胁迫时间和胁迫浓度对超积累植物印度芥菜细胞中镉分布的影响

超积累植物对重金属的区隔化作用能有效降低细胞质内金属离子的浓度,是对重金属重要的解毒机制之一,而细胞内各组织的区隔化作用大小并未取得一致性结论。本文研究了胁迫浓度和胁迫时间对超积累植物印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)细胞及亚细胞中镉分布的影响。印度芥菜幼苗分别用0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、5.0mg/L镉胁迫1、5、7、10、14天后收获,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定印度芥菜根系和叶片亚细胞中镉的含量。结果表明:镉在细胞壁中的比例占50%~64%,细胞液占22%~38%,细胞器占7%~17%,镉在细胞壁中所占比例显著高于细胞液和细胞器,证明细胞壁区隔化在镉的解毒机制中具有重要的作用。随着胁迫时间和胁迫浓度的增加,根系和叶片中亚细胞各组织中镉含量持续增加,超过7天,镉含量显著升高,说明镉对植物的危害是一个缓慢过程。印度芥菜对镉胁迫浓度的最大耐受量为1.0 mg/L,超过此浓度,植物细胞的破坏症状加重;细胞超微结构研究也表明,镉胁迫浓度超过1.0 mg/L后,细胞结构发生了不同程度的损坏,出现质壁分离、液泡增大甚至空泡化、质膜粗糙等现象,继而影响到细胞的正常功能。因此,在考察重金属对植物的危害时,要充分考虑时间和浓度梯度两个参数的协同作用。     

体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定印度芥菜(Brassica Juncea)中镉铜锌形态

建立了体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定印度芥菜中镉、铜、锌形态分析方法。为了防止巯基化合物氧化反应的发生,样品采取液氮保护并在-70℃保存,样品分析全流程采取氮吹防氧化措施。在镉、铜、锌胁迫下,诱导产生植物螯合肽(PCs)。在叶片和根部均检测到3种元素的4种形态,植物螯合肽(PC)3-Cd(Cu,Zn)、植物螯合肽(PC)2-Cd(Cu,Zn)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)-Cd(Cu,Zn)、半胱胺酸(Cys)-Cd(Cu,Zn)及其在植物体内的分布规律。结合植物不同部位Cd、Cu、Zn分布规律初步推断,Cd、Cu、Zn在与GSH及Cys的结合上存在竞争。     

超富集植物与重金属相互作用机制及应用研究进展

社会发展过程中对矿产资源的勘查和开采利用所带来的重金属污染已对生态系统和人类健康造成严重威胁。超富集植物对重金属具有超富集、超耐受能力,是降低环境重金属污染、保障人类健康、实现绿色矿产勘查的有效途径,在植物修复、植物采矿和植物找矿中已获得了广泛应用。深入探索超富集植物的富集和耐受机制,揭示重金属-植物相互作用规律,提高植物对重金属的富集能力,是当前国际上研究热点。本文在简要介绍重金属对植物作用的基础上,阐述了重金属诱导氧化应激机制,重点关注重金属超富集植物富集机理研究,对其在解毒和耐受机制等领域的研究进展进行了评述。当前研究认为:(1)对超富集植物而言,根系分泌物与根际微生物的共同作用促进了重金属溶解,经共质体、质外体途径吸收后,重金属通过木质部向上转运,并隔离在液泡中,实现对重金属的超富集;(2)重金属通过与小分子有机酸、细胞壁、植物螯合肽结合,以及液泡隔离,可降低细胞质中游离金属离子浓度,增强植物耐受性;(3)重金属胁迫下,植物将激活多种特异性抗氧化酶,抵御氧化应激反应,实现对重金属的超耐受。(4)本文分析认为,植物中砷诱导的氧化应激反应机制可能是由砷的还原与甲基化过程及Haber-Weiss反应三部分构成。对重金属超富集植物的富集与耐受过程所涉及的生理与生化作用进行深入研究,揭示关键性影响因素与相关规律,寻找提升其特异性富集与指示能力的有效途径,将有助于超富集植物研究与应用向纵深发展。     

碱胁迫条件下草本植物根系力学强度试验研究

本项研究选取适宜于黄河源区寒旱环境生长的两种草本植物垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans Griseb）和老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus Linn）作为供试种,通过室内培育种植方法,采用浓度分别为25mmol·L-1、50mmol·L-1、75mmol·L-1、100mmol·L-1的NaHCO₃溶液对垂穗披碱草和老芒麦两种植物进行了碱胁迫处理,同时采用浓度为0mmol·L-1的溶液作为未进行碱胁迫处理对照组。在碱胁迫处理后第15d和第30d,分别测定了两种植物单根抗拉力、单根抗拉强度,以及脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量、相对电导率值等4个抗盐碱性生理指标。试验结果表明:碱胁迫对两种植物单根抗拉力影响程度随浓度增加而增大,亦随生长时间增加而增大,其中当碱胁迫浓度为25mmol·L-1时,两种植物单根抗拉力值均大于未进行碱胁迫处理呈正常生长的对照组植物,而当浓度大于25mmol·L-1时,两种植物单根抗拉力值均小于对照组的两种植物;碱胁迫条件下两种植物单根抗拉强度较对照组两种植物均呈增大趋势,增幅为3%～16%,且相同浓度条件下,两种植物单根抗拉强度随生长时间增加而呈降低趋势,降幅为1%～18%;相同浓度和相同生长时间条件下,老芒麦单根抗拉力值较垂穗披碱草大0.13～0.53N,且老芒麦单根抗拉强度值较垂穗披碱草大20～65MPa;由灰色关联分析结果可知,在碱胁迫条件下,脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量、相对电导率值等4种生理指标中,相对电导率值与两种植物单根抗拉力及单根抗拉强度关联度相对最大即为0.888～0.996,反映出两种植物单根抗拉力及单根抗拉强度受相对电导率值影响相对较为显著。本项研究对于进一步探讨盐碱胁迫条件下,植物根系力学强度特征和影响机理等方面具有重要理论研究价值,同时利用植物有效防治黄河源土地盐碱化地区水土流失、浅层滑坡、沙化等灾害具有现实意义。     

污染土壤植物修复中螯合诱导和转基因技术的应用现状与前景

近年来,螯合诱导技术和转基因技术作为强化植物吸收重金属的两种技术备受关注。文中系统地介绍了植物对重金属的解毒机理、植物的基因改良以及螯合诱导技术和转基因技术在提高植物修复能力中的应用等有关内容,最后探讨了螯合诱导技术和转基因技术的发展方向,认为这两项技术不失为大有潜力的土壤重金属污染修复技术,具有着广阔的应用前景。     

黔西北土法炼锌区典型植物体内重金属的积累研究

本文测定了黔西北土法炼锌引起的重金属严重污染地区的自然植被及其根部土壤的重金属.土壤重金属形态用连续提取法区分为有效态和强结合态,结果发现植物体内的重金属含量与土壤中有效态的重金属含量成正比.所分析的4种植物体内的Pb、Zn、Cd含量为Zn＞Pb＞Cd.接骨草(Sambucus Chinensis)和柳叶苦荬菜(Ixeris gracilis)富集、运输重金属元素的能力很强,是对污染区生态重建颇有前景的植物.     

蓖麻幼苗游离氨基酸组成对Cd-Pb-Zn复合胁迫的响应

<正>游离氨基酸是植物体内氮素代谢的中心物质,在胁迫条件下起着维持细胞水势、消除物质毒害和储存氮素的功能,在超富集植物富集重金属的机制中也起到关键作用。蓖麻(Ricinus communist L.)作为一种油料作物,在我国分布广泛,经济价值较高,适应性强,是植物修复多金属污染较理想的材料。为揭示游离氨基酸在蓖麻的重金属抗逆性和富集中的作用,笔者采用盆栽试验,分析低浓度和高浓度Cd-Pb-Zn复     

外源脱落酸对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物幼苗生理特性的影响

以3 a生圆柏和祁连圆柏幼苗为材料, 采用不同浓度脱落酸(ABA)预处理两种圆柏属幼苗, 测定-4℃低温胁迫处理第9 d叶片相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性, 分析外源ABA对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物叶片膜脂过氧化和渗透调节物质的影响, 为培育较多品种的抗冷冻常绿植物提供理论依据. 结果表明: 低温胁迫下, 一定浓度的ABA预处理能有效保护幼苗叶片膜系统的稳定性、增加渗透调节物质含量和提高抗氧化酶活性, 其中30 mg·L^-1ABA预处理对提高圆柏抗寒性效果最好, 40 mg·L^-1ABA预处理对提高祁连圆柏抗寒性效果最好, 且在外源ABA预处理下, 祁连圆柏的抗寒性比圆柏的强. 因此, 施用适合浓度的ABA在提高圆柏属植物抗寒性方面具有较好的应用价值.     

丛枝菌根影响土壤-植物系统中重金属迁移转化和累积过程的机制及其生态应用

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)是在自然和农业生态系统中广泛存在的一类专性共生土壤微生物,能够与80%左右的陆地植物建立共生关系。AMF从宿主植物获取碳水化合物以维系自身生长;作为回报,AMF能够帮助植物从土壤中吸收矿质养分和水分。很多研究表明,AM共生体系对于植物适应各种逆境胁迫(如贫瘠、干旱、环境污染等)具有重要作用。在土壤重金属污染情况下,AMF能够通过多种途径影响植物对重金属的吸收、累积和解毒过程,并对植物产生保护效应。本文围绕AM对土壤-植物系统中重金属迁移、转化和累积过程的影响机制,系统评述了金属元素种类及污染程度、宿主植物和AMF种类,以及土壤理化性质等因素对AM植物吸收累积重金属的影响,并从AMF对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的直接作用(包括菌丝吸收和固持,以及改变根际重金属形态等),及AMF改善植物矿质营养促进植物生长从而间接增强植物重金属耐性两方面讨论了AM增强植物重金属耐性的机理,系统总结了相关研究领域的前沿动态。最后,对菌根技术在农田和矿区重金属污染土壤生物修复中的应用前景进行了展望。     

土壤有毒元素镉污染修复方法探讨

植物中的镉含量与土壤溶液中的镉含量成正相关关系，与土壤的pH值成负相关关系，土壤的酸碱度对植物吸收重金属元素具有显著的控制作用。因此，通过提高呈酸性土壤的pH值可以降低植物中的镉含量，解决植物中的镉超标问题。在土壤中施用硅酸钙、碳酸钙、熟石灰、硅酸镁钙等农用石灰性物质，特别是熟石灰，是提高土壤pH值最有效、最经济、最可行的方法。利用我省丰富而廉价的粘土资源，配合施加碱性物质，可更进一步提高土壤“抵抗力”，确保重金属镉超标区植物的安全。     

Assessment of cadmium,zinc and lead contamination in leaf and root of four various species

Heavy metals toxicity is a significant problem for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental reasons. This study was carried out to evaluate the amount of cadmium, zinc and lead absorption in leaf and root of pine, cypress, plantain and ash in Isfahan, Iran, in 2013. For this purpose, three heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) and three sites (heavy traffic, moderate traffic and control) were chosen based on their effects on human health. The results indicated that the highest and lowest lead and cadmium concentrations belonged to heavy traffic site and control site, respectively. Cd in leaf versus Pb in leaf and Cd in root versus Pb in root had the highest correlation coefficient among the traits indicating positive influence of leaf and root on absorbing Cd and Pb from soil, water and air. In all the studied species, the concentration of Pb was higher than that of Cd and Zn. This was certainty due to the vehicle traffic emitting much more lead than cadmium and zinc. In all the studied species, metal concentration in leaves was higher than in roots, which may be due to high concentration of heavy metals in air than in soil. In this study, Pinus eldarica Medw. tree was found to be the best species to monitor polluted sites in Isfahan city.     

福州市主要蔬菜基地土壤重金属的影响评价

采集了福州市不同区、县(市)主要蔬菜基地的土壤样品与蔬菜样品,分析其中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg等重金属含量特征,应用数理统计方法研究和比较了各种蔬菜的重金属富集能力.研究结果表明,福州城郊区蔬菜基地的土壤与蔬菜中重金属含量高于其他区域.叶菜类蔬菜中的重金属含量相对高于其他种类的蔬菜,蔬菜对重金属的富集能力为叶菜类＞花菜类＞根菜类＞瓜果类＞茎菜类;不同重金属元素富集顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Cr＞As＞Pb.     

Potential hyperaccumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in endurant plants distributed in an old smeltery, northeast China

The absorption and accumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in some endurant weed plant species that survived in an old smeltery in Liaoning, China, were systematically investigated. Potential hyperaccumulative characteristics of these species were also discussed. The results showed that metal accumulation in plants differed with species, tissues and metals. Endurant weed plants growing in this contaminated site exhibited high metal adaptability. Both the metal exclusion and detoxification tolerance strategies were involved in the species studied. Seven species for Pb and four species for Cd were satisfied for the concentration time level standard for hyperaccumulator. Considering translocation factor (TF) values, one species for Pb, seven species for Zn, two species for Cu and five species for Cd possessed the characteristic of hyperaccumulator. Particularly, Abutilon theophrasti Medic, exhibited strong accumulative ability to four heavy metals. Although enrichment coefficients of all samples were lesser than 1 and the absolute concentrations didn’t reach the standard, species mentioned above were primarily believed to be potential hyperaccumulators.     

Enrichment of heavy metals in paddy crops irrigated by paper mill effluents near Nanjangud, Mysore District, Karnatake, India

 Extensive irrigation by the effluents released from a paper mill near Nanjangud have led to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and different parts of the paddy crops. In this paper, the physicochemical characteristics of paper mill effluents and the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in the soil and different parts (root, leaf, and seed) of the paddy crops growing in the irrigated area are described and compared with the soil and paddy crops irrigated by natural waters (unpolluted). Chemical and biological oxygen demands of wastewater were found to be 437 and 1070 ppm respectively, which are beyond the tolerance limits set by Indian standards. The total dissolved and suspended solids are 1754 and 900 ppm respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (except Zn) in the seeds is remarkably less than that in the roots and leaves of the paddy crops. The heavy metal uptake by plants shows the greatest accumulation of Cu, Cr, Co, and Pb in the roots; Cd and Ni in the leaves; and Zn in the seeds of rice. The heavy metal content of the soil and their total uptake by paddy roots has the relation: Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd and Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd. Survival of paddy crops irrigated by polluted waters indicates tolerance to toxic heavy metals. In conclusion, since in many tropical countries the common diet of people is rice, the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in rice may lead to health disorders. Received: 18 July 1995 / Accepted: 24 February 1997     

Effect of paper mill effluents on accumulation of heavy metals in coconut trees near Nanjangud,mysore district,Karnataka, India

Physicochemical characteristics of wastewater from one of the paper mills near Nanjangud and the differential accumulation of heavy metals in parts of coconut trees growing in the area irrigated directly by the wastewaters of a paper mill were investigated. The total dissolved and suspended solids of wastewater were 1,136.9 mg/l and 2,185.4 mg/l, respectively. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) expands and COD is beyond the tolerance limit proposed by Indian standards. The concentrations of heavy metals like Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, and Cd in coconut water, root, and leaf are higher than the limits suggested by World Health Organization. Survival of coconut trees irrigated by polluted waters indicates tolerance to toxic heavy metals. Since coconut forms part of human food chain, accumulation of toxic heavy metals may lead to organic disorders.     

氨基泡塑的合成及其应用于富集地质样品中的痕量金

采用泡塑(PUF)富集,AAS或ICP-OES测定地质样品中痕量金是常用的分析方法。与活性炭相比,PUF的选择性好,但吸附容量偏低,可将泡塑负载不同的萃取剂或修饰不同的官能团提高吸附容量。本文将聚醚型泡塑经盐酸水解制备成氨基泡塑(PUF-NH_2)。红外光谱和扫描电镜表征显示,PUF-NH_2峰形发生了明显红移(3376.5 cm-1),其中的氨基数量显著增加,另外PUF-NH_2的高分子出现明显断裂,发生水解后裸露出的氨基具有还原性,在吸附金的过程中易与金离子在PUF-NH_2表面发生氧化还原反应,形成金纳米颗粒。改性后的PUF-NH_2吸附容量达到96 mg/g,与PUF相比提高了8倍。将PUF-NH_2应用于富集地质样品中的金,经炭化灼烧、50%王水提取后用ICP-OES测定,金的加标回收率在95.0%~105.0%之间,检出限为0.15μg/g。实验证明用PUF-NH_2处理样品提高了富集倍数和分析灵敏度,有利于低品位矿石的分析。     

海南土壤中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd四种重金属含量及其生物有效性的研究

对海南0个土壤样品中的nl、Pb、Cu、0四种重金属的总量和生物有效态含量以及45个植物样(根、茎、叶)中的重金属含量分别进行了测定，采样点基本上覆盖了海南全省，测定结果表明，土壤中nl总量低于全国平均值，而Pb、Cu、Cd高于全国平均值，土壤中重金属生物有效态含量一般低于其总量的10％，其中Pb最高为7．71％，而Cu仅为1．13％，具有较大的变异性；植物中重金属含量与土壤中重金属总量呈现负相关性，但与土壤中有效态重金属含量一般呈现正相关性，叶中的重金属含量与土壤中有效态重金属含量之间的相关性更为显着，叶中的重金属含量与土壤中有效态重金属含量之间的相关系数分别为：Zn(0．726)，Cu(0．626)，Pb(0．n4)，Cd(0．512)。这说明土壤中重金属总量并不能全面的评价土壤的环境效应和重金属的生物有效性，应该把重金属总量和生物有效态含量结合起来加以研究，并应将土壤中重金属的含量与植物中该元素含量之间作相关分析，根据其相关系数的大小来判断其生物有效性的程度。     

Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and uptake by plant species with phytoremediation potential

Contamination of heavy metals represents one of the most pressing threats to water and soil resources, as well as human health. Phytoremediation can be potentially used to remediate metal contaminated sites. In this study, concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium accumulated by native plant species were determined in field conditions of Hame Kasi iron and copper mine in the central part of Iran in Hamadan province. The results showed that metal accumulation by plants differed among species and tissue bodies. Species grown in substrata with elevated metals contained significantly higher metals in plants. Metals accumulated by plants were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance exists widely amongst them. The mentioned species could accumulate relatively higher metal concentrations far above the toxic concentration in the plant shoots. With high translocation factor, metal concentration ratio of plant shoots to roots indicates internal detoxification metal tolerance mechanism; thus, they have potential for phytoextraction. The factors affecting metal accumulation by plant species including metal concentrations, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient status in substrata were measured. Mostly, concentrations of zinc and copper in both aboveground and underground tissues of the plants were significantly, positively related to their total in substrata, while iron, zinc, and copper were negatively correlated to soil phosphorus.     

Natural background and pollution levels of some heavy metals in soils from the area of Dayton,Ohio

In a reconnaissance study, trace amounts of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were determined in “A-zone” soil from 22 locations in the Dayton, Ohio, area. Soil samples were collected at high-volume air monitoring sites in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Measurable amounts of the elements were found in all of the samples. Positive correlations occur between each metal and particulate matter, with correlation coefficients of aboutr=0.70, at the 99% confidence level. Natural background values for the elements were measured in soil from rural areas. Theoretical background values, which are very close to those measured, were calculated from the individual regression equations. Natural background levels do not exceed 1.00 ppm Cd, 15 ppm Cu, 25 ppm Pb, and 55 ppm Zn. The heavy metal contents of most soils in the area exceed background by factors of up to 3.0 for Cd, up to 4.5 for Cu, up to 11 for Pb, and up to 4.5 for Zn. Significant positive correlations among the metals suggest a common source (or sources) for at least some, if not most, of the heavy metals. For the most part, the highest metal values are found in soils near coal-burning plants. Fly ash from a local plant contains substantial amounts of the elements. The high lead values are largely due to vehicular exhaust. However, there is evidence that the metals can also come from the normal deterioration of vehicles. It appears that airborne pollution is an important source of heavy metals in Dayton area soils.