬砌的设计、断面的选择及轴线方位的确定的科学依据.     

滇西澜沧江南段小湾地区崇山岩群LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

滇西崇山岩群一直被认为是元古宙的大陆地壳-结晶基底,但至今无精确的年龄依据。对滇西澜沧江南段小湾地区崇山岩群的5件样品(糜棱岩化斜长变粒岩、黑云斜长角闪岩、片麻岩、糜棱岩化花岗质片麻岩、糜棱岩化黑云斜长变粒岩)进行锆石U-Pb定年。5件样品的锆石阴极发光图像显示,锆石有明显的生长振荡环带,指示岩浆成因。5件样品锆石的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为239.4±3.8Ma、248.4±4.3Ma、237.1±5.7Ma、268.7±3.2Ma、238.4±5.5Ma。根据野外地质特征和年龄数据,认为滇西澜沧江南段小湾地区崇山岩群是不同时代、不同岩性的岩体/地层(二叠系、三叠系)经后期变质作用形成的一套正变质岩,并不全是古老基底岩石出露。     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其 工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

Sulfur isotopic composition of the Bainiuchang super-large Ag polymetallic deposit, Yunnan Province, China： Implications for the source of sulfur in ore-forming fluids

The Bainiuchang deposit in Yunnan Province, China, is located geographically between the Gejiu ore field and the Dulong ore field. In addition to >7000 t Ag reserves, the deposit possesses large-scale Pb, Zn, Sn reserves and a mass of dispersed elements (i.e., In, Cd, Ge, Ga, etc.). Based on systematic studies of sulfur isotopic composition, the authors conclude: The Bainiuchang deposit experienced two epochs of metallogenesis, i.e., the Middle-Cambrian sea-floor exhalative sedimentary metallogenic epoch and the Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal superimposition metallogenic epoch. In the two metallogenic epochs, the δ³⁴S values of sulfides were all near 0, showing a tendency of being enriched slightly in heavy sulfur. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides in the early metallogenic epoch are within the range of 2‰–5‰ with a peak value range of 2‰–3‰ and an average of 3.0‰, and those of sulfides in the late metallogenic epoch are within the range of 2‰–6‰ with a peak value of 3‰–4‰ and an average of 3.9‰. For the single metallogenic epoch, sulfur in the ore-forming fluids in the early epoch already reached isotopic equilibrium and was derived mainly from underneath the magma chamber or basement metamorphic igneous rocks. Sulfur in the sulfides in the late epoch was derived mainly from magmatic hydrothermal fluids formed in the process of remelting of the basement metamorphic igneous rocks.     

中国近海海域卫星热红外亮温增温异常探讨

在大量风云静止气象卫星热红外观测资料的基础上,对比总结了中国近海海域卫星热红外亮温增温异常的特征,分析了热红外亮温异常与海底常规油气及天然气水合物藏之间的关系,探讨了中国近海海域卫星热红外增温异常的机制,指出了中国近海海域天然气水合物的可能赋存区。根据地球排气理论及卫星热红外亮温增温异常与海底烃类聚集体、油气盆地或潜在天然气水合物藏、断裂构造、地震活动等之间的关系,中国近海临震前卫星热红外增温异常的原因可能与临震前地球排气作用导致的油气渗漏和（或）海底天然气水合物分解后扩散有关。中国近海海域的西沙海槽、东沙群岛岛坡、笔架南盆地、北吕宋海槽、南沙海槽、冲绳海槽中南部至西南部等是天然气水合物的可能赋存区。     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Buerkesidai and Kuoerzhenkuola Gold Deposits in the Sawuershan Region, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, Northwest China

The Sawuershan region, one of the important gold metallogenic belts of Xinjiang, is located in the western part of the Kalatongke island arc zone of north Xinjiang, NW China. There are two gold deposits in mining, namely the Kuoerzhenkuola and the Buerkesidai deposits. Gold ores at the Kuoerzhenkuola deposit occur within Carboniferous andesite and volcanic breccias in the form of gold‐bearing quartz–pyrite veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Gold ores at the Buerkesidai deposit occur within Carboniferous tuffaceous siltstones in the form of gold‐bearing quartz veinlet groups and altered rocks, with electrum, pyrite and arsenopyrite as major metallic minerals. Both gold deposits are hosted by structurally controlled faults associated with intense hydrothermal alteration. The typical alteration assemblage is sericite + chlorite + calcite + quartz, with an inner pyrite–sericite zone and an outer chlorite–calcite–epidote zone between orebodies and wall rocks. δ³⁴S values (0.3–1.3‰) of pyrite of ores from Kuoerzhenkuola deposit are similar to those (0.4–2.9‰) of pyrite of ores from Buerkesidai deposit. δ³⁴S values (1.1–2.8‰) of pyrite from altered rocks are similar to δ³⁴S values of magmatic or igneous sulfide sulfur, but higher than those from ores. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb data of sulfide from ores range within 17.72–18.56, 15.34–15.61, and 37.21–38.28, respectively. These sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that ore‐forming materials might originate from multiple, mainly deep sources. He and Ar isotope study on fluid inclusions of pyrites from ores of Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits produces ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar and ³He/⁴He ratios in the range of 282–525 and 0.6–9.4 R/Ra, respectively, indicating a mixed source of deep‐seated magmatic water (mantle fluid) and shallower meteoric water. In terms of tectonic setting, the gold deposits in the Sawuershan region can be interpreted as epithermal. These formations resulted from a combination of protracted volcanic activity, hydrothermal fluid mixing, and a structural setting favoring gold deposition. Fluid mixing was possibly the key factor resulting in Au deposition in the gold deposits in Sawuershan region.